PSY101 Chapter 5.3/5.4

By _____ years of age, women outnumber men 5 to 1.

100

The brain becomes fully mature by

22 to 25 years of age

During intercourse, approximately _____ million sperm are released.

250

Danielle is consulting her college's course catalog. The description of one psychology course begins, "This course surveys growth and change across the life span in physical, cognitive, and social domains." What is this course MOST likely titled?

Developmental Psychology

Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Thinking Level (approximate age)- preconventional morality (before age 9)

Focus- self-interest; obey rules to avoid punishment or gain concrete rewards. Ex. "If you save your dying wife, you'll be a hero."

Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Thinking Level (approximate age)-Conventional morality (early adolescence)

Focus- uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order. Ex. "If you steal the drug for her, everyone will think you're a criminal."

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development Stage (approximate age)- Toddlerhood (1 to 3 years)

Issue- Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Description of task- Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development Stage (approximate age)- Middle adulthood (40s to 60s)

Issue- Generativity vs. stagnation Description of task- Middle-aged people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development Stage (approximate age)- Adolescence (teen years into 20s)

Issue- Identity vs. role confusion Description of task- Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development Stage (approximate age)-Preschool (3 to 6 years)

Issue- Initiative vs. guilt Description of task- Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about their efforts to be independent

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development Stage (approximate age)- Late adulthood (late 60s and up)

Issue- Integrity vs. despair Description of task- Reflecting on their lives, older adults may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development Stage (approximate age)- Young adulthood (20s to early 40s)

Issue- Intimacy vs. isolation Description of task- Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

With respect to the evaluation of Piaget's theory, contemporary research has revealed that:

Piaget's sequence of cognitive development is valid across many cultures.

According to Kohlberg, __________ morality focuses on self_interest, __________ morality focuses on self-defined ethical principles, and __________ morality focuses on upholding laws and social rules

Preconventional, postconventional, conventional

Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps?

Probably within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on nearly the same day.

Those who emphasize change over stability would choose which of these as an example?

The first three years of life provide a poor basis for predicting a person's eventual traits.

Juanita is aware that her memory is not as good as it used to be. She has seen numerous commercials for a brain training computer-based game that claims to help improve cognitive functioning. She is planning on enrolling in the program to help improve her memory. What would you say to her?

These programs do not do what they claim to do. While your memory will improve, it will only improve on the practiced skills in the game and will not help you in everyday life.

Emerging development

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults.

The increasing rates of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may suggest:

a relabeling of childhood disorders.

Dr. Joachim warned a pregnant patient that her recreational use of a particular drug might cause harm to her fetus. The drug would be classified as:

a teratogen.

After Nadia learned that penguins cannot fly, she had to modify her existing concept of birds. This BEST illustrates the process of:

accommodation.

Ren is 13 years old and is telling his mother that she should not drive too fast and make a complete stop at the light in order to avoid getting a ticket. Lawrence Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates _____ morality.

conventional

All of these are difficult for older adults EXCEPT:

determining if the information is meaningful.

As compared to younger adults, older adults have a slower reaction time and attend less to other vehicles on the road. Nevertheless, older adults account for fewer than 10 percent of all automobile crashes because they:

drive less than younger adults.

Teens are less guilty by reason of adolescence because their:

frontal lobes are not fully developed.

What do developmental psychologists seek to understand?

growth and change across the life span

Ideally, older adults believe that their lives have had meaning and purpose. That is, they feel a sense of:

integrity

People who are securely attached in a relationship tend to score

low in anxiety, and low in avoidance

The orderly sequence of biological growth is referred to as _____.

maturation

Bernice is 62. She is in a life stage known as _____ adulthood.

middle

Dr. Towne believes that genetics is primarily responsible for personality traits. Dr. West believes that experiences are primarily responsible for personality traits. The two psychologists are on different sides of the _____ debate.

nature and nurture

Psychologist G Stanley Hall

one of the first psychologist to describe adolescence, believed that this tension between biological maturity and social dependence creates a period of "storm and stress"

Susie does not eat cookies before dinner because her parents will send her to her room for the rest of the night. In Kohlberg's terms, Susie is at the _____ level of moral reasoning.

preconventional

Adolescence is marked by the onset of

puberty

Puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

Match the psychosocial development stage below (1-8) with the issue that Erikson believed we wrestle with at that stage (a-h) 1. Infancy 2. toddlerhood 3. preschool 4. elementary school 5. adolescence 6. young adulthood 8. middle adulthood 9. late adulthood a. generativity vs stagnation b. Integrity vs despair c. Initiative vs guilt d. Intimacy vs isolation e. Identity vs role confusion f. competence vs inferiority g. trust vs mistrust h. anatomy vs shame and doubt

1. g, 2. h, 3. c, 4. f, 5. e, 6. d, 7. a, 8. b

Olivia and Abigail are sisters. Olivia began walking when she was 10 months old. Their mother can expect Abigail to begin walking at what age?

10 months

From 1950 to 2011, life expectancy at birth increased worldwide from 46.5 years to just over _____ years.

70

For the first time in her life, Margaret has little sexual desire. She is not alarmed as this is common in others who are also _____ or older.

75

_____ developed the strange situation to investigate _____.

Ainsworth; attachment

Leanne is 5 months old. Chastity is 8 months old. Dominique is 25 months old. Which infant should show the MOST evidence of stranger anxiety?

Chastity

_____ psychology examines growth and change in physical, cognitive, and social areas across the life span.

Developmental

Basic trust as a tenet of social development was proposed by:

Erik Erikson.

Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Thinking Level (approximate age)- Postconventional morality (adolescence and beyond)

Focus- actions reflect belief in basic rights and self-defined ethical principles. Ex. "People have a right to live."

At 19, Cecilia is beginning to plan for her future. She no longer lives for the moment. She wants to be a doctor, so she knows she has to buckle down in school What is probably happening to Cecilia?

Her frontal lobes are growing

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development Stage (approximate age)- Toddlerhood (1 to 3 years)

Issue- Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Description of task- Toddlers learn to exercise their will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

The importance of schemas was MOST clearly highlighted by:

Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory.

Why did research participants state that they would kill one person to save five when it involved flipping a trolley switch but then refuse to apply the same "kill one to save five" when it involved pushing a person?

They used the emotional part of the brain to refuse to push.

Angela is a 7-month-old baby who rolled over for the first time at 4 months of age and can now sit without support. These milestones reflect:

a maturing nervous system

Emerging development

a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

Psychologists use the word _____ to refer to an individual's close emotional bond with another person.

attachment

"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is MOST representative of a(n) _____ parenting style.

authoritarian

Viv's father demands total obedience from his children. When he speaks, he expects his children to listen. There is no discussion and no arguing. He has zero tolerance for anyone breaking the rules he has decreed. Viv's father has a(n) _____ parenting style.

authoritarian

Marcus is the son of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Marcus was adopted by a family that loves and cares for him. It is MOST likely that Marcus will:

become a normal adult with average intelligence.

Psychologist Jonathan Haidt

believes that much of our morality is rooted in moral intuitions—"quick gut feelings, or affectively laden intuitions."

Which of the following is NOT a good way to build the strength of greater security in relationship attachment?

brace yourself by assuming the worst

Psychologists use the term _____ to refer to all of the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication.

cognition

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Jeremy Hunter

discovered that American teens, found themselves unhappiest when alone and happiest when with friends

Those who develop a secure attachment to caregivers as infants tend to develop insecure attachments to loved ones as adults.

false

The MOST immediate and direct function of the rooting reflex is the facilitation of:

feeding

Ten-year-old Janelle is sad. She is crying. Her older brother looks at her and then continues watching television. He may be showing signs of:

impaired theory of mind.

Social Identity

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

Clay has always had a strong sexual desire for his wife. Recently, though, his desire has reduced. What age range is Clay likely in?

75 to 80

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development Stage (approximate age)- Infancy (to 1 year)

Issue- Trust vs. mistrust Description of task- If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development Stage (approximate age)- Elementary school (6 years to puberty)

Issue- competence vs. inferiority Description of task- Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

How has Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning been criticized?

Kohlberg's work reflected an individual worldview, so his theory is less culturally universal than he supposed.

The field of cognitive development is greatly indebted to the seminal work of the Swiss scholar:

Piaget

The importance of schemas was MOST clearly highlighted by _____ and his cognitive development theory.

Piaget

Becky babysits two sisters, Jasmin and Erum. Last week when the two girls were eating cookies, Jasmin complained about how unfair it was that Erum had more cookies than her. To solve the problem Becky took one of Jasmin's cookies and divided it in half. Jasmin then thought that the cookies were equal between her and her sister and was happy. Several months later Becky is babysitting them again. She served the girls brownies and Jasmin again complained that her sister had more brownies than her. Becky divided one of Jasmin's brownies in half and asked her if it was now fair. Jasmin replied, "No, all you did was cut it in half." Jasmin is now in which stage of cognitive development according to Piaget's theory?

concrete operational

Theorist Erik Erikson

contended that each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution.

Dr. Grove studies how obesity rates change from childhood through old age. Dr. Grove is MOST likely a _____ psychologist.

developmental

Marjorie has just completed an introductory course in psychology at a local community college. She would like to take another psychology course next semester. The college offers courses in developmental psychology, social psychology, personality psychology, and industrial-organizational psychology. Marjorie is especially interested in change and growth across the life span. Based on this information, Marjorie should MOST strongly consider the course in _____ psychology.

developmental

Mason is 25 years old and just graduated from college. He is in _____ adulthood.

early

Gabriela is a 22-year-old recent college graduate. She is preparing to move to the largest city in her region to complete a prestigious internship. She has dated several young men but does not envision settling into a serious relationship for at least a few years yet. Gabriela is in a life stage many developmental psychologists call _____ adulthood.

emerging

Raul is 20 years old and still very much dependent on his parents. They are paying for his college tuition as well as his living expenses. He spends his school holidays at home with them. According to some researchers, he is in the phase of life known as _____ adulthood.

emerging

Some developmental psychologists prefer to the period that occurs in some Western cultures from age 18 to mid-twenties and beyond (up to the time of full adult independence) as __________ __________.

emerging adulthood

Due to complications from diabetes, Molly's pregnancy had to be terminated during the third month in order to save her life. In which stage of prenatal development did she have the termination?

fetal

The longest part of a pregnancy, from the ninth week to birth, is called the period of the:

fetus.

In Erikson's stages, the primary task during adolescence is

forging an identity

According to Jean Piaget, during the _____ stage of cognitive development, abstract logic and the potential for mature moral reasoning are formed.

formal operational

An unarmed 18-year-old African-American man was on his way to college when he engaged in an altercation with a police officer. The ending result was the police officer shot and killed him. Sean is a 19-year-old African-American man who is disgusted about what just took place in his neighborhood. He decides to show his frustration by joining in riots taking place in his neighborhood. Sean is in Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development.

formal operational

According to Piaget, a person who can think logically about abstractions __________ __________ stage.

formal operations

Children start to gain control over their attention beginning in preschool. This control is related to a growth spurt in the _____ lobe.

frontal

According to Erikson, adults experience a sense of ______ when their activities contribute positively to society.

generativity

Those adults who feel securely attached in their relationships tend to demonstrate _________blank resilience and __________blank depression.

greater, lower

Shannon is 15 years old. She has stopped going to church with her family. She does not agree with everything the church preaches. She doesn't understand how her parents still go every weekend, when they don't always practice their religion during the week. Shannon has become able to see the _____ in her parents' lives.

hypocrisy

Intimacy

in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in young adulthood

Aging results in a gradual decline in female fertility. For women _____, a single act of intercourse is half as likely to produce a pregnancy as it would for a 19- to 26-year-old woman.

in their thirties

A researcher secretly puts a dab of rouge on a child's nose before placing him in front of a mirror. The child points to the rouge on the mirror's reflected image. From this example we can conclude that the child:

lacks self-recognition.

Aristotle

long ago recognized, we humans are "the social animal."

Laney is investigating early language acquisition. She selects a group of 6-month-old babies, and then assesses them every three months until they are 2 years old. Laney is using a _____ research design.

longitudinal

Currently, 61-year-old Jim is in a life stage called _____ adulthood.

middle

Juanita is 56 years old. Juanita is in the developmental stage called _____ adulthood.

middle

Five-year-old Ling is beginning to show signs of being able to plan ahead in a somewhat rational manner. At her age, this development is likely due to:

neural networks sprouting in her frontal lobes.

identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg

proposed that moral reasoning guides moral actions.

An example of _____ memory is remembering to buy bread at the store.

prospective

Rose is 60 years old. She is starting to forget appointments. She has started to put reminders in her phone. Rose is trying to jog her:

prospective memory.

When a baby's cheek is touched, he or she will turn toward the touch, and open his or her mouth in search of a nipple; this is known as the _____ reflex.

rooting

Harry Harlow and his colleagues completed a number of studies in which baby macaque monkeys were raised with two artificial surrogate mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire, and the other was made of soft cloth. Either mother could provide food. Harlow was interested in which of the mothers the infant monkeys would seek out when they were startled or frightened. In these studies the dependent variable was the:

surrogate that the infant monkey preferred when it was startled.

Juan Carlos' son was just arrested for setting the school's outdoor shed on fire. Juan Carlos and his wife admitted to the police that their son has always had an aggressive streak. This example represents:

the stability side of the stability and change developmental issue.

Adolescence

the transition from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Psychologist William Damon

with the help o his colleagues contended that a key task of adolescence is to achieve a purpose—a desire to accomplish something personally meaningful that makes a difference to the world beyond oneself.