PSY280 Exam 2

independent variable

variable that is manipulated

identity denial

when an individual is not recognized as a member of a group to which he or she identifies

1. The tendency for people living in conditions with a real threat of starvation to value food more than those living where food is abundant is an example of a. The reference group effect b. Socially desirable responding c. Acquiescence bias d. Unsynchronized sample selections e. The deprivation effect

E

. Based on the biases self-enhancers have, which of the following is someone who self-enhances most likely to say after failing a chemistry test? a. "Even though I failed this chemistry test, I can still do well in physics." b. "This test was fair; I just didn't work hard enough." c. "Chemistry is still very important to me." d. "Lex did so well! I need to work hard to be more like him."

A

. Mia loves visiting foreign countries and travels every chance she gets, usually staying for up to a month in each country. "I don't think I will ever get tired of traveling," she says. "Every single culture I've experienced has been so amazing and exciting!" According to the acculturation curve, which stage has Mia experienced? a. honeymoon stage b. culture shock c. crisis stage d. adjustment stage

A

1. When reference group effects occur in cross-cultural research, what's the reason? a. People use social comparison to evaluate themselves b. People don't really know how they feel c. People from different cultures have different response styles d. People value what they are most in need of e. Some words do not translate well into our languages

A

6. Cross-cultural studies on choice demonstrate which of the following? a. Asian Americans prefer a task an ingroup chooses for them more than one that an outgroup chooses for them b. European Americans and Asian Americans and Asians Americans both prefer to choose a task for themselves than to have someone else choose it for them c. European Americans prefer a task if they choose it for themselves, whereas Asian Americans prefer a task if someone else chooses it for them d. Asian Americans prefer a task an outgroup chooses fro them more than European Americans do. e. None of the above

A

6. Research comparing the self-concepts of Americans and Kenyans has found: a. Kenyan undergraduate and tribal people (e.g. the Samburu) view the self in highly different ways b. All Kenyan populations had similar kinds of self-concepts c. Americans were the only participants who described themselves primary in terms of personal attributes d. The Samburu describe themselves primarily in terms of personal attributes None of the above

A

The acculturation strategy that predicts the most favorable outcomes is a. integration. b. assimilation. c. separation. d. marginalization.

A

The research evidence for self-enhancement motivation shows that stronger self-enhancement motivations are associated with a. high scores—above the midpoint—on self-esteem questionnaires. b. more objective responses when evaluating one's positive characteristics. c. perceptions that the self is average in relation to others. d. weaker self-serving biases.

A

Which of the following people is taking an outside-in perspective on the self? a. Lily, who perceives herself as smart after learning that her roommates saw her all-A's report card. b. Liam, who perceives himself as athletic after breaking his previous record on the 200-meter spring. c. Leo, who perceives himself as helpful after spending the day cleaning his grandmother's house. d. Liu, who perceives himself as kind after nursing an injured cat back to good health.

A

Extraversion

A personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Agent-Based Modeling

A subfield of simulation and modeling that aims to provide answers to problems by combining many individual agents acting within a model and examining emergent behavior.

6. Stereotype threat occurs for what reason? a. It is damaging to one's self-esteem if others share negative stereotypes of your group b. People risk behaving in ways consistent with stereotypes, thereby proving the stereotype and creating a self-fulfilling prophecy c. Everyone believes in the content of stereotypes, even if they won't consciously admit it d. People apply stereotypes to groups they don't like e. Stereotypes are vulnerable to being disproved by counter-stereotypical information

B

6. The motivations of working-class Americans appear to differ from those of upper-middle class Americans in what way? a. Working-Class Americans, but not upper-middle-class Americans, prefer to not choose their own pens rather than be able to choose them. b. Working-Class Americans, but not upper-middle-class Americans, like a pen they didn't choose about as much as a pen they did choose. c. Working-Class Americans prefer fewer pen choices than upper-middle-class Americans d. Working-Class Americans prefer choices about their efforts, whereas upper-middle-class Americans prefer choices about their lifestyle e. None of the above

B

Regional similarities in personality are found when studying the different geographic regions of the United States. These similarities may occur because a. most people live their lives in the same region and do not move. b. people influence each other through their daily interactions. c. people with different personalities are shunned and either move away or change their personality. d. of the reference group effect.

B

Your friend Pedram is planning to immigrate somewhere and wants to go to a place where he will have the best chance of adjusting to the new culture. Which of the following should you recommend as being the best place for him? a. a society that is homogenous b. a society that espouses values that match Pedram's personality c. a society in which he will be a visible minority d. a society that encourages people to code-switch

B

6. A group-enhancing bias is a. More common among East Asians than Westerners b. More common among Native Americans than European Americans c. More common among Westerners than East Asians d. Weaker than a self-serving bias for people in all cultures e. Evident equally in all cultures

C

6. How is creativity related to multicultural experiences? a. The kinds of travel destinations of creative people are more exotic than are those of less creative people b. Creative people tend to congregate in international creative centers, such as Paris and New York c. Creative people are more likely to have adopted to life in more than one culture d. Because multicultural people have confused identities, people need to become creative to derive a clear narrative form their lives e. Multicultural people have been exposed to a broader array of artistic traditions in their lives

C

6. Research on messages in advertising in Korea and the U.S. has indicated that a. Ads emphasizing conformity are relatively ineffective in the U.S. b. Ads emphasizing uniqueness are relatively ineffective in Korea c. Korean ads are more likely to send conformity messages than American ads d. Korean ads deliver messages about both conformity and uniqueness to a similar extent e. All of the above

C

6. The findings from acculturation research are less coherent than many other topics. Why? a. One cannot put people through an acculturation experiment; it's correlational research b. There are no validated acculturation measures c. People's circumstances vary so much that it's hard to identify common patterns d. There is no agreement on the definition of acculturation e. Immigrants do not like to have their experiences studied by researchers

C

6. Which of the following statements is most accurate? a. There is very little cross-cultural variation in self-esteem b. In collectivistic cultures, interdependence is positively associated with self-esteem, but in individualistic cultures, independence is positively associated with self-esteem c. Independence is positively associated with self-esteem d. Interdependence is positively associated with self-esteem e. Self-esteem is higher in children that adults in non-Western cultures, and higher in adults than children in Western cultures

C

In a study, five people are asked to taste test three dishes, one of which tastes like garbage. They must then judge which dish was the best. However, four of the people are confederates and are told to always say that the garbage dish is the best. The real participant (the fifth person) is then asked to give his or her judgment. This study is done in both an individualistic and a collectivistic culture. Based on the results obtained using Asch's paradigm across cultures, what do you expect to happen in this case? a. Participants from the individualistic culture will most likely not say that the garbage dish is the best one. b. Participants from both cultures will be equally likely to say that the garbage dish is the best one. c. A lot of participants from the individualistic culture will say that the garbage dish is the best one, but even more participants from the collectivistic culture will say the same. d. No participants from either culture will say that the garbage dish is the best one.

C

Jaden has a strong sense of his own identity and does not see a strong divide between strangers he has just met and his family members. What is this characteristic of? a. entity theory of self b. interdependent view of self c. independent theory of self d. objective awareness of self

C

When will you NOT see an adjustment phase after experiencing culture shock? a. when the person endorses an integration acculturation strategy b. when the person is introverted c. when the person moves to a homogenous society when the person has an interdependent self-construal

C

Which of the followings statements accurately describes the relationship between social class and individualism? a. Higher social class is associated with interdependence in both Western and Eastern cultures. b. Higher social class is associated with interdependence in Western cultures and independence in Eastern cultures. c. Higher social class is associated with independence in Western cultures and interdependence in Eastern cultures. d. Higher social class is unrelated to independence and interdependence.

C

1. According to a culture of honor explanation, the U.S. South has historically been more violent that the North because a. The South is hotter than the North b. There was a more extensive slave trade in the South than the North c. The South is poorer than the North d. There were more herders in the South than in the North e. There are more guns available in the South than in the North.

D

1. What is a drawback to using back-translation? a. The researcher might unintentionally prime participants to think in ways similar to English speakers b. The literal meaning of the words is sometimes lost c. The researcher has no way of identifying whether the translators faithfully captured the meaning d. The translation may sound very unnatural, and may contain idioms that are unintelligible e. Participants might not have good enough language skills to understand the materials

D

1. Which of the following is an advantage of experiments in cross-cultural psychological research? a. The results can be generalized to more situations b. They are easier to conduct than correlational studies c. They are equally meaningful to people in all cultures d. They make response biases less problematic e. They can more easily be conducted in the real world

D

6. According to research on consistency, what would be an effect way to persuade an American friend to help you? a. Remind her of how consistently she acts across different social situations b. Remind her of how important the issue is that requires her help c. Remind her of what you may think of her d. Remind her that she has helped you before e. Have her look in a mirror when you ask her for help

D

6. Based on research exploring gender comparisons of the self-concept, what statement below is true? a. Women tend to have self-concepts more like Asians, whereas men have self-concepts more like Westerners b. Women have more of a collectivistic self-view than Westerners c. Men score higher on assertiveness than Women d. Men and women score similarly on agency e. Men and women score similarly on relatedness

D

6. Bjorn is a nonvisible minority member, while Trang is a member of a visible minority. Trang is more likely than Bjorn to a. Experience an L-shaped acculturation curve b. Have his acculturative stress be influenced by his initial experiences in the host culture c. Have a personality with poor cultural fit d. Have a separation acculturation strategy e. Use blending

D

6. Jee-Yeong is a bicultural Korean Canadian who has high bicultural identity integration. Compared with other bicultural Korean Canadians who have low bicultural identity integration, Jee-Yeong, a. Will show less acculturative stress b. Is more likely to score high on measures of cultural distance c. Is less likely to acquire undesirable cultural habits d. Will engage in more frame-switching e. Will more likely adopt an assimilation strategy

D

6. What happens when people evaluate themselves while facing a mirror? a. People from all cultures become more self-critical in from of a mirror b. Americans view themselves more positively, and Japanese view themselves more negatively. c. Americans view themselves more negatively, and Japanese view themselves more positively d. Americans view themselves more negatively, Japanese do not change e. People from all cultures view themselves more positively in front of a mirror.

D

6. Ambrose has an independent self, and Hayden has an interdependent self. Knowing only this, which of the following is probably true about Hayden? a. He draws a weaker distinction between a stranger at the bus stop and his brother b. He feels his identity is primarily based on hos sense that he's outgoing and extraverted person c. He acts the same way regardless of the context or situation d. He is more motivated to be unique and different from others The same brain regions will be activated when he's thinking about himself and his mother

E

As a member of his college debate team, Marvin's goal is the same as his teammate's goal: to win! In preparation for a major competition, Marvin's coach institutes several rules that will help the team members focus, including a rule to abstain from drinking alcohol the night before the competition. If Marvin is from a collectivist culture, how will he most likely respond to this rule? a. "It is unfair for the coach to dictate how I can and can't behave." b. "I had no say in this rule, so I won't obey it." c. "I don't like another person making a decision for me." d. "I don't mind following this rule since I know that what benefits the team ultimately benefits me too."

D

Raquel recently did poorly on a sociology exam. Which of the following strategies should she AVOID if her goal is to engage in self-enhancement? a. disregard the importance of sociology b. blame her poor performance on her professor for not writing a fair exam c. think about how the student with the lowest score in class did d. compare herself with how the best student in her class did

D

Which of the following accurately lists the five personality traits that make up the five-factor model of personality? a. openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, negativity b. openness to experience, capability, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism c. openness to experience, curiosity, extraversion, agreeableness, negativity d. openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

D

Which of the following is reliably associated with reduced acculturative stress? a. an interdependent view of self b. an independent view of self c. conscientiousness d. cultural fit

D

6. How do primary and secondary control among Japanese and Americans differ? a. Americans feel primary control in American-made situations and secondary control in Japanese-made situations b. Japanese feel more powerful in secondary control situations than in primary control situations c. Japanese feel more powerful in Japanese-made primary control situations than they do in American-made primary control situations d. Japanese recall more primary control situations than secondary control situations Americans and Japanese feel more powerful in primary control situations than they do in secondary control situations

E

6. Research on personality and acculturation reveals that a. Introverts tend to be more successful at acculturating than extroverts b. Extraverts tend to be more successful at acculturating than introverts c. Extraverts tend to proceed through a more severe period of culture shock on the acculturation curve compared with introverts d. Introverts fare worse early on, whereas extroverts tend to fare worse over the long run None of the above

E

6. The Big Five Personality traits a. Are clearly observed only in Western cultural contexts b. Do not vary significantly in magnitude across cultures c. Are believed to be unique to humans d. Emerge identically cross-culturally, regardless of the language from which the trait terms are derived Do not cover the full extent of personality traits in all cultures, but they are still cross-culturally robust

E

marginalization strategy

Negative attitudes toward host and heritage culture

Separation Strategy

Negative attitudes toward host but positive attitudes toward heritage culture

Five Factor Model of Personality

OCEAN Openness Conscientiousness Extraversion Agreeableness Neuroticism

Acculturation

The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another.

Moral Relativism

The belief that there are no absolute truths, and that morality changes with each new situation.

integration strategy

Positive attitudes toward host and heritage culture

assimilation strategy

Positive attitudes toward host but negative attitudes toward heritage culture

Occam's Razor

Simpler explanations are more likely to be true than complex ones.

Prevention Orientation

Striving to protect oneself and avoid negative outcomes

dependent variable

The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.

Back-Transformation

The process by which values are substituted into a model of transformed data, and then reversing the transforming process to obtain the predicted value or model for nontransformed data.

Culture of Honor

The social norm that condones and even encourages responding to insults with aggression

entity theory of the world

The world around you is fixed and beyond your ability to change it.

Incremental Theory of the World

The world is flexible and responsive to our efforts to change it.

heritage culture

a culture identified as a person's culture of origin

cultural priming

a method that makes ideas associated with particular cultural meaning systems more accessible to participants

host culture

a new culture to which a person must acculturate

Immigrant

a person who comes to a country where they were not born in order to settle there

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

Sojourner

a temporary resident

reference group effect

a tendency for people to evaluate themselves by comparing themselves with others from their own culture

deprivation effect

a tendency for people to value something more when it is lacking in their culture

entity theory of self

a view of the self in which a person's abilities and traits are largely innate features that the individual cannot change

Incremental theory of self

a view of the self in which a person's abilities and traits are malleable and can be improved

Independent view of self

a way of defining oneself in terms of one's own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not in terms of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of other people

Interdependent View of self

a way of defining oneself in terms of one's relationships to other people, recognizing that one's behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others

objective self-awareness

ability to be the object of one's own thoughts and attention-to be aware of one's state of mind and that one is thinking

subjective self-awareness

ability to differentiate the self from the social and physical environment

Power

ability to get things done through other people

compensatory self-enhancement

acknowledging negative feedback, but then focusing on the things that one is good at

Frame switching

adopting the perspectives of different cultures

secondary control

aligning oneself with the existing realities by controlling their psychological impact

response bias

anything in a survey design that influences responses

external attribution

attributing the cause of a person's behavior to an external event or situation in the environment

internal attribution

attributing the cause of a person's behavior to an internal personality trait or disposition

primary control

changing existing realities to fit one's own perceptions, goals, or desires

Immigrant Paradox

children of immigrants may experience more negative outcomes than their parents.

Third Culture Kids (TCKs)

children who develop multicultural identities because they grow up in many different cultural contexts

upward social comparison

comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

downward social comparison

comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

promotion orientation

concern over advancing oneself and aspiring for gains

Neuroticism

degree of emotional instability or stability

Predestination

denies human free will and moral responsibility.

Between-groups manipulation

different groups of participants receive different levels of the independent variable

Discounting

downplaying the importance of the attribute

Within-groups manipulation

each participant receives more than one level of the independent variable

Learned Helplessness

feeling powerless and unable to control or avoid unpleasant events, leading to stress and depression

Methodological Equivalence

having one's methods perceived in identical ways across different cultures

Agreeableness

how trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted one is

self-improvement

identifying potential weaknesses and working to correct them

Unpackaging

identifying the underlying variables that give rise to different cultural differences

Migrant

moving from place to place

situation sampling

observing the same behavior in different situations

Self-Esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

Blending

people's self-concepts reflect a hybrid of their two cultural words

Culture Shock

personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life

Replication

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances

Face

social value given by others if one fulfills obligations and expectations

socially desired responding

tailoring answers on personality inventories to try to create a good impression

basking in reflected glory

taking pride in the accomplishments of other people in one's group, such as when sports fans identify with a winning team

aquiescence bias

tendency to agree with most statements

Integrative Complexity

the ability to recognize more than one perspective on an issue and to be able to integrate these various perspectives

Conscientiousness

the care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability

Cultural Fit

the degree to which an individual's personality is more similar to the dominant cultural values in the host culture

self-enhancement

the desire to maintain, increase, or protect one's positive self-views

Culture Distance

the difference between two cultures in their overall ways of life

Bicultural Identity Integration

the extent to which people see their two cultural identities as compatible or in opposition to each other

Generalizability

the extent to which we can claim our findings inform us about a group larger than the one we studied

Tightness-Looseness

tolerance of deviation from proper behavior; cultures that are ethnically homogeneous and densely populated tend to be tighter than cultures that are more diverse or spread out

cognitive dissonance

unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs