PSY285 Exam Four

A researcher attempts to study the effect of fear arousal on attitude change. One group experiences no fear while the other group experiences a very high level of fear. Results show no difference in the amount of attitude change in the two groups. Which of the following should have been used in the research? - A third group with a moderate level of fear - A less reliable measure of attitude change - A stronger manipulation of fear - A single level of the independent variable

- A third group with a moderate level of fear

Dunn et al. (2005) conducted an experiment of the relationship between exercise and depression. Participants were randomly assigned to either a low or a high intensity workout regime. Some were assigned to work out 3 days a week, while other participants worked out 5 days a week. Identify the independent variable(s) in this study. - Energy condition - Participants' interest in exercise and health conditions - Amount of exercise and frequency of exercise - Depression

- Amount of exercise and frequency of exercise

Which of the following best describes a mixed factorial design? - It always assigns different groups of participants to each of the conditions. - It typically assigns the same individuals to participate in all the conditions. - It either uses a between-subjects design or a within-subjects design. - It uses both-completely independent groups and completely repeated measures.

- It uses both-completely independent groups and completely repeated measures.

Which of the following is the general format for describing factorial designs? - Number of levels of first IV ? Number of levels of second IV - Number of IVs ? Total number of levels - Number of main effects ? Number of interactions - Number of conditions of first IV ? Number of conditions of second IV

- Number of levels of first IV ? Number of levels of second IV

Which of the following is true of interactions? - The concept of interaction is a relatively complex one that people seldom use. - Interactions are a new source of information that can be obtained through a simple experimental design. - When there is a statistically significant interaction, researchers need to carefully examine the means to understand why the interaction occurred. - An interaction shows that the effect of one independent variable does not depend on the particular level of the other.

- When there is a statistically significant interaction, researchers need to carefully examine the means to understand why the interaction occurred.

A study involves a 3 x 4 x 2 factorial design. How many independent variables are being studied? -24 -9 -4 -3

-3

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the age of an applicant (young, middle, old); gender (male, female); and the type of job applied for (blue collar, white collar). Identify the type of design this experiment represents. -3x2 -3x2x3 -3x2x2 -2x2x2

-3x2x2

How many conditions and possible interactions are there in a study with a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design? -8 conditions and 4 possible interactions - 4 conditions and 8 possible interactions - 3 conditions and 2 possible interactions - 2 conditions and 3 possible interactions

-8 conditions and 4 possible interactions

Based on the graph shown below, you should expect which of the following effects to be significant? (Note: the correct choice must include all significant effects) -main effect of A, Main effect of B, and the AxB interaction -main effect of B and the AxB interaction -Main effect of A -Main effect of B

-Main effect of A

Internet research by Strassberg and Holty (2003) compared responses to women's Internet personal ads. The researchers presented participants with an ad focusing on different characteristics such as 1) slim and attractive, 2) sensual and passionate, 3) painting and hiking, or 4) financially independent and ambitious. This is an example of a _____ design. -factorial -matrix -multiple -non-experimental

-factorial

Drinking alcohol increases the rate of fatal accidents by 50% regardless of the road conditions whereas a slipper road condition increases the fate of fatal accidents by 20% regardless of whether the driver is drunk or sober. In other words, a drunk driver on a slipper road is 70% more likely to get into a fatal accident than a sober driver on a non-slippery road. Accordingly, the two variables, drunkenness and road condition, are showing which of the following effects? -additive -carry over -scale attenuation -interaction

-interaction

You hypothesized that positive and negative emotional arousal would produce a different effect on memory. In this experiment you manipulated two IVs: (1) arousal and (2) valence. Both variable had two levels (arousal: arousing or non-arousing; valence: positive and negative). Shown below is a part of a SPSS output. Based on the results, which effect(s) is/are significant? (Note: the correct choice much include all significant effects) -main effect of arousal and the Arousal x Valence interaction -main effect of valence -main effect of arousal, main effect of valence, and the arousal x Valence interaction -the arousal x Valence interaction

-main effect of arousal, main effect of valence, and the arousal x Valence interaction

The term "factorial" means _________. -that there are more than two dependent variables in the research design -that the interaction of the two independent variables is the primary focus of the study -that the research design contains all possible levels of the independent variables used in the study

-that the research design contains all possible levels of the independent variables used in the study

This graph represents the results of a 2x2 factorial design. Which of the following results is the best description of the results? -there is a statistically significant main effect for factor A -there is a statistically significant main effect of factor B and an interaction -there is a statistically significant main effects for factors A and B and an interaction

-there is a statistically significant main effect for factor A

A researcher manipulates a defendant's appearance (attractive, average, or unattractive) and gender (male or female) to study how these variables affect judgments of criminal behavior. How many interactions are possible in this design? -1 -2 -3 -6

1

A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the following variables: temperature (low or high); illumination level (low or high); and time of testing (day or night). For a completely repeated measures design, how many participants would the researcher require in order to have 10 participants per condition? 20 150 10 100

10

A 4 x 3 factorial design would have _____ conditions. -3 -4 -7 -12

12

In a 4 x 3 factorial design, for a completely independent groups design with 10 participants per group, how many participants are needed? -120 -30 -70 -60

120

A marketing company wants to determine which cola beverage is most preferred by consumers. A group of participants tastes Cola A and then rates the taste. The group then tastes Cola B and rates the taste for this cola. A second group of participants follows the same procedure. However, they first taste Cola B and then Cola A. This is an example of a(n) _____ type of design. - 2 x 2 independent groups - 2 x 2 repeated measures - 2 x 2 mixed factorial - IV x PV

2 x 2 mixed factorial

In a 2 x 3 factorial design, there are _____ main effect(s) and _____ interaction effect(s) possible. 2;2 2;1 1;1 1;2

2;1

An experimenter hypothesizes that college students will become more aggressive when they have blood alcohol levels (B.A.C.) of .15% or more and listening to rock music, than when their blood alcohol level is less than .10% and are not listening to music. To test this hypothesis he randomly assigned students to three groups (1) B.A.C of .15% or more (2) B.A.C of .10% or less, and (3) a no alcohol group. Each of the three groups is then subjected to rock music or no music, and aggressiveness ratings are taken. What type of design do we have? Three way ANOVA 3x2 factorial with 8 treatment combinations 3x3 factorial with 9 treatment combinations 2x3 factorial with 6 treatment combinations

2x3 factorial with 6 treatment combinations

A researcher is interested in variables that may affect an individual's driving ability. He has people drive a course in wet, dry, or icy conditions. In addition, he has them drive a vehicle with or without power steering, and with an automatic or a manual transmission. In this design, there are _____ possible main effects and _____ possible interactions. -2;2 -3;4 -3;12 -2;3

3; 4

A 2 x 2 x 2 design results in _____ experimental conditions. -3 -6 -7 -8

8

Assume you have an A (2) x B (2) Factorial. After you have computed your SS total, SS between, and SS within, you need to compute the SS for: A but not B Not A but B A, B, and C A, B, and AxB

A, B, and AxB

Which of the following is true of factorial designs? It eliminates the possibility of confounding variables. All levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variable. A control group is unnecessary. The simplest factorial design has three independent variables, each having three levels.

All levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variable.

A researcher has second-grade boys and girls view aggressive or non-aggressive cartoons. After viewing the cartoons, the children are observed playing in a room that contains a variety of toys. The number of aggressive acts displayed by the children is measured. This research design is an example of a(n) _____ design. -mixed factorial -repeated measures -IV x PV -interaction

IV x PV

Which of the following is NOT true of a study with only one independent variable? Interactions can be studied. Internal validity can be high. A repeated measures design can be used. A between-subject design can be used.

Interactions can be studied.

Which of the following best describes a mixed factorial design? It always assigns different groups of participants to each of the conditions. It typically assigns the same individuals to participate in all the conditions. It either uses a between-subjects design or a within-subjects design. It uses both-completely independent groups and completely repeated measures

It uses both-completely independent groups and completely repeated measures.

Which of the following is the general format for describing factorial designs? Number of levels of first IV ? Number of levels of second IV Number of IVs ? Total number of levels Number of main effects ? Number of interactions Number of conditions of first IV ? Number of conditions of second IV

Number of levels of first IV ? Number of levels of second IV

Which of the following is true of a 2 x 3 factorial design? - There are 2 possible interactions. - There are 3 possible main effects. - There are 6 conditions. - There are 2 variables, each with 2 levels

There are 6 conditions.

Which of the following is least likely to be true of a 2 x 2 factorial design? There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable A. There are two independent variables, each with two levels in a 2 x 2 factorial design. There may or may not be a significant main effect for independent variable B. There is always a significant interaction between the independent variables.

There is always a significant interaction between the independent variables

A researcher finds that for male applicants, the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases. However, for female applicants, the likelihood of being hired is not influenced by the amount of work experience. In this scenario, which of the following is true? -There is an effect of gender on work experience. - There is no interaction between gender and work experience for female applicants. -There is an interaction between gender and work experience. - There is an effect of work experience on the likelihood of females being hired.

There is an interaction between gender and work experience.

Participants were asked to read two poems that were written by a male or female author. They were told that one of the authors was a student majoring in English and the other an English professor. The participants rated the poem written by the professor as being of higher quality than the poem written by the student. This indicates: -a main effect of gender. - a main effect of authorship. - a main effect of quality. - an interaction between gender and authorship

a main effect of authorship.

An IV x PV design allows: - the manipulation of a participant variable. - a researcher to investigate how different types of individuals respond to the same manipulated variable. - the measurement of the participant variable. - a researcher to exclude subject variables or attribute variables from the study.

a researcher to investigate how different types of individuals respond to the same manipulated variable.

Dr. Parker finds that judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident is greater for male drivers if the outcome is severe than mild. However, for female drivers, ratings are the same irrespective of the outcome. These findings suggest: a main effect of responsibility. a main effect of outcome. an interaction between gender and responsibility. an interaction between gender and outcome.

an interaction between gender and outcome.

In a factorial design, a main effect is the _____. effect of one independent variable at one level of another independent variable effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variables only effect of interest effect of dependent variable on the independent variable

effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variables

In a factorial design, a main effect is the _____. - effect of one independent variable at one level of another independent variable - effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variables - only effect of interest - effect of dependent variable on the independent variable

effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variables

A researcher conducts an experiment in which half of the number of participants read a story designed to reduce prejudice (story group), whereas the other half read material unrelated to prejudice (control group). After reading the material, half of the participants describe a minority group while alone, and the other half describes a minority group in the presence of their peers. The dependent variable is the number of positive statements made about the minority group. The mean number of positive statements in the four conditions was: Although the final conclusions would be based on statistical significance tests, these results indicate a(n) _____. lack of effect of the control versus story variable main effect of the alone versus peer group variable absence of interaction between the two variables increase in prejudice among participants in the story group

increase in prejudice among participants in the story group

The Smith and Ellsworth (1987) study on eyewitness testimony illustrates a factorial design with different individuals in each of the conditions. This design is best classified as a _____ design. repeated measures independent groups within subjects mixed factorial

independent groups

Individuals with work experience and those without work experience are given identical resumes of a male or female applicant and asked to indicate the likelihood that they would hire the individual. The PV in this design is: - the gender of the applicant. - the gender of the participant. - individuals with or without wok experience. - the hiring likelihood.

individuals with or without wok experience

Individuals with work experience and those without work experience are given identical resumes of a male or female applicant and asked to indicate the likelihood that they would hire the individual. The PV in this design is: the gender of the applicant. the gender of the participant. individuals with or without wok experience. the hiring likelihood.

individuals with or without wok experience.

The main advantage of the factorial design is: it can be conducted using a relatively small n it can provide information about error variance it can provide information interactions it can tell if there is a significant difference between two or more independent variables

it can provide information interactions

Based on the graph shown below, you should expect which of the following effects to be significant? (Note: the correct choice must include all significant effects) main effect of A and Main effect of B main effect of A and the AxB interaction main effect of B and the AxB interaction Main effect of A, main effect of B, and the AxB interaction

main effect of B and the AxB interaction

A researcher states that "anxiety decreases performance irrespective of the participants' motivation levels." This means that there is a(n)_____. main effect of anxiety interaction between anxiety and motivation main effect of motivation error in the study

main effect of anxiety

A simple main effect analysis examines: the overall effect of one independent variable. mean differences at each level of the independent variable. the overall effect of the interaction. relationships between independent and dependent variables.

mean differences at each level of the independent variable

An IV x PV design has: - two manipulated variables. - two nonmanipulated variables. - one manipulated and one nonmanipulated variable. - more than two manipulated independent variables.

one manipulated and one nonmanipulated variable

With a(n) _____, the results are analyzed as if you had separate experiments at each level of the other independent variable. main effect interaction analysis of variance simple main effect

simple main effect

This graph represents the results of a 2x2 factorial design. Which of the following results is the best description of the results? there is a statistically significant main effect of factor A and an interaction there is a statistically significant main effect of factor B and an interaction there is a statistically significant main effect of factors A and B

there is a statistically significant main effect of factor B and an interaction

Factorial designs are often employed because: very few variables tend to affect behavior. they give a greater approximation of real-world conditions. two or three independent variables cannot operate simultaneously. combining all levels of each independent variable with all levels of the other independent variables is not possible

they give a greater approximation of real-world conditions.

A researcher employs an IV ? PV design to examine attitudes toward cheating. She presents freshmen from a private university with a written account describing a male or female student who was accused of cheating on an exam. The same procedure is repeated for a sample of freshmen from a public university. After reading the account, the students were asked to assign an appropriate punishment. The PV in this design would be the: gender of the student accused of cheating. university attended (private or public). class level of the participants (freshmen). punishment assigned.

university attended (private or public)