PSY32 Quiz Questions
Deception in psychology studies A. must be followed with a debriefing. B. should never be done. C. is unethical.
A
Which is a method for preventing selection effects? A. pretest/posttest design B. posttest-only design C. matched-groups design
C
A Type I error is known as which of the following? A. a false positive B. a near miss C. a false negative D. a missed opportunity
A
A professor gives a class a self-report measure of conscientiousness and finds that people who score high on the measure are more likely to be on time to class. This is evidence for the measure's A. criterion validity B. discriminant validity C. test-retest reliability D. face validity
A
Lana is writing her first empirical journal article. Although she thinks she knows why she found the results she did, she also wants to mention some alternative explanations for her findings. In which section will she mention these alternative explanations? A. Discussion B. Results C. References D. Method
A
Parsimony is useful because of A. its use of many different methods to support one theory. B. its efficient use of one or two results to support a theory. C. the fact that it allows multiple interpretations of the same study result.
A
A correlational study that suffers from a restriction of range problem will probably accidentally find a correlation that is A. negative B. positive C. too large D. too small
D
According to Gernsbacher (in press), which one of the following is an example of a Constraints on Generality statement? A. "The data used in the present study were initially collected as part of a larger exploratory study." B. beginning the article with "a clear, direct, and compelling story" C. "We report how we determined our sample size, all data exclusions (if any), all manipulations, and all measures in the study." D. "Our findings likely only apply to adults from Western industrialized countries."
D
If I determine that my new self-report measure of extraversion contains items that measure all aspects of that construct and doesn't omit any relevant aspects, I have demonstrated __________ validity. A. criterion B. convergent C. face D. content
D
Instead of Mad Libbing terms into sentence templates, Gernsbacher (in press) recommends that you A. "begin your article with a hook" B. "give a coherent and logical narrative" C. "make sure a specific connection exists between your claim and the article you cite to support that claim" D. "synthesize the literature to tell a story"
D
According to M3e's chapter on Presenting Results, you should repeat the same numerical values (such as the same group means) in the text of the Results section and in a table or figure. True False
False
An educational psychologist is testing the discriminant validity of a new measure of numerical learning difficulties. He gives his measure to a group of students along with another measure of verbal learning difficulties, which he predicts should not be strongly related to numerical learning difficulties. Which of the following correlations would the psychologist hope to find in order to establish discriminant validity? A. r = -.18 B. r = -1.0 C. r = .83 D. r = 1.0
A
Dr. Anderson is a nutritionist who helps clients lose weight prior to surgery. She is working with W. J., a male client who is planning on undergoing a heart transplant. He currently eats more than 3,500 calories a day and has been asked by his doctor to cut the number of calories to about 1,800 (400 for breakfast, 600 for lunch, and 800 for dinner). She is curious as to whether a food journal will help W. J. reduce the number of calories he eats. A food journal is used to record everything a person eats to help patients be more aware of what they're eating. W. J.'s wife also recorded the food he consumed at each meal to have complete data before introducing the journal. Dr. Anderson decides to phase in the food journal gradually, initially only having W. J. record what he ate at breakfast during the first three days after baseline (days 4-6). During days 7-9, the journal is used at lunch, too, and during days 10-12, it also is used during dinner. The data for Dr. Anderson's study are below. What type of small-N design has Dr. Anderson used with W. J.? A. Multiple-baseline design B. Reversal design C. Stable-baseline design D. Interrupted time-series design
A
Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57, p < .001 • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .04, p = .12 • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36, p < .001 Comparing all three correlations, Dr. Guidry will be most able to accurately predict life satisfaction from the experience of daily stress because the relationship: A. has the largest effect size. B. is negative. C. was reported first. D. was statistically significant.
A
Dr. LaGuardia is curious as to whether children in a daycare center will share more after watching an educational video on sharing. Immediately before and after the video, he has several undergraduate research assistants code the sharing behavior of a group of 33 four-year-olds. Which of the following would you recommend to him to decrease the threat of instrumentation? A. Using clear coding manuals B. Asking the same research assistants to code the same children at pretest and posttest C. Establishing different coding manuals for pretest and posttest D. Using only one research assistant to code all the videos
A
Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the results in the table below. Dr. Lonsbary's study (above) asked participants to report on their mood before completing the memory test. Her decision to include this step was done to address the study's _________ validity. A. construct B. statistical C. external D. internal
A
Dr. Rodriquez is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer romantic relationships than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Donal scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as I think about myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Rodriquez calculates a correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between Question 1 and Question 2 and between Question 1 and Question 3. She finds a correlation coefficient of r = -0.73 between Questions 1 and 2 and a correlation coefficient of r = 0.74 between Questions 1 and 3. Which of the following is true of her findings? A. There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale. B. The negative correlation between Questions 1 and 2 is bad for Dr. Rodriquez. C. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 is much weaker than between Questions 1 and 3. D. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 and Questions 1 and 3 are in the same direction.
A
Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions, and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has now decided that he wants to test his measure on some university students (who some estimates say have a 6% prevalence rate of compulsive gambling). He has a group of 100 university students complete his measure. He also has them complete two other measures (one that measures addictive behavior in general and one that measures general attitudes toward gambling). He finds that his new measure is positively associated with each of these other measures. This procedure has provided evidence for the _____ of Dr. Sheffield's measure. Figure shows scatterplot with upward-sloping trend line A. convergent validity B. content validity C. predictive validity D. discriminant validity
A
If a measurement looks like it is a plausible operationalization of a conceptual variable, then it has: A. face validity. B. subjectivity. C. interrater reliability. D. credibility.
A
In the study depicted in the figure above, how could a researcher transform the study into a within-groups design? A. Having participants play both the competitive game and the noncompetitive game B. Removing the first blood pressure measurement C. Adding another independent variable D. Adding a control group
A
Which of the following CANNOT be said of the interaction in a study? A. It can be determined by investigating marginal means. B. It is almost always more important than a study's main effects. C. There are multiple types of interactions (e.g., crossover interaction). D. It can exist even if the main effects are not significant.
A
Which of the following is true of statistical significance testing? A. It can lead to an incorrect conclusion about the population. B. It is necessary for establishing internal validity. C. It involves testing effect sizes. D. It is only done when you have two quantitative variables.
A
Your friend Alanna says that when examining validity, you always want to see positive correlations. Why is she wrong? A. Both the strength and the direction of a correlation matter when examining validity. B. Correlations are not used to examine validity. C. Negative correlations are desirable when examining validity. D. The strength of a correlation matters, but the direction of a correlation does not matter.
A
Your friend Dominic is complaining about having to take the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), a test that is required to go to graduate school and is similar to the ACT and SAT. He complains, "Tests like the GRE don't really measure how well people actually do in graduate school." Dominic is questioning the ______________ of the test. A. criterion validity B. content validity C. discriminant validity D. convergent validity
A
The key attributes of the empirically-grounded, well-anchored response scale, as discussed in lecture, are as follows: (Select all that apply) A. Uses number of points that allows people to express a range of opinions B. Uses reverse scoring to increase careful responding C. Uses anchors that create equal appearing intervals D. Uses both endpoint and middle anchors
ACD
A participant's score on a dependent variable is a combination of which of the following? A. Systematic variance and error variance B. Measurement error and their true score C. Their mean score and their standard deviation D. Manipulation effect and observer bias
B
A researcher's attempt to control sounds, smells, and even temperature in a testing environment is meant to reduce which of the following? A. Between-group variance B. Situation noise C. Weak manipulations D. Demand characteristics
B
A study finds a correlation coefficient of r = .52 and reports p < .05. The p is a _________. A. plausible significance approximation B. probability estimate C. population value D. possibility assessment
B
All of the following are advantages of within-groups designs EXCEPT: A. Participants in the treatment/control groups will be equivalent. B. It is less time-consuming for the participants. C. They require fewer participants. D. It gives researchers more power to find differences between conditions.
B
Why are double-barreled questions problematic? A. They are too conceptual. B. They may have poor construct validity. C. They may be too easy to answer. D. They are leading questions.
B
Dr. Cheong is a clinical psychologist who is curious about how people deal with natural disasters (e.g., hurricanes, tornados, earthquakes). His previous research suggests that there is a relationship between how much people feel their emotional well-being was affected by the natural disaster and their likelihood of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms. However, he is curious as to whether the effect of emotional well-being occurs because people receive different levels of social support. He conducts a study in which he asks 174 men and women affected by Hurricane Sandy (2012) to report on how their well-being was affected by the hurricane, the social support felt after the storm, and the number of PTSD symptoms. Dr. Cheong finds support for his proposed relationship. However, in examining his data more closely, he finds that the relationship between emotional well-being and PTSD symptoms is stronger for men than for women. Which of the following is the mediating variable in Dr. Cheong's hypothesis? A. Participant sex B. Social support C. PTSD symptoms D. Emotional well-being
B
Dr. Cyril conducts a simple random sample of 500 men who became fathers for the first time in the past year. He finds that 23% of them report being unsure of their ability to be good fathers, plus or minus 4%. If Dr. Cyril increased his sample size to 1,000, which of the following would happen? A. External validity would become less important. B. The margin of error would become smaller. C. The true estimate would increase. D. Statistical validity would become negatively affected
B
Dr. Elder was interested in the way people recognize objects as members of categories. For example, what makes us recognize a dog as being a dog and not a cat? More specifically, he was curious as to whether people think about categories in a more complex way if they contemplate an "opposite" category first. For example, does a person think differently about the category of "southern" if they first think about the category of "northern"? He is also curious as to whether people categorize differently if they are exposed to category members compared with generating category members. Dr. Elder has four groups of participants (with 30 people in each group). In Group A, participants were told to cut out pictures of dogs and cats from magazines. In Group B, participants were told to cut out pictures of just dogs from magazines. In Group C, participants were told to draw pictures of cats and dogs. In Group D, participants were told to draw pictures of just dogs. After doing this for 30 minutes, participants in all groups were asked to list the attributes that define the "dog" category. Having a higher number of attributes listed was considered to be an indication of thinking about the category in a more complex way. The results of his study are below. Cut out | Draw Dogs 7 | 6 Both 15 | 9 In graphing the difference between the differences, which of the following values would Dr. Elder use? A. 6.5 B. 9 C. 12 D. 7.5
B
Dr. Gong conducts a study where she randomly assigns participants to different experimental conditions. The testing for each condition occurs in a different room of the psychology building. After collecting her data, she learns that the air conditioning in one of the rooms had been turned off during data collection. Which of the following threats to internal validity should Dr. Gong be concerned with? A. Maturation effect B. Design confound C. Selection effect D. Order effect
B
Dr. Gore is conducting a survey examining people's opinions toward funding for collegiate athletics on his campus. He notices that several participants agree with all 12 questions. This could be an example of all of the following EXCEPT: A. acquiescence. B. fence sitting. C. a response set. D. yea-saying.
B
Dr. Kushner is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kushner is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kushner plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kushner is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic? A. More prisoners may want to participate than Dr. Kushner can actually study. B. According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection. C. Prisoners do not make good participants since they may not tell the truth. D. Prisoners are unable to give informed consent.
B
For a third variable to be plausible as the explanation in an established association, which of the following must also be true? A. The third variable must be measured on the same scale as the original measured variables. B. The third variable must be related to both of the measured variables in the original association. C. The third variable must be a categorical variable. D. The third variable must have a positive relationship with the two measured variables in the original association.
B
If Dr. Fletcher (from #14 above) is interested in a causal relationship between joining a fraternity/sorority and attractiveness/appearance concern, why doesn't he conduct a true experiment? A. It is not possible to study private organizations, like fraternities/sororities. B. He was unable to randomly assign participants to join a fraternity/sorority. C. It is not possible to measure body concern. D. He was unable to recruit an equal number of males and females.
B
In previous studies, Dr. Schulenberg has established that finding meaning in one's everyday work activities can lead to greater success in the workplace (e.g., productivity, creativity). He is curious as to whether this can happen in the college classroom. Specifically, he is curious whether finding meaning in one's classroom experience can lead to greater academic performance. In the spring semester, he has his teaching assistant randomly assign half the class to write a paragraph each class period about how the material has meaning for their lives (meaning group). The other half writes a paragraph about what they did to prepare for class (preparation group). He does not know which of his students are writing which paragraph, and the students are not aware they are responding to different writing assignments. To measure academic performance, he gives the students a midterm essay exam and a final exam. Which of the following aspects of Dr. Schulenberg's study allows him to prevent observer bias? A. Having his teaching assistant assign students randomly to the two groups B. Ensuring the person grading the exams is unaware of each student's writing group C. Keeping his students unaware of which type of essay they are writing D. Grading the exams himself (a Ph.D.) instead of having his teaching assistant (a college senior) do it
B
Jenny reads the following headline on an online article: "If You're Sexist, People Will Think You're Racist, and Vice Versa." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Sanchez and colleagues, 2017.) This study found that members of stigmatized groups are threatened by prejudice directed at other stigmatized groups. Their results showed that White women can be threatened by racism, and men of color threatened by sexism, and that these perceptions made participants expect unfair treatment. In this study, ________ is a conceptual definition of one of their primary variables. A. self-reported race on a questionnaire B. perceived prejudiced attitudes C. a questionnaire assessing level of stigma perceived D. age of participants
B
Professor Kramer has decided to measure how happy his students are with his teaching this semester. He is teaching two classes this semester—Psychology and Law and Introduction to Neuroscience. He gives his students a survey. 43 of 50 Introduction to Neuroscience students and 46 of 48 Psychology and Law students complete the survey. Based on this information, which of the following can Dr. Kramer say? A. His sample is biased. B. His sample came from his population of interest. C. His sample is larger than his population. D. His sample is representative.
B
Regression to the mean is especially problematic in which of the following situations? A. When one group has an extremely low score at posttest B. When one group has an extremely high score at pretest C. When the experimental and comparison groups are equal at pretest D. When the experimental and comparison groups are equal at posttest
B
Why do studies that use probability samples have excellent external validity? A. They use a larger number of measures. B. All members of the population are equally likely to be represented in the sample. C. They study every member of the population of interest. D. They also ensure excellent internal validity.
B
You can tell when a study is correlational because A. the researchers used a scatterplot. B. the variables are all measured. C. the researchers used a t test. D. the researchers used the correlation coefficient, r.
B
__________ controls for order effects in within-groups designs. A. Conducting a pilot study B. Counterbalancing C. Making unobtrusive observations D. Using a manipulation check
B
A sports psychologist develops a new technique that might improve accuracy in shooting free throws in school children. To test this, she arranges to give the new technique to a girls' physical education class and the standard technique to the boys' physical education class. She finds that the girls' accuracy in shooting was higher than the boys' accuracy. A colleague rightly points out that A. the difference in accuracy was caused by technique and not by gender. B. the difference in accuracy was caused by gender and not the technique. C. it is unclear whether the difference in accuracy was caused by gender or by technique. D. gender was an extraneous variable but it was not a confound.
C
Bivariate association claims' failure to meet the criteria of temporal precedence and internal validity means that _________ cannot be_________. A. hypotheses; tested B. construct validity; interrogated C. causal inferences; made D. covariance; established
C
Dr. Bloedorn is a health psychologist who researches nutrition. She is curious as to whether a new drink additive will help people consume fewer calories during a meal. The drink additive is a white, odorless, tasteless powder that a person can add to any drink. She collects a random sample of 63 overweight students on campus and measures the calories they eat during lunch using a bomb calorimeter. She then gives this additive to the same 63 participants to use at dinner and measures how many calories they eat (again using the bomb calorimeter). Which of the following threats to internal validity will Dr. Bloedorn NOT be worried about? A. Placebo effects B. Demand characteristics C. Attrition D. Testing effect
C
Dr. Elder (from #3 above) also is curious as to whether categorization happens similarly for children as it does for adults. As such, he recruits a group of 10-year-olds and a group of 20-year-olds to participate in the study. The results are below. Figure 1 (10yo) Lines cross Figure 2 (20 yo) Lines are parallel Which of the following reasons might Dr. Elder have for changing his study in this way? A. To control internal validity B. To ensure construct validity C. To enhance external validity D. To deal with statistical validity
C
Dr. Fletcher is interested in whether joining a fraternity/sorority causes people to become more concerned about their attractiveness and appearance. He recruits a group of 55 freshmen (25 males, 30 females) who are planning to go through fraternity/sorority recruitment on his campus. After they join, he gives them a measure of attractiveness concern/appearance concern (the Body Concern Scale). In addition to measuring the group of participants who joined a fraternity/sorority, Dr. Fletcher decides to give the same measure to another group of 55 participants who decided to not join a fraternity/sorority. This type of design is known as a(n): A. reversal design. B. nonequivalent groups interrupted time-series design. C. nonequivalent control group design. D. interrupted time-series design.
C
Dr. LaGuardia is curious as to whether children in a daycare center will share more after watching an educational video on sharing. Immediately before and after the video, he has several undergraduate research assistants code the sharing behavior of a group of 33 four-year-olds. Which of the following would you recommend to him to decrease the threat of instrumentation? A. Establishing different coding manuals for pretest and posttest B. Asking the same research assistants to code the same children at pretest and posttest C. Using clear coding manuals D. Using only one research assistant to code all the videos
C
Dr. Paul is concerned about a fence-sitting response set when he conducts his survey. Which of the following might you recommend to decrease fence sitting? A. Using a Likert scale B. Providing a "no opinion" option C. Using scales with an even number of response options D. Using reverse-worded questions
C
Dr. Whetstone is curious about how self-esteem changes as a result of a new counseling program. She is concerned about testing threats in her study. Which of the following would you recommend to her as a way to address this type of threat? A. Refusing to let participants drop out of the study B. Omitting a comparison group C. Using a different measure of self-esteem at pretest than at posttest D. Conducting a pretest-only study
C
Imagine that you want to measure the construct, "substance use." You thus create the following questionnaire with three items: 1) Have you had beer? no yes 2) Have you smoked marijuana? no yes 3) Have you used cocaine? no yes The responses to the three items are scored as 0 = no and 1 = yes. The substance use score is calculated by summing the values for all three items. Which of the following would be the best way to assess the convergent validity of this substance use questionnaire? A. Correlate scores on the substance use questionnaire with scores from a task measuring amount of alcohol consumed. B. Correlate scores on the substance use questionnaire with scores from a task measuring amount of water consumed. C. Correlate scores on the substance use questionnaire with scores from a different questionnaire that measures substance use. D. Correlate scores on the substance use questionnaire with scores from a questionnaire measuring intelligence.
C
Imagine you calculated the correlation coefficient for the data presented in the attached figure above, and the resulting number was r = -.44. Looking at the figure, how would you know the number you calculated is incorrect? (Figure shows scatterplot with trendline sloping upward) A. There aren't 44 dots in the figure. B. Correlation coefficients cannot be smaller than 1. C. The figure shows a positive relationship between optimism and life satisfaction. D. There wouldn't be a way to know this.
C
In developing a measure of "need for cognition" (the degree to which people like thinking and problem-solving), Dr. Jonason asks his participants to rate their agreement with the following statement: "I frequently solve and enjoy solving crossword puzzles and Sudoku puzzles." What is the problem with this question? A. It has a double negative. B. It is a forced-choice question. C. It is a double-barreled question. D. It is a leading question.
C
Two researchers tell you they study the same thing. However, when you look at their research papers, they do not use similar methodologies or measurements. How is this possible? A. The researchers have the same operational definitions. B. The researchers have the same conceptual definitions and operational definitions. C. The researchers have the same conceptual definitions. D. The researchers do not have the same conceptual definitions nor the same operational definitions.
C
What is the relationship between moderators and external validity? A. Moderators are necessary for external validity to be established. B. Moderators suggest that an association between two variables will extend to another variable. C. Moderators suggest that associations may not generalize to all subgroups of people. D. Moderators suggest that associations may be spurious.
C
When interrogating the construct validity of an association claim, which of the following statements is true? A. Only the construct validity of the outcome variable needs to be interrogated. B. The reliability of the measures is more important than their validity. C. How each variable was measured must be considered. D. Quantitative variables need to be assessed, but qualitative variables do not.
C
Which popular media headline might suggest that a multiple regression has been used? A. "Eating lunch away from your desk is associated with greater work productivity." B. "Pet ownership is an important predictor of well-being in elderly adults." C. "Vacations are important for happiness, even when length of vacation is controlled for." D. "Daughters are happier when their mothers are happy working outside the home."
C
According to the textbook, what is the problem with WEIRD samples? A. They are not very easy to measure. B. They are not good for theory-testing mode. C. They are not used frequently enough. D. They are not very representative of the world's population.
D
Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. In this study, the authors were interested in participants' board game performance. Which of the following would be a reasonable operational definition of performance? A. which board game participants chose to play B. an earnest attempt to finish quickly C. performance when playing a board game D. whether participants won against a partner
D
Dr. Finkel is a social psychologist who studies romantic relationships. Several researchers have found that there is a link between income and marital satisfaction (e.g., Dakin & Wampler, 2012). Dr. Finkel is curious as to whether there is a causal link between the two variables, such that having a higher income causes higher levels of marital satisfaction. He is confident that he cannot reasonably or ethically manipulate people's income level, so he decides to use a multivariate design. He is also curious as to whether there is a causal link between these two variables or if two other variables (number of arguments and life satisfaction) can explain the relationship. He measures his three variables in a sample of 124 married couples recruited from a local community center. Below are his results. Variable Beta Significance Income .69 .03 Number of arguments -.71 .01 Life satisfaction .13 .81 Which of the following can be concluded based on the results of Dr. Finkel's study? A. As the number of arguments a couple has increases, their marital satisfaction increases as well, controlling for income but not life satisfaction. B. Income is a stronger predictor of martial satisfaction than either the number of arguments or life satisfaction. C. The beta for the relationship between life satisfaction and marital satisfaction is significantly different than zero. D. The relationship between life satisfaction and marital satisfaction has the weakest effect size of all of the results.
D
Dr. Gavin decides that instead of conducting a 2 x 4 independent-groups factorial design, he is going to conduct a 2 x 4 within-groups factorial design. Which of the following things will change? A. The number of interactions that need to be examined B. The number of cells C. The number of main effects that need to be examined D. The number of participants needed
D
Dr. Guidry conducts a study examining the relationship between the number of friends one has and the experience of daily stress and life satisfaction. She randomly samples 1,500 elderly men and women in Nashville, Tennessee (the state capital), located in the southern United States. Below are her findings. • Life satisfaction and experience of daily stress: r = -.57 (p = .01) • Number of friends one has and experience of daily stress: r = .09, not sig. • Number of friends one has and life satisfaction: r = .36 (p = .04) The "not sig." in Dr. Guidry's findings indicates all of the following EXCEPT: A. There is not a statistically significant association between the two variables. B. An association of that size between number of friends one has and experience of daily stress is pretty likely assuming the null hypothesis is true. C. She cannot reliably predict a study participant's experience of daily stress from the participant's number of friends. D. Effect size could not be calculated.
D
Dr. Lonsbary is a cognitive psychologist who is curious about how mood affects memory. She recruited 60 high school students and divided them into three groups. Group A listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel happy ("Happy" by Pharrell). Group B listened to a 5-minute piece of music intended to make them feel sad (a song titled "Home Is Such a Lonely Place" by Blink-182). Group C listened to no music and instead was asked to sit quietly for 5 minutes (thought to make them feel neutral). When a participant would come to her laboratory, Dr. Lonsbary would greet the participant and then ask him or her to roll a six-sided die. Participants who rolled a 1 or 2 were assigned to Group A. Participants who rolled a 3 or 4 were assigned to Group B. Participants who rolled a 5 or 6 were assigned to Group C. The participants were then given an unlabeled CD to listen to based on their group assignment. The CD contained either the song selection or 5 minutes of silence. They were then escorted into a different room, where they were greeted by a research assistant who conducted the experiment. The research assistant sat the participants in front of a computer screen and told them that a list of 25 words would be displayed on the screen. They were instructed to listen to the CD with headphones while trying to memorize the list of words. All participants were given the same list of 25 common words to remember (e.g., desk, gray, plane, car, mask). When 5 minutes had passed, the screen displayed a question asking them whether they felt happy, sad, or neutral. After the participant responded, a new screen was displayed asking them to type in all the words they could remember from the list of 25 words. All participants were given 3 minutes to type the words they remembered. Afterward, the participant was thanked and dismissed. In response to the mood question, a majority of Group A participants said they were happy, a majority of Group B participants said they were sad, and a majority of Group C participants said they were neutral in their mood. Dr. Lonsbary found the results in the table below. Dr. Lonsbary's colleague, Dr. Chavis, recommended randomly assigning the participants to the three groups. His recommendation was designed to avoid which of the following? A. A practice effect B. An order effect C. A carryover effect D. A selection effect
D
Dr. Sanderson is curious as to whether exposing people to violent video games causes them to be more aggressive. She assigns half her participants to play a violent video game for 5 minutes and the other half to play the same game for 25 minutes. Afterward, she has them play a board game and has a well-trained coder determine whether they are very aggressive in their playing style, barely aggressive, or not at all aggressive. She finds that a vast majority of her participants, regardless of group assignment, are rated as very aggressive. This outcome would be known as a(n): A. floor effect. B. weak manipulation. C. outlier. D. ceiling effect.
D
Imagine that you want to measure the construct, "substance use." You thus create the following questionnaire with three items: 1) Have you had beer? no yes 2) Have you smoked marijuana? no yes 3) Have you used cocaine? no yes The responses to the three items are scored as 0 = no and 1 = yes. The substance use score is calculated by summing the values for all three items. Which of the following would be the best way to assess the criterion validity of this substance use questionnaire? A. Correlate scores on the substance use questionnaire with scores from a task measuring amount of water consumed. B. Correlate scores on the substance use questionnaire with scores from a questionnaire measuring intelligence. C. Correlate scores on the substance use questionnaire with scores from a different questionnaire that measures substance use. D. Correlate scores on the substance use questionnaire with scores from a task measuring amount of alcohol consumed.
D
In a conceptual replication, the _______ are the same, but the _______ is/are different from the original study. A. researchers; outcomes B. independent variables; dependent variables C. methods; participants D. variables; operationalization
D
Research articles that use terms such as "unbiased sample," "random samples," or "representative sample" allow for readers to . A. reject the conclusions made by the researcher(s) B. skip interrogating statistical validity C. make a frequency claim D. be confident in a study's external validity
D
Which of the following is a benefit of a meta-analysis compared to other types of publications? A. Only meta-analyses allow for examination of moderators. B. Meta-analyses always avoid the file drawer problem. C. Meta-analysis is the only type of publication that synthesizes an entire scientific literature. D. Meta-analyses allow for calculation of effect size across multiple studies.
D
You submit a study for approval by the institutional review board (IRB), and they tell you that written informed consent is required. Which of the following can be excluded from your informed consent document? A. A list of procedures B. A statement of benefits C. A statement of risks D. A description of the study's hypotheses
D
According to the textbook, the conclusion that family meals prevent eating disorders cannot be supported because A. the study does not establish temporal precedence or internal validity. B. there is zero association between the variables. C. they covary positively. D. they manipulate too many variables.
A
A series of studies has been conducted to figure out if children in preschool benefit more from free play (such as with a water table) or direct instruction in reading or math. One study found that early academic instruction might worsen academic performance. Rebecca A. Marcon, a psychology professor at the University of North Florida, studied 343 children who had attended either a preschool class that was "academically oriented" or one that encouraged "play-oriented" learning. She assessed the students' performance several years later, in fourth grade, and found that by the end of the fourth grade those who had received more direct instruction earned significantly lower grades than those who had been allowed more opportunities to learn through play. What kind of quasi-experimental design does this appear to be? A. nonequivalent control group design (posttest-only) B. interrupted time-series design C. nonequivalent control group interrupted time-series design D. nonequivalent control group design (pretest/posttest).
A
According to people who find the Milgram obedience studies unethical, the researchers did harm to the participants A. from mental stress, which outweighed the research's benefits. B. because they did not inform them of a cure. C. through the physical harm they received from the shocks.
A
According to the text, when can psychology books in popular bookstores (trade books) be good sources of information? A. when they are based on research and cite the research B. when they are written by psychologists who also publish empirical articles C. They are rarely good sources of information.
A
An effect size of d = 0.50 would be considered A. moderate. B. strong. C. weak.
A
Which one of the following statements DOES NOT accurately convey information about the introduction section of an APA-style report? A. There is no typical introduction format, although it is important to cite sources you are summarizing by listing the authors' last names and year of publication. B. Describe past research in the past tense. In general, it is appropriate to write the entire introduction in the past tense. C. The first paragraph of the introduction describes the general area of research. The middle paragraphs summarize past research studies in a way that logically leads to your hypothesis or research question. D. Morling recommends writing the last paragraph of the introduction first. This is the paragraph in which you briefly describe the method used and the primary variables studied, and state the hypothesis or research question.
A
A Democratic National Committee mail survey included a question that read: "Which aspects of the Trump presidency do you find the most disturbing?" followed by a list of 15 suggestions, such as "his reckless foreign policy decisions" and "his erratic temperament and judgment." In your opinion, the problem with this question is that it is A. There's no problem. B. leading. C. double-barreled. D. negatively worded.
B
A factorial design with two independent variables, one with two levels and the other with three levels, would be represented in a factorial design as A. 2 x 2. B. 2 x 3. C. 2 x 2 x 3. D. 2 x 2 x 2.
B
A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients, and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have: A. psychotherapy to supplement the drug. B. a comparison group that did not receive the drug. C. a reliable way to measure depressive symptoms. D. a hypothesis.
B
A replication study will generally not help to support external validity when it is a A. conceptual replication. B. direct replication. C. replication-plus-extension study.
B
Federally funded animal experimentation A. must be accompanied by a consent form. B. sadly, does not have to comply to any ethical guidelines. C. must comply with IACUC guidelines.
C
Which of the following is an example of observer bias in a study on arm strength and mood? A. A study participant performs with more strength in the happy mood condition because of subtle, encouraging cues from the research assistant. B. A study participant feels self-conscious in the experiment. C. A research assistant records the participant as stronger in the happy condition than the sad condition, because that fits the hypothesis.
C
Which of the following is an example of observer effects in a study on arm strength and mood? A. A study participant feels self-conscious in the experiment. B. A research assistant records the participant as stronger in the happy condition than the sad condition, because that fits the hypothesis. C. A study participant performs with more strength in the happy mood condition because of subtle, encouraging cues from the research assistant.
C
Which of the following phrases is a factorial design clue often found in a journal article? A. "controlled for" B. "taking into account" C. "it depends"
C
Which validity would you be interrogating by asking: How did the researchers get their sample of people for this survey? A. Statistical validity B. Construct validity C. External validity D. Internal validity
C
Which validity would you be interrogating by asking: How well did the researchers manipulate note taking medium in this study? A. Statistical validity. B. Internal validity. C. Construct validity. D. External validity.
C
You read a news article titled, "New Drug Reduces OCD Symptoms in Mice" about a recent scientific study. To evaluate whether the title's claim is supported, you should do which of the following? A. Ask yourself whether the implication makes intuitive sense. B. Research the frequency of OCD in mice. C. Ensure that the authors attempted to maximize Type II error. D. Check whether the authors established covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity.
D
Which of the following is true of operational definitions? A. Some psychological concepts cannot be operationally defined. B. Some psychological concepts are more difficult to operationally define than others. C. Conceptual definition and operational definition mean the same thing. D. Operational definitions answer the question, "Why did the researchers measure this variable?"
B
What does it mean to say that research is probabilistic? A. Researchers refer to the probability that their theories are correct. B. Research predicts all possible results C. Research conclusions are meant to explain a certain proportion of possible cases, but not all. D. If there are exceptions to a research result, it means the theory is probably incorrect.
A (? should be C???)
The degree to which a quasi-experiment supports a causal statement depends on which two things? A. the quality of the design B. the number of participants C. the pattern of results D. random assignment
AC
The text gives two major reasons that experience is a faulty source of evidence for our beliefs. Please select the correct TWO choices. A. Experience has confounds. B. Experiences are from only one person. C. Experience has no comparison group. D. Experience has no hypotheses.
AC
Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Deci and Ryan's general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example of which of the following? A. A theory B. Data C. A hypothesis D. Research
A
Dr. Boyd is conducting a study on the conscientiousness of sorority members and students who are not sorority members. She has selected Scale C. What results will tell her that Scale C has good test-retest reliability? A. if, in a separate study, she gives Scale C to the same group of students and their scores on Scale C predict their scores on Scale C one week later B. if she does her study twice, on two different campuses, and if both times she finds that sorority members are more conscientious than students who are not sorority members C. if she knows from the literature on conscientiousness that people's conscientiousness is considered a stable trait that doesn't change much over the years D. if another researcher has used Scale C before and conducted a study finding that people tend to stay pretty constant on their scores over time
A
Dr. Ellison finds a relation between amount of sleep and problem solving. Specifically, having a higher amount of sleep the night before an exam is associated with higher scores on two measures of problem solving. This is an example of which type of association? A. positive association B. zero association C. causal association D. negative association
A
Dr. Wilson conducted a long-term study on friendship. He noticed that the most introverted people dropped out by the third session. Therefore, his study might have which of the following internal validity threats A. attrition B. regression C. maturation D. selection
A
From which part of an APA-style introduction was the following paragraph from the article by Schultz, Gaither, Urry, and Maddox (2015) most likely copied? Explain your answer. "Although the United States is becoming increasingly racially and ethnically diverse (U.S. Census, 2012), racial bias against Black Americans is a continuing problem (Pearson, Dovidio, & Gaertner, 2009). As such, it is important to identify effective ways to reduce racial bias—particularly that of White Americans, who represent the country's most dominant racial group. Intergroup contact across racial groups has been proposed as one effective candidate in this regard (Pettigrew & Tropp, 2006). In theory, intergroup contact promotes meaningful interaction and conversation across racial and ideological boundaries, providing the opportunity for individuals to learn the perspectives and opinions of others. Without quality contact and communication, much of our behavior toward outgroups stems from our (mis)conceptions of them, thus maintaining the status quo (Shelton & Richeson, 2005)" (p. 392). A. first paragraph B. middle paragraph C. second to last paragraph D. last paragraph
A
If a scale or measure has good interrater reliability, it A. will have a positive slope on a scatterplot. B. means that you're measuring what you intended to measure. C. will also have good internal reliability. D. means that a measure is valid.
A
If some outside event (such as a change in weather) influences most of the people in a study between the pretest and the posttest, this would be a(n) A. history threat. B. order effect. C. selection threat.
A
Imagine that you want to measure the construct, "substance use." You thus create the following questionnaire with three items: 1) Have you had beer? no yes 2) Have you smoked marijuana? no yes 3) Have you used cocaine? no yes The responses to the three items are scored as 0 = no and 1 = yes. The substance use score is calculated by summing the values for all three items. Does this measure of substance use have excellent content validity? A. No, this substance use measure excludes too many relevant substances to have excellent content validity. B. No, this substance use measure is not subjectively plausible as an operationalization of substance use. C. Yes, this substance use measure is subjectively plausible as an operationalization of substance use. D. Yes, this substance use measure includes only items relevant to substance use so it has excellent content validity.
A
In a factorial design, a participant variable is treated like a(an) A. independent variable. B. dependent variable. C. design confound.
A
Choose one or more of the following pairs that are correctly matched. A. random sampling—external validity B. random assignment—external validity C. random sampling—internal validity D. random assignment—internal validity
AD
Three necessary criteria for causal claims are A. covariance, temporal precedence, and internal validity B. association, construct validity, and generalizability C. operationalization, temporal precedence, and construct validity
A
When a researcher is in theory-testing mode, _____ is (are) a high priority. A. internal validity B. external validity C. biological measures
A
Which of the following headlines is a causal claim? A. Holding a gun may make you think others are too B. Younger people can't read emotions on wrinkled faces C. Strange but true: Babies born in the autumn are more likely to live to 100 D. Check the baby! Many new moms show signs of OCD
A
Which of the following is NOT one of the telltale signs that a researcher has used multiple regression in the research? A. "as caused by" B. "correcting for" C. "taking into account" D. "controlled for"
A
Which of the following statements accurately conveys a characteristic of the Method section for an APA-style report? A. The Method section should provide a full description of the study design, participants (or subjects, if animals), materials, and procedures so that someone could conduct an exact replication without asking further questions. B. The Method section for a study reporting research with humans typically includes the following subsections: Subjects, Materials, and Procedures. C. The Method section is labeled with a centered heading in italics that starts on a new page. D. The Method section should provide only enough detail that a reader can basically understand what you did.
A
Which of the following will probably be plotted as a bar graph rather than a scatterplot? A. Students in private colleges earn higher grade point averages (GPAs) than students in public colleges. B. The more conscientious people are, the more they get health checkups. C. Level of depression is linked to the amount of chocolate people eat.
A
Which question would be evaluating the notetaking experiment's construct validity? A. How well did the essay test measure people's conceptual knowledge? B. Were there any confounds in the experiment? C. Can we generalize from these college students to other types of people? D. How large is the effect size between the laptop and handwritten groups?
A
Which of the following accurately describes the Discussion section according to M3e's Presenting Results chapter? Select all that apply. A. "Do not report new statistical findings in the Discussion section; numerals and statistics belong in the Results section." B. "the Discussion sections starts directly after the Results section with no page break or extra line spacing" C. The Discussion section should achieve three goals: summarizing and linking to the theory-data cycle, evaluating your study, and specifying the next step. D. The Discussion section has three components: Beginning, middle, end.
ABC
Which of the following is a potential reason why a study obtained a null effect? (Select all that apply.) A. The independent variable does not actually make a difference. B. There is too much unsystematic variability within each group. C. There is not enough variability between the different groups.
ABC
Gernsbacher (in press) recommends which of the following to maximize clarity? Select all that apply. A. write self-sufficient abstracts B. write short paragraphs C. write short sentences D. seek naive feedback
ABCD
Consider the full reference below. What is wrong with it? Select all that apply. Bradley, MM, Codispoti, M, Cuthbert, BN, & Lang, PJ. Emotion and Motivation I: Defensive and Appetitive Reactions in Picture Processing. Emotion, 1, 276, 2001. A. it doesn't include the digital object identifier (DOI) B. it only provides the first page of the article; it should provide the first and last pages, like so: 276-298 C. missing period plus single space after each author initial D. it shouldn't italicize the journal title and volume E. the year should be reported in parentheses after the last author followed by a period, like so: (2001). F. the title should only capitalize the first letter of the first word in each phrase that comes before and after the colon (Emotion and Defense) and the Roman numeral (I)
ABCEF
Which of the following accurately conveys five suggestions for writing as relayed by M3e? Select all that apply. A. Replace linking verbs (is, are, be) with stronger verbs. B. Write in the first person. ("I" is acceptable in reporting writing, but use it sparingly.) C. Write in the passive voice. It's more scientific. D. It's often better to write sentences that emphasize findings rather than the names of researchers. E. Use strings of short words instead of a single, effective word
ABD
A response set can be in the form of A. leading questions. B. yea-saying answers. C. a Likert scale.
B
A survey question that has you rate a response from "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree" is an example of A. a double barreled question. B. a Likert scale. C. the semantic differential format.
B
An interaction can occur in an experiment with A. one independent variable. B. two independent variables. C. two dependent variables.
B
Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Men Should Avoid Rock Music When Playing Board Games." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Fancourt, Burton, & Williamon, 2016.) In the study, men and women played the game "Operation" when listening to different types of music. Male participants performed worse when listening to AC/DC than when listening to Mozart, but female participants' performance did not differ based on music. Which of the following is a variable in this study? A. the sex of the researcher B. the sex of the participant C. the volume of the music D. the type of game
B
Angela reads about a study in which cell phone use is associated with migraine headaches. She says, "Well, that study is not valid because I use a cell phone more than anyone I know and I never get migraines." Based on her comment, Angela may be forgetting which of the following? A. The study did not properly define cell phone use. B. Science is probabilistic. C. The study has been replicated. D. Science is based on empiricism.
B
Cleo criticized your study because it did not use random assignment. Which reply is most appropriate? A. "It's okay, Cleo—random assignment doesn't matter if you have a big enough sample, and I do." B. "It's okay, Cleo—I am only trying to support an association claim." C. "It's okay, Cleo —I don't need random assignment because I used an independent-groups design." D. "It's okay, Cleo—I don't need random assignment because I am prioritizing internal validity."
B
Dr. Boyd is comparing the conscientiousness of sorority members and students who are not sorority members. She is trying to decide which measure of conscientiousness she should use in the study. She has four options: Scale A, Scale B, Scale C, and Scale D. Each scale gives a validity coefficient from a criterion validity test predicting a behavior relevant to conscientiousness. Their coefficients follow. Based on this information, which of the four tests should she choose as the most valid? A. r = .47 B. r = -.65 C. r = .06 D. r = -.12
B
If we found that the association between deep talk and well-being was stronger for women than for men, that would be an example of a A. mediator. B. moderator. C. subgroup. D. confound.
B
In open science, open data are more concerned with _________, while open materials are more interested in _________. A. generalizability; statistical validity B. statistical validity; replication C. replication; construct validity D. construct validity; statistical validity
B
Multiple regression analyses A. do not establish causation because they do not assess covariance. B. do not establish causation because they cannot control for all third variables. C. establish causation because they control for third variables.
B
Which of the following is a reason why it is important to be a knowledgeable consumer of research? A. It is important to know why researchers protect the anonymity of participants. B. It is important to understand whether the information you read is accurate. C. It is important to know how to write in APA style. D. It is important to understand how to design an effective study.
B
Which of the following is an association claim? A. "A majority of Americans like dogs." B. "Owning a dog is related to higher life satisfaction." C. "Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreases in recovery time." D. "Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners."
B
Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person; they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. Sasha would likely draw a different conclusion if she did which of the following? A. Considered all the times she was nice to her enemies B. Asked her enemies if she was a nice person C. Asked all her friends the same question again in another six months D. Counted up all the times she was nice in the past
B
Scientific journals and magazines are similar in which of the following ways? A. Both tend to be written by scientists. B. Both are trying to inform their readers. C. Both tend to publish peer-reviewed articles. D. Both are written for the general public.
B
There are four big validities, and not all of them are important for every claim. Which two validities are most often in a trade-off (that is, researchers give up one to prioritize the other)? A. internal and statistical B. internal and external C. construct and statistical D. construct and external
B
When conducting a poll, adding more people to the sample will A. Both A and B are correct. B. make the margin of error of the estimate smaller. C. make the sample more externally valid.
B
When is it acceptable for a researcher to study only participants from a specific group, such as a researcher studying depression in a sample of Native American women? A. It is never acceptable for such a specific group to be studied. B. If the specific group being studied is especially prone to the problem being studied (e.g., if depression rates are higher in Native American women) C. If the specific group being studied has participated in similar research previously (e.g., earlier studies of intelligence in Native American women) D. If the researcher has special access to the specific group (e.g., the researcher works on a Native American reservation)
B
Which of the following describes a mediator relationship? A. Facebook use and college grades are more strongly correlated among nonathletes, and less strongly correlated among athletes. B. Facebook use and college grades are correlated because Facebook use leads to less time studying, which leads to lower grades. C. Facebook use and college grades are only correlated with each other because students in more difficult majors get worse grades, and students in difficult majors have less time to use Facebook.
B
Which of the following is NOT a source of unsystematic variance? A. measurement error B. design confounds C. situation noise D. individual differences
B
Which of the following studies would probably require written informed consent? A. An anonymous survey asking whether students want a coffeehouse opened in the library B. A confidential study examining income level and voting behavior C. An anonymous study that measures the relationship between time spent grocery shopping and money spent on groceries D. An observational study that measures walking speed of people entering and exiting buildings
B
Which scale of measurement would response time during a computer task require? A. interval B. ratio C. categorical D. ordinal
B
A restaurant owner uses a response card with four items in order to evaluate how satisfied customers are with the food, service, ambience, and overall experience. Which result would show the card's criterion validity? Select all that apply. A. if people who give favorable answers to the card also give favorable answers the next time they eat at the restaurant B. if people who give favorable answers to the card also say nice things on an online review site about the restaurant C. if people who give favorable answers on the card also come back to the restaurant D. if people who give favorable answers to one question also give favorable answers to the other three questions
BC
A researcher finds that when 40 people take a five-item measure of extroversion, their answers to each of the five items are correlated. This is A. internal validity. B. interrater reliability. C. internal reliability. D. test-retest reliability.
C
According to Gernsbacher (in press), one of the benefits of preregistration is A. it avoids the problem of transparency B. it prevents exploratory research C. it can improve the researcher's study design D. it allows you to specify your analysis plan after conducting the study
C
Anton and his friends are discussing a study he read about in his developmental psychology class. In the study, the researcher made the claim that most middle school students who are bullied have low self-esteem. Clarissa questions the study, saying, "I am not sure that I am convinced. I am not sure you can really measure being bullied." Quinn also questions the study, saying, "Which middle school students did they study? I am curious if they included both private and public school students." Manish also is curious about the study, asking, "I wonder how strong the relationship is between bullying and self-esteem. Could you predict one from the other?" Quinn's concern is addressing which of the following? A. the study's internal validity B. the study's statistical validity C. the study's external validity D. the study's construct validity
C
Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. He conducts a study to test his ideas. Assuming that his data match his theory, which of the following statements should he make? A. "My theory is generalizable." B. "The data complicate my theory." C. "The data provide support for my theory." D. "The data prove my theory."
C
How would a researcher quantitatively summarize a scientific literature? A. literature review B. review article C. meta-analysis
C
If we use the availability heuristic, we are basing our beliefs on A. what others think. B. what we see popular people do. C. what comes to mind easily.
C
In the course of setting up a rationale for the research, authors should cite their sources by _______ in the introduction section of an empirical report. The full reference for each source should be reported ________. A. authors' last names and page number; at the end of the introduction B. authors' last names and year of publication; at the end of the introduction C. authors' last names and year of publication; in a References section at the end of the report D. authors' last names and page number; in a References section at the end of the report
C
Which of the following is a difference between a debriefing session following a study with deception compared to a debriefing session following a study without deception? A. A deception study debriefing must be done with each participant individually. B. A deception study debriefing must last at least 30 minutes. C. A deception study debriefing must attempt to restore a sense of honesty and trustworthiness. D. A deception study debriefing must have a member of the institutional review board (IRB) present.
C
Read each statement below. Mark the one that DOES NOT accurately reflect an item in the checklist for the title for an APA-Style report. A. The title is centered and presented in uppercase and lowercase letters; it is not boldfaced. B. A title should communicate the purpose of the research in about 12 words or less. C. A title should use the words "method," "results," "a study of," or "an experimental investigation of." D. A title does not contain abbreviations
C
The Belmont Report includes all of the following except the principle of A. justice. B. beneficence. C. friendship. D. respect for persons.
C
The main effect is A. found only in studies with one independent variable. B. the most important effect. C. the overall effect of one independent variable at a time.
C
To support an association claim, a study would have to have A. one variable. B. two manipulated variables. C. two or more measured variables.
C
Urry decided to use random assignment to assign her participants to one of two conditions, milk chocolate or dark chocolate. Which validity will benefit from using random assignment? A. External B. Statistical C. Internal D. Construct
C
When conducting quasi-experiments, researchers are forced to give up A. real-world applicability. B. traditional ethical standards. C. full experimental control.
C
Which of the following references is most accurately reported in APA-syle? A. Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. Emotion, 1, 276-298, 2001. B. Bradley, MM, Codispoti, M, Cuthbert, BN, & Lang, PJ. Emotion and Motivation I: Defensive and Appetitive Reactions in Picture Processing. Emotion, 1, 276, 2001. C. Bradley, M. M., Codispoti, M., Cuthbert, B. N., & Lang, P. J. (2001). Emotion and motivation I: Defensive and appetitive reactions in picture processing. Emotion, 1, 276-298. D. Bradley, MM, Codispoti, M, Cuthbert, BN, & Lang, PJ (2001). Emotion and Motivation I: Defensive and Appetitive Reactions in Picture Processing. Emotion, 1, 276.
C
Mark conducts a study for his research methods class to determine if consuming caffeine causes people to perform better on cognitive tasks. In his study, he gives half of his participants a glass of water and half of his participants a glass of cola and then has them attempt to solve 15 math problems. He finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more math problems than those who drink water beforehand. Mark decides to conduct a variation of the original study in which he measures participants' ability to solve verbal analogies as the cognitive task instead of measuring their ability to solve math problems. He finds that people who drink caffeine beforehand solve more verbal analogies than those who drink water beforehand, suggesting caffeine consumption causes improved cognitive performance. This study is known as a: A. statistical replication. B. secondary replication. C. replication-plus-extension. D. conceptual replication.
D
Parents of three aggressive children were instructed to record the number of violent behaviors each child exhibits during the hour before dinner. Then they were to begin using a positive reinforcement schedule with one of the children. A week later, they were to add the technique with the second child. Finally, a week later, they were to add the schedule for the next child. They were to continually record the aggressive acts each day. What type of design is this following? A. reversal design B. stable-baseline design C. interrupted time-series design D. multiple-baseline design
D
Which validity would you be interrogating by asking: How well did the researchers measure sensitivity to tastes in this study? A. External validity. B. Statistical validity. C. Internal validity. D. Construct validity
D
The need to balance the potential costs and benefits to participants taking part in a research study is done to address which principle of the Belmont Report? A. The principle of integrity B. The principle of respect for persons C. The principle of justice D. The principle of beneficence
D
When including tables or figures in an empirical report, where should you position them according to APA style? A. in the text of the Results section, but at the end - right before the Discussion section B. at the end of the paper, right before the References section C. in the text of the Results section, near where you're describing the results you're presenting in the figure or table D. at the end of the paper, right after the References section
D
Which of the following four terms does not belong? A. externally valid sample B. generalizable sample C. representative sample D. biased sample
D
Which of the following statements accurately conveys a characteristic of the abstract for an APA-style report? A. The abstract is the first thing you should write. B. The abstract should be about 500 words long, as noted in the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. C. The abstract is a summary of the literature reviewed in the introduction. D. The abstract is typed as a single paragraph with no indentation on page 2 of the report.
D