PSYC 1 Exam 1 & 2 Study Guide

Samara meets a nurse. She immediately assumes he is able to help care for sick people, works long hours, and dispenses advice about illness because her ________ schema suggests that nurses behave this way.

role

Green et al. used a ________ from their ________ of interest in order to make a ________.

sample; population; generalization

Mel is an adult who can take care of his basic needs, but he requires oversight while he paints and someone to check on his living conditions daily. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Mel?

severe

________ can be used to assess ________.

statistical analyses; reliability

________ is/are often conducted with large numbers of participants and can even be conducted by phone, email, or mail.

surveys

Transgender hormone therapy is ________.

the use of hormones to make one's body look more like the opposite-sex

A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s).

two

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure.

validity

Motivation describes the wants or needs that direct behavior toward a goal. What is the motivation in the following sentence? Giorgio works part-time at a diner so he can afford to attend culinary school because he wants to become a chef, even though he is in debt.

wanting to become a chef

Parents of African American students filed a case against the state of California in 1979 because they believed the testing method used to identify students with learning disabilities________.

was culturally unfair as the tests were normed and standardized using White children

Which of the following examples accurately reflects the Yerkes-Dodson law?

A low level of arousal will lead to optimal performance when disarming a bomb.

Which of the following is a way that the James-Lange theory of emotion differs from the Schachter-Singer theory of emotion?

According to the James-Lange theory, emotions arise from physiological arousal; according to the Schachter-Singer theory, emotions include a cognitive factor and a physiological factor.

Which of the following statements about algorithms is false?

Algorithms are used frequently in our everyday lives.

Which of the following statements about Charles Spearman is false?

He divided intelligence into two components: crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence.

The ________ reviews research conducted using animal subjects.

IACUC

________ (IRB) reviews research that is conducted using human participants.

Institutional Review Board

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

It is complex

Which of the following is a criticism of the Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf research on language?

It was not empirical.

Which of the following statements about motivation is incorrect?

Motivation never changes.

What is the Flynn effect?

The observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the previous generation.

One hundred introductory psychology students are surveyed about their intended majors. The results indicate that more women than men intend to pursue a psychology major, whereas more men than women intend to pursue a history major. What do these results indicate?

There is a relationship between gender and intended major

Lesley, a sociology major, believes that money is the key to happiness. Her friend Stephen, a psychology major, believes that good health is the key to happiness. How might the two friends resolve their disagreement?

They could research peer-reviewed articles to see if either perspective is supported

How can we use conversion therapy to change someone's sexual orientation?

We cannot change someone's sexual orientation because it is a relatively stable characteristic of a person that cannot be changed.

Patwardhan et al. report data from a study where they hired experimental confederates to attend speed dating events, posing as daters, and carefully take notes on the behaviors of the daters. What type of research design did they use?

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

Amir bites his fingernails. This is an example of ________, a pattern of behavior in which we regularly engage.

a habit

Tasks that require you to compare, contrast, or evaluate are using the ________ intelligence component of the triarchic theory of intelligence

analytical

________ research uses past records or data sets to investigate research questions or to look for patterns or relationships.

archival

Simplicity of conducting the study is to ________ as ability to test large numbers of participants is to ________.

archival research; surveys

Thalia suffers from insomnia. She tries everything, and she finally develops the habit of counting backward when she wants to sleep but cannot. Thalia finds that she falls asleep much easier once she starts counting backward, so she continues to do so. ________ theory suggests that she continues this habit because it results in homeostasis.

drive

________ and ________ are powerful influences on both our thoughts and behaviors.

emotion; memory

A(n) ________ is a subjective state of being that we often describe as our feelings. A(n) ________ refers to a prolonged, less intense, affective state that does not occur in response to something we experience.

emotion; mood

Self-worth, accomplishment, and confidence represent the ________ level of needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs.

esteem

Children who live in poverty perform worse on intelligence tests because they________.

experience more pervasive daily stress, which affects how the brain functions and develops, thus causing a dip in IQ scores

The only way to establish a cause-and-effect relationship between two variables is to conduct a(n) ________.

experiment

Which of the following research designs will allow cause-and-effect conclusions?

experimental

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Luis works part-time after school to earn money so he can afford a secondhand motorcycle. Luis is working because of ________ motivation.

extrinsic

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence

fluid

Navigating your way home through an unfamiliar route due to road construction would draw upon your ________ intelligence.

fluid

Which concept is a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for?

functional fixednes

The fact that English grammar dictates that most verbs end in-ed to indicate past tense is an example of the ________ component of language.

grammar

Peer reviewers ________.

help ensure quality control in reporting scientific findings

Empty stomachs contract, causing both hunger pangs and the secretion of chemical messages that travel to the brain to serve as a signal to initiate feeding behavior. This is an example of ________.

how physiological mechanisms serve as the basis for hunger

Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________.

human; obtaining informed consent

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________.

illusory correlation

Spurling et al. investigated the effects of two vocabulary learning strategies on word retention two weeks later. In this example, learning strategy is the ________ variable and word retention is the ________ variable.

independent; dependent

An infant sucking is a good example of a(n) ________.

instinct

Scientists who study cognition are searching for ways to understand how we ________, organize, and utilize our conscious cognitive experiences without being aware of all of the unconscious work that our brains are doing.

integrate

________ motivation is based on internal feelings rather than external rewards.

intrinsic

Which term refers to the vocabulary of a language?

lexicon

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an)

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

What impact did Genie's early isolation have on her ability to acquire language? She never developed a(an) ________.

mastery of the grammatical aspects of language

A(an) ________ involves approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past, but it is clearly no longer working.

mental set

Emily is an adult with a 4th-grade skill level in reading, writing, and math. Her doctor suggests there is no reason she can't find a job and live independently. Which subtype of intellectual disability describes Emily?

mild

In psychology, concepts can be divided into two categories: ________ and ________.

natural; artificial

An anchoring bias occurs when you focus on

one piece of information versus all of the information

A negative correlation means ________.

one variable decreases as the other increases

A(n) ________ is a description of how the researchers will measure the variables of interest.

operational definition

Which of the following is an example of an abstract, complex concept?

patriotism

Which of the following is not one of the four indices of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children?

processing memory

A(an) ________ is the best example, or representation, of a concept.

prototype

Drs. Goran and Lieberman are interested in assessing differences in pain threshold between men and women. They recruit male and female participants to a study that assesses tolerance for thermal pain. This is an example of a(n) ________ study.

quasi-experimental

________ refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result.

reliability

Ilayda assumes that her professors spend their free time reading books and engaging in intellectual conversation, because the idea of them spending their time playing volleyball or visiting an amusement park does not fit in with her stereotypes of professors. This exemplifies ________.

representational bias

Which of the following exemplifies extrinsically motivated behavior?

babysitting your younger brother in order to receive your parents' approval

Lauren is gifted in the area of body movement. Her ability to balance and coordinate her body's movement enables her to do well in basketball, baseball, and field hockey. Which area of intelligence does this exemplify?

bodily kinesthetic

The scientific process is ________, involving both inductive and deductive reasoning.

circular

________intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

creative

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research.

designing, conducting, and reviewing

Raymond Cattell was a psychologist who ________.

divided intelligence into two components