psyc 107 tamu exam 2

Sleepwalking cases

Kenneth Parks Scott Falater Brian Thomas

Circadian rhythm

a cycle of bodily rhythm that occurs over a 24 hour period

unconditioned stimulus

a naturally occurring stimulus that leads to an involuntary response

Conciousness

a person's awareness of everything going on around him or her at any given moment

partial reinforcement

a response that is reinforced after some but not all correct responses tends to be very resistant to extinction

nicotine

active ingredient in tobacco

positive reinforcement

adding a pleasurable stimulus

electroencephalograph EEG

allows scientists to see the brain wave as a person passes through the various stages of sleep and to determine what type of sleep that person has entered

unconditioned response

an involuntary response to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

punishment

any event or object that when following a response makes the response less likely to happen again

reinforcement

any event or stimulus that when following a response increases the probability that the response will happen again

non REM or NREM sleep

any of the periods of sleep that do not include REM

secondary reinforcer

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer such as gold stars

primary reinforcer

any reinforcer that is naturally reinforcing by meeting a biological need sucha s hunger or thirst

learning

any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice

sleep deprivation

any significant loss of sleep usually resulting in irritability and problems with concentration

discriminative stimulus

any stimulus such as a stop sign or door knob that provides the organism with a cue for making a certain response

nightmares

bad dreams occurring during REM sleep

neural stimulus can

become a conditioned stimulus when paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Skinner

behaviorist wanting to study only observable, measureable behavior named operant conditioning learning depends on the consequence

theta waves

brain waves indicating the early stages of sleep

alpha waves

brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep

microsleeps

brief sidesteps into sleep only lasting a few seconds

cs before ucs

but must come close together in time

operantly conditioned responses

can be generalized to stimuli that are only similar and not identical to the original stimulus

vicarious conditioning

classical conditioning of a reflex response or emotion by watching the reaction of another person

rohypnol

date rape drug

hypnotic susceptibility

degree to which a person is a good hypnotic subject

N3 R&K Stages 3&4

delta waves pronounced, deepest stage of sleep. 50% or more of waves are delta waves. Body is at lowest level of functioning and this is the time at which growth occurs

barbiturates

depressive drugs that have a sedative effect

conditioned taste aversion

development of a nausea or aversive response to a particular taste that was followed by nausea

extinction

disappearance or weakening of a learned response following the removal or absence of the unconditioned stimulus or the remover of the enforcer in reoperant conditioning

sleep apnea

disorder in which the person stops breathing for nearly half a minute or more. CPAP

circadian rhythm disorders

disturbances of sleep/wake cycle such as jet lag and shift work

manifest content

dream itself

activation synthesis hypothesis

dreams are created by the higher centers of the cortex to explain the brain stems activation of cortical cells during rem sleep periods

frued

dreams as wish fulfillment

amphetamines

drugs made in a lab

benzodiazepines

drugs that lower anxiety and reduce stresss

stimulatory hallucinogenics

drugs that produce a mixture of psychomotor stimulant and hallucenogenic effects

conditioned emotional response (CER)

emotional response that has been classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli

sleepwalking (somnabulism)

episode of walking or moving around during one's sleep, occurs in deep sleep, more common in children than adults

hypersomnia

excessive daytime sleepiness

hypnogogic hallucination

hallucination that can occur just as a person is entering N1 sleep

hypnopompic hallucination

hallucination that happens just as a person is in the between-state of being in REM sleep voluntary muscles are paralyzed)

hypnosis as dissociation

hypnosis works only in a persons immediate consciousness, while a hidden observer remained well aware of what was going on

thorndikes law of effect

if a response is followed by a pleasureable consequence it will be repeated if it is followed by an unpleasant consequence it will tend to not be repeated

punishment should

immediately follow the behavior, be consistent, and punishment of wrong behavior should be paired with reinforcement of the right behavior

insomnia

inability to get to sleep, stay asleep, or get a good quality of sleep

REM Rebound

increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep in earlier nights, if you are passed out drunk or take depressants this happens

fixed interval schedule of reinforcement

interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is always the same

conditioned response

learned reflex response to a conditioned stimulus. Salivation when you hear an ice cream truck bell

operant conditioning

learning of voluntary behavior through the effects of pleasant and unpleasant consequences to responses

classical conditioning

learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than the original, natural stimulus that normally produces the reflex

N1 R&K Stage 1

light sleep, hallucinations or vivid events, hypnic jerk

delta waves

long slow waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep

severe punishment

may cause avoidance of punisher, may encourage lying, creates fear and anxiety

REM behavior disorder

mechanism that blocks movement of voluntary muscles fails, person can then thrash around or act out nightmares

cognitive perspective

modern theory in which classical conditioning is seen to occur because the conditioned stimulus provides information or an expectancy about the coming of the unconditioned stimulus

cocaine

natural drug that produces euphoria, energy, power, and pleasure

fixed ratio schedule of reinforcement

number of responses required for reinforcement is always the same

extinction

occurs when the behavior or response is not reinforced

stimulus substitution

original theory in which pavlov stated that classical conditioning occured because the conditioned stimulus became a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus by being paired closely together

nocturnal leg cramps

painful cramps in calf or foot muscles

REM sleep is

paradoxical sleep, where there are high levels of brain activity aka DREAMING

social cognitive theory of hypnosis:

people who are hypnotized are not in an altered state nut are merely playing the role expected of them in the situation

night terrors

person experiences extreme fear and screams or runs around during deep sleep but doesnt wake fully, rare disorder

enuresis

pissing the bed

spontaneous recovery

reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occured

continuous reinforcement

reinforcement of each and every correct response

shaping

reinforncement of simple steps leading to a desired complex behavior

punishment by removal

removal of a pleasurable stimulus

negative reinforcemant

removal of an unpleasant stimulus like taking advil for a headache

acquisition

repeated pairing of the neural stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus; the organism is in the process of acquiring learning

activation information mode model (AIM)

revised version of the activation synthesis explanation of dreams. Information that is accessed during waking hours can have influence on the synthesis of dreams

Ivan Pavlov

russian physiologist who discovered classical conditioning through his work on digestion in dogs

variable ratio reinforcement

schedule in which the number of responses needed for reinforcement is different each trial

narcolepsy

sleep disorder in which a person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning

N2 R&K Stage 2

sleep spindles: brief bursts of activity only lasting a second or two

successive approximation

small steps that lead to a particular goal or behavior

Rapid Eye Movement: REM

stage of sleep in which the eyes move rapidly under the eyelids and the person is typically experiencing a dream

Altered state of conciousness

state in which there is a shift in the quality or pattern of mental activity as compared to waking conciousness

Waking conciousness

state in which thoughts, feelings, and sensations are clear and organized and a person feels alert

hypnosis

state of consciousness in which the person is especially susceptible to suggestion

conditioned stimulus

stimulus that becomes able to produce a learned reflex response by being paired with the original unconditioned stimulus

cataplexy

sudden loss of muscle tone

instinctive drift

tendency for an animals behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

stimulus generalization

tendency to respond to a stimulus that is only similar to the original conditioned stimulus with the conditioned response

stimulus discrimination

tendency to stop making a generalized response to a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus because the similar stimulus is never paired with the unconditioned stimulus

psychological dependence

the feeling that a drug is needed to continue a feeling of emotional or psychological well being

variable interval schedule of reinforcement

the interval of time that must pass before reinforcement becomes possible is different for each trial or event

punishment by application

the punishment of a response by the addition of an unpleasant stimulus

biological preparedness

the tendency of animals to learn certain associations such as taste and nausea with only one or few pairings due to the survival of the learning

adaptive theory

theory of sleep proposing that animals and humans evolved sleep pattern to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active

restorative theory

theory of sleep proposing that sleep is necessary to the physical health of the body and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage

hypothalamus

tiny section of the brain that influences the glandular system and tells the pineal gland to secrete melatonin

latent content

true hidden meaning of a dream

token economy

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

restless leg sydrome

uncomfortable sensations in legs causing movement and loss of sleep

behavior modification

use of operant conditioning techniques to bring about desired changes in behavior