Psyc 175 Exam 3 Quizzes
What is the role of the central nucleus of the amygdala in the stress response? A. Activates the diffuse modulatory systems of the brain to increase vigilance B. Activates hypothalamic stimulation of the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system C. Activates periaqueductal gray matter to produce avoidance behavior D. Activation of the hippocampus.
A. Activates the diffuse modulatory systems of the brain to increase vigilance B. Activates hypothalamic stimulation of the HPA axis and the sympathetic nervous system C. Activates periaqueductal gray matter to produce avoidance behavior
Which of the following is the process of breaking down complex macromolecules? A. Catabolism B. Prandial state C. Adiposity D. Anabolism
A. Catabolism
Which of the following describes the basic scheme of the clock genes present in neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus? A. Clock genes perpetrate a cyclic negative feedback loop in which the clock gene expresses a protein whose presence decreases gene expression in a pattern consistent with circadian rhythms. B. Some of the genes from mitochondria are related to changes in synaptic strength and affect the expression of other genes. C. An increased expression of immediate early genes plays a role in satisfying the higher metabolic demands of the awakened brain. D. The genes from mitochondria may be associated with the absence of learning and memory formation.
A. Clock genes perpetrate a cyclic negative feedback loop in which the clock gene expresses a protein whose presence decreases gene expression in a pattern consistent with circadian rhythms.
What is the empirical evidence for the experience of unconscious emotions? A. Experiments by Arne Öhman, Ray Dolan, and their colleagues showed autonomic responses to angry faces that had not been consciously perceived. B. James Papez proposed a link between cingulate cortex (emotional experience) and the hypothalamus (emotional expression) in what is called the Papez circuit. C. Experiments by Heinrich Klüver and Paul Bucy using temporal lobectomy in rhesus monkeys demonstrated the Klüver-Bucy syndrome. D. Experiments by Joseph LeDoux showed the effects of fear conditioning and learned visceral responses.
A. Experiments by Arne Öhman, Ray Dolan, and their colleagues showed autonomic responses to angry faces that had not been consciously perceived.
The fact that PCP causes symptoms similar to schizophrenia implies that what neurotransmitter is involved in schizophrenia? A. Glutamate B. Acetylcholine C. Dopamine D. GABA
A. Glutamate
Vervet monkeys were injected with drugs that either increased or decreased serotonergic activity. These experiments showed which of the following about the relationship between serotonin and aggression? A. More aggression is associated with less serotonergic activity. B. Aggression is not affected by serotonergic activity. C. More aggression is associated with more serotonergic activity. D. Aggression is influenced by high but not low levels of serotonergic activity.
A. More aggression is associated with less serotonergic activity.
Which of the following are not structural changes observed in the brains of people with schizophrenia? (multiple correct, choose one) A. Shrinkage of the ventricles B. Defects in myelin sheaths of axons in cortex C. Increased volume of temporal lobe D. Reduced cortical thickness
A. Shrinkage of the ventricles C. Increased volume of temporal lobe
Why is REM sleep referred to as paradoxical sleep? A. The EEG for REM sleep is almost indistinguishable from an active, waking brain. B. Vivid, detailed illusions called dreams are conjured during REM sleep. C. Rapid eye movements occur during REM sleep. D. The body (except for the eyes and respiratory muscles) is immobilized.
A. The EEG for REM sleep is almost indistinguishable from an active, waking brain.
Animals with removal of what part of the brain are likely to experience sham rage? A. The telencephalon B. The motor cortex C. The cerebral cortex D. The brain stem
A. The telencephalon
The suprachiasmatic nucleus of the thalamus requires input from the retina to maintain circadian rhythms that are in phase with the day-night cycle. A. True B. False
A. True
When your stomach is full, mechanosensory neurons in the stomach wall sense the distension and transmit the sensation to the nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla via which nerve? A. Vagus B. Hypoglossal C. Trigeminal D. Glossopharyngeal
A. Vagus
Which of the following are structures in the limbic system? (select all that apply) A. anterior nuclei of thalamus B. amygdala C. hypothalamus D. cingulate gyrus E. medulla F. hippocampus
A. anterior nuclei of thalamus B. amygdala C. hypothalamus D. cingulate gyrus F. hippocampus
The most effective sites for electrical self-stimulation (select all that apply) A. are involved in natural rewards, such as food and water B. become ineffective if dopamine receptors are blocked C. are along the mesolimbic dopamine pathway D. are along the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway
A. are involved in natural rewards, such as food and water B. become ineffective if dopamine receptors are blocked C. are along the mesolimbic dopamine pathway
Neuroleptic drugs are potent blockers of _____________ receptors, specifically the ________ receptor. A. dopamine; D2 B. serotonin; 5-HT3 C. glutamate; NMDA D. acetylcholine; nAChR
A. dopamine; D2
Which of the following structures make up the medial temporal lobe (MTL)? (select all that apply) A. hippocampus B. parahippocampal cortex C. entorhinal cortex D. perirhinal cortex
A. hippocampus B. parahippocampal cortex C. entorhinal cortex D. perirhinal cortex
The symptoms of PTSD include A. irritability. B. increased anxiety. C. flashbacks of the traumatic experience. D. intrusive memories.
A. irritability. B. increased anxiety. C. flashbacks of the traumatic experience. D. intrusi
Which of the following are treatment options for substance use disorder? (select all that apply) A. medications to make taking the drug unpleasant B. medications that mimic the drug C. medications to reduce withdrawal D. medications that block the rewarding properties of the drug
A. medications to make taking the drug unpleasant B. medications that mimic the drug C. medications to reduce withdrawal D. medications that block the rewarding properties of the drug
The time that elapses between two successive occurrences of a circadian event, such as the commencement of the day's activities, is called the A. period. B. entrainment. C. phase. D. zeitgeber.
A. period.
The hippocampus is critical for A. recognition of people and objects. B. integration of sensory information. C. spatial memory. D. consolidation of facts and events.
A. recognition of people and objects. B. integration of sensory information. C. spatial memory. D. consolidation of facts and events.
A new hamster mutant, zip, has a daily rhythm (in the absence of light cues) with a period of 8 hours. If you transplanted the fetal SCN from a zip animal into the brain of an adult hamster with the tau mutation (and its own SCN lesioned), you would expect the period of this adult's rhythm to be A. 30 hours. B. 8 hours. C. just over 24 hours. D. just under 24 hours.
B. 8 hours.
Which of the following describes ghrelin? A. A peptide released by the magnocellular cells of the hypothalamus when the stomach is empty B. A peptide highly concentrated in the stomach that is released into the bloodstream when the stomach is empty C. A peptide released by the magnocellular cells of the hypothalamus when the stomach is full D. A peptide highly concentrated in the intestines that is released into the bloodstream when the intestines are empty
B. A peptide highly concentrated in the stomach that is released into the bloodstream when the stomach is empty
Animals like rats can be good models to study addiction because: A. they will self-administer the same drugs that humans abuse. B. All of these things make animals like rats good models for studying addiction. C. they will suffer pain in order to gain access drugs of abuse, just as humans will. D. they can 'recover' from drug addiction, just like humans do.
B. All of these things make animals like rats good models for studying addiction.
Chronic drug use results in all of the following except A. An increase in synapses between cells in the nucleus accumbens B. An increase in dopamine receptors C. An increase in dopamine reuptake transporters D. A decrease in dopamine receptors
B. An increase in dopamine receptors
Information from the visual and auditory sensory systems feeds into which part of the amygdala? A. Central nucleus B. Basolateral nuclei C. Stria terminalis D. Corticomedial nuclei
B. Basolateral nuclei
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is released by the anterior pituitary gland when what neurochemical is released by parvocellular neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamus? A. Norepinephrine (NE) B. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) C. Serotonin D. GABA
B. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
Anxiety disorders have been related to which of the following? A. Diminished activity of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis. B. Elevated activity of the prefrontal cortex C. Hyperactivity of the amygdala D. Diminished activity of the hippocampus
B. Elevated activity of the prefrontal cortex C. Hyperactivity of the amygdala D. Diminished activity of the hippocampus
Electrical stimulation of the amygdala elicits what response in humans? A. Decreased fear and aggression B. Increased anxiety and fear C. Increased recognition of fearful, happy, and neutral facial expressions D. Decreased vigilance or attention
B. Increased anxiety and fear
How did Hebb define the cell assembly? A. All the cortical cells that are activated by the process of memory reconsolidation B. Neurons simultaneously activated by an external stimulus that are reciprocally interconnected C. All the cortical cells that are activated by any one of the senses
B. Neurons simultaneously activated by an external stimulus that are reciprocally interconnected
What are hippocampal place cells? A. Neurons that fire when the animal successfully completes the Morris water maze B. Neurons that fire when the animal is in a specific location C. Neurons that fire when the subject remembers being in a specific place D. Neurons that are located in a specific location in the hippocampus
B. Neurons that fire when the animal is in a specific location
Which of the following describes the humoral response? A. Inciting an appropriate somatic motor behavioral response B. Stimulating or inhibiting the release of pituitary hormones C. Adjusting the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic outputs of the ANS D. Regulating feedback to the central nervous system
B. Stimulating or inhibiting the release of pituitary hormones
What is the role of the hippocampus in the stress response? A. Releases corticotropin-releasing hormone into the portal circulation B. Suppresses the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus C. Releases adrenocorticotropic hormone into the bloodstream D. Stimulates the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
B. Suppresses the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone from the hypothalamus
Which statement concerning the use of antidepressant medication in general is true? A. Antidepressant drugs have predictable outcomes and side effects that make it relatively easy for a psychiatrist to choose a medication for a given patient. B. The therapeutic effects of antidepressants involve changes in the brain that can take up to several weeks to develop. C. Placebo-controlled studies show that antidepressant medications are effective in about 80% of the people that use them for depression. D. The maintenance period of drug treatment should be no longer than 4 to 5 months.
B. The therapeutic effects of antidepressants involve changes in the brain that can take up to several weeks to develop.
The basolateral nuclei of the amygdala receives A. olfactory afferents. B. auditory, tactile, gustatory, and visual afferents. C. visual and olfactory afferents.
B. auditory, tactile, gustatory, and visual afferents.
The Morris Water Maze A. is commonly used to assess procedural memory. B. can be used as a test of spatial memory. C. was devised by Richard Morris. D. can reveal hippocampal dysfunction.
B. can be used as a test of spatial memory. C. was devised by Richard Morris. D. can reveal hippocampal dysfunction.
Lesions of the periaqueductal gray would affect A. feeling pain. B. running away from something scary. C. an increase in heart rate when presented with something that induces fear. D. sweating in response to something that induces fear.
B. running away from something scary.
What is the role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in anxiety disorders? A. Inhibits the stress response B. Activates the amygdala during the stress response C. Activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the stress response D. Activates the hippocampus during the stress responses
C. Activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the stress response
A friend of yours has a sudden onset memory loss and also doesn't seem to be able to make new memories for a few hours as they keep asking you the same questions repeatedly. What kind of amnesia is your friend suffering from? A. Retrograde amnesia only B. Anterograde amnesia only C. Both anterograde and retrograde amnesia D. Transient global amnesia
C. Both anterograde and retrograde amnesia D. Transient global amnesia
Which type of memory can be accessed for conscious recollection? A. Procedural memory B. Classical conditioning C. Declarative memory D. Nondeclarative memory
C. Declarative memory
What part of the nervous system generates the fluctuations and oscillations of an EEG? A. Axons of many thalamic neurons projecting to the cerebral cortex B. Individual cortical neurons C. Dendrites of many pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex D. Individual thalamic neurons
C. Dendrites of many pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex
Which of the following describes REM sleep behavior disorder? A. Sleepers who have narcolepsy B. Dreamers with delta wave terrors C. Dreamers have no REM atonia and therefore may act out their dreams. D. Sleepers who do not generate REM brain waves characteristic of REM sleep
C. Dreamers have no REM atonia and therefore may act out their dreams.
Dimensional emotion theories propose what about emotions? A. Each emotion has a one-to-one correspondence with a particular area of brain activation. B. Sensory signals have direct emotional impact on the brain regardless of how they are perceived. C. Emotions can be broken down into smaller fundamental elements combined in different ways. D. Each emotion results from a pattern of brain activation involving particular areas per emotion.
C. Emotions can be broken down into smaller fundamental elements combined in different ways.
Which of the following describes the ventromedial hypothalamic syndrome? A. Hypothalamic lesions that cause anorexia B. Reproductive incompetence with leptin deficiency C. Hypothalamic lesions that cause overeating and weight gain D. Condition characterized by a decrease in adiposity
C. Hypothalamic lesions that cause overeating and weight gain
What is the most common symptom of amygdala lesions in humans? A. Klüver-Bucy syndrome B. Placid demeanor C. Inability to recognize the facial expression of fear D. Emotional disturbances such as spontaneous crying
C. Inability to recognize the facial expression of fear
What is the behavior of mice lacking 5-HT1B receptors? A. More exploratory behavior B. Decreased aggression C. Increased aggression D. Preference for open spaces
C. Increased aggression
Anorexia can result from damage to which of the following parts of the brain? A. Ventromedial hypothalamus B. Vascular organ of lamina terminalis C. Lateral hypothalamus D. Dorsal thalamus
C. Lateral hypothalamus
Which of the following structures is associated with predatory aggression, as shown by stimulation experiments in cats? A. Lateral and medial hypothalamus B. Periaqueductal gray C. Lateral hypothalamus D. Medial hypothalamus
C. Lateral hypothalamus
Which of the following describes schizophrenia? Choose the correct option. A. Lowered mood and decreased interest or pleasure in all activities B. Diminished ability to concentrate C. Loss of contact with reality and disruption of thought D. Repeated episodes of mania or mixed episodes of mania and depression
C. Loss of contact with reality and disruption of thought
Which theory provides a more complete explanation for H.M.'s temporally graded amnesia? A. Standard consolidation B. Synaptic consolidation C. Multiple trace model of consolidation D. Systems consolidation
C. Multiple trace model of consolidation
Which kind of learning involves a change in behavioral response that occurs over time in response to a single type of stimulus? A. Associative learning B. Instrumental conditioning C. Nonassociative learning D. Classical conditioning
C. Nonassociative learning
A patient with brain trauma cannot remember events prior to the trauma. Which type of amnesia does this symptom indicate? A. Transient global amnesia B. Dissociated amnesia C. Retrograde amnesia D. Anterograde amnesia
C. Retrograde amnesia
Which of the following statements reflects the argument against a discrete emotion system? A. Structures involved in emotion are not involved in other functions. B. There are discrepancies between the elements of the Papez circuit and Broca's limbic lobe. C. Solid evidence indicates that some structures involved in emotion are also involved in other functions. D. There are clear one-to-one relationships between the structure and function of the elements of the Papez circuit.
C. Solid evidence indicates that some structures involved in emotion are also involved in other functions.
Which of the following structures is necessary for procedural memory? A. Inferotemporal cortex B. Perirhinal cortex C. Striatum D. Hippocampus
C. Striatum
Insulin levels are maximal during which of the following phases of the body's reaction to feeding behavior? A. Gastric B. Digestion C. Substrate D. Cephalic
C. Substrate
What brain structure is known to act as a powerful pacemaker for the cerebral cortex? A. Cerebellum B. Midbrain C. Thalamus D. Brain stem
C. Thalamus
Which of the following is a common side effect of frontal lobotomy in a human? A. Profound memory loss B. Decreased IQ C. Trouble concentrating D. Increased anxiety
C. Trouble concentrating
Which neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus are activated by an increase in blood leptin levels? A. Adipocytes B. TSH/ACTH neurons C. alphaMSH/CART neurons D. NPY/AgRP neurons
C. alphaMSH/CART neurons
The basolateral nuclei of the amygdala receives A. visual and olfactory afferents. B. olfactory afferents. C. auditory, tactile, gustatory, and visual afferents.
C. auditory, tactile, gustatory, and visual afferents.
An animal with dopmine depleted will A. want food, but not like it. B. both want and like food. C. like food, but not want it. D. neither like nor want food.
C. like food, but not want it.
Elizabeth Loftus found that A. eye witness testimony is infallible. B. repressed memories are never true. C. she could implant false memories about being lost in a shopping mall. D. none of these.
C. she could implant false memories about being lost in a shopping mall.
Reconsolidation is inconsistent with A. reactivation. B. the cognitive map theory. C. the standard consolidation model. D. the multiple trace consolidation theory.
C. the standard consolidation model.
When someone is addicted to something (e.g., alcohol, cocaine) they are most likely A. neither wanting nor liking the substance they are addicted to. B. liking the substance they are addicted to. C. wanting the substance they are addicted to.
C. wanting the substance they are addicted to.
How long may REM sleep periods last? A. 60 minutes or longer B. 5-10 minutes C. 15-20 minutes D. 30-50 minutes
D. 30-50 minutes
What do heroin, nicotine, and cocaine have in common? A. They all act on the brain circuitry that motivates behavior. B. They all cause release of acetylcholine. C. They all affect the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway. D. A and C
D. A and C
What brain regions and associated neurotransmitters are implicated in changes associated with awakening and states of arousal? A. Raphe nuclei (serotonin) B. Locus coeruleus (norepinephrine) C. Brain stem and forebrain (acetylcholine) D. All choices are correct.
D. All choices are correct.
Karl Lashley studied the effects of various-sized cortical lesions on maze performance in rats. He concluded that the memory deficits were correlated with the size of the lesion but not the location and hypothesized that all cortical areas contribute equally to learning and memory. What is the current interpretation of these experiments? A. All cortical areas contribute equally to memory in rats but not in other species. B. Lashley's conclusions remain unchallenged. C. Nothing about Lashley's studies has stood the test of time. D. All cortical areas do not contribute equally to memory, but memories are widely distributed.
D. All cortical areas do not contribute equally to memory, but memories are widely distributed.
Which are two major classes of anxiolytic drugs? A. Tricyclic compounds and MAO inhibitors B. Lithium and tricyclic compounds C. MAO inhibitors and lithium D. Benzodiazepines and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
D. Benzodiazepines and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Wolfram Schultz showed that dopamine neurons: A. signal errors in reward prediction. B. fire more when a reward is better than expected. C. fire less when a reward is more than expected. D. Both A and B.
D. Both A and B.
Which of the following represents the humoral response to a drop in leptin levels? A. Increased secretion of TSH and ACTH from the pituitary gland B. Activate the sympathetic division of the ANS. C. Activate the parasympathetic division of the ANS. D. Decreased secretion of TSH and ACTH from the pituitary gland
D. Decreased secretion of TSH and ACTH from the pituitary gland
Which of the following is a disadvantage of ECT? Choose the correct option. A. ECT permanently impairs the storage of new information. B. Relief typically requires many sessions. C. Patients experience violent movements during the therapy. D. ECT disrupts memories of events occurring about 6 months before treatment.
D. ECT disrupts memories of events occurring about 6 months before treatment.
In the proposed neural circuit for learned fear, the state of the ANS is altered by what neural connection? A. Cells in the basolateral region of the amygdala project to the central nucleus of the amygdala. B. Cells in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala project to the cerebral cortex. C. Sensory information is sent to the basolateral region of the amygdala. D. Efferents from the central nucleus of the amygdala project to the hypothalamus.
D. Efferents from the central nucleus of the amygdala project to the hypothalamus.
Which is a consequence of leptin deficiency? A. Increased metabolism B. Decreased NPY and AgRP in the arcuate nucleus C. Decreased MCH in the lateral hypothalamic area D. Increased NPY and AgRP in the arcuate nucleus
D. Increased NPY and AgRP in the arcuate nucleus
Injecting corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) into experimental animals can produce which of the following behavioral effects? A. Hyperactivity B. Decreased fear response C. Psychotic behaviors D. Increased behavioral expression of anxiety
D. Increased behavioral expression of anxiety
Which of the following represents delta rhythms, the hallmark of deep sleep? A. 4-7 Hz B. 8-13 Hz C. Greater than 14 Hz D. Less than 4 Hz
D. Less than 4 Hz
Bilateral temporal lobectomy such as that sustained by H.M. is characterized by which of the following? A. Permanent procedural memory deficits and transient anterograde amnesia B. Permanent anterograde amnesia as well as procedural memory deficits C. Permanent retrograde amnesia as well as procedural memory deficits D. Permanent anterograde amnesia but intact procedural memory
D. Permanent anterograde amnesia but intact procedural memory
Memory required for animals to behave successfully in the delayed non-match to sample (DNMS) task is which of the following? A. Long-term memory B. Cognitive memory C. Procedural memory D. Recognition memory
D. Recognition memory
Which of the following has not been found to demonstrate a circadian rhythm? A. Body temperature B. Hormone secretion C. Hair growth D. They all demonstrate a circadian rhythm.
D. They all demonstrate a circadian rhythm.
In the proposed neural circuit for learned fear, the synaptic changes thought to underlie the conditioning are located where? A. central nucleus of the amygdala B. periaqueductal gray C. hypothalamus D. basolateral nuclei of the amygdala
D. basolateral nuclei of the amygdala
A hamster kept in constant dim light will eventually A. become entrained to an exact 24-hour cycle. B. find a zeitgeber to orient its activity. C. show a phase shift of activity. D. become free-running.
D. become free-running.
The type of rhythmicity characterized by the regular, predictable onset of a particular behavior once a day is called A. circannual. B. infradian. C. ultradian. D. circadian.
D. circadian.
In learned fear, the central nucleus of the amygdala transmits information through the _______ to evoke autonomic responses. A. cerebral cortex B. somatosensory cortex C. periaqueductal gray D. hypothalamus
D. hypothalamus
The external cue that animals use to discern the time of day is called a A. temporizer. B. phase shift. C. period adjuster. D. zeitgeber.
D. zeitgeber.
