PSYC 270 Final Exam (Quiz Review)

People in a grocery store are asked to sample three types of energy drinks and then indicate which one they liked best and which they liked least (i.e. they rank ordered the drinks). The dependent variable in this study is measured on a _______ scale.

Ordinal

Classifying individuals as extroverts and introverts is an example of ______.

Quasi-independent variable

Pretest-posttest designs are quasi-experiments when they don't contain a __________.

Randomly assigned control group

The ________ is a sampling technique which involves choosing individuals from the population at random where each individual has an equal chance of being selected.

Simple random sampling

A quasi-independent variable is the same as _______.

A subject variable

_______ research investigates fundamental aspects of behavior, whereas _________ research investigates solutions for real-world problems.

Basic; applied

Correlational studies can answer __________ or ________ research questions.

Descriptive; predictive

Research indicates that internet samples are typically less demographically diverse and less representative of the population of interest than samples that are collected face-to-face.

False

The APA code was the first set of guidelines ever developed for research with human participants.

False

Which of the following sampling techniques involves choosing individuals from the population such that individuals from the population who volunteer are selected?

Haphazard sample

In Milgram's (1963) study of obedience, results showed that _________.

Most of the participants were willing to "shock" the confederate at the highest level

Which of the following might be a reason a researcher would use a quasi-experiment?

Some independent variables cannot be manipulated due to ethical concerns Age is their variable of interest

Longitudinal designs are more likely to be affected by ________ as a source of bias than are cross-sectional designs.

Testing effects Attrition/mortality

Which of the following is an ethical guideline that must be followed when research with human participants is conducted?

The study must be designed to minimize harm to the participant The benefit of the research must outweigh the risks

One reason that Freud's theories of personality have not been more influential in the field of psychology is that ________.

The theories are difficult to falsify

Experiments are the best research design for answering causal research.

True

Researchers must fully inform participants about all aspects of a study before consent is given for participation.

True

_________ can be used to control order effects in a within-subject design.

Counterbalancing

The first APA ethical code was based on ______.

Criticism of the Milgram (1963) study

The difference between an interrupted time series design and an equivalent time series design is that the interrupted time series design includes a _______ event, while a non-interrupted time series design includes a _______ treatment.

"Naturally" occurring; researcher-implemented

Adherence to ethical guidelines in psychological studies with humans is currently monitored by ________.

A review board at each institution where research is conducted (IRB)

Which of the following lists sections of an APA style article in the correct order of appearance in the article?

Abstract, Introduction, Method, Results, Discussion

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that exercise affects memory in the elderly. Subjects aged 60 and older were recruited for the study. All of the subjects were presented with the same study list. Then half of the subjects were asked to walk on a treadmill for 20 min, while the other half of the subjects were asked to complete Sudoku puzzles for 20 min. Then all subjects were given a recognition test for the items in the study list. The treadmill exercise group scored significantly lower on the recognition test than the Sudoku puzzle group. The independent variable in this study is ______, and the dependent variable is ________.

Activity group, memory

The Zimbardo (1973) prison study resulted in ______.

Adverse stress reactions form some of the participants assigned to be prisoners Cruel behavior from some of the participants assigned to be guards The study being cut short because of adverse effects on the participants

Measuring intelligence using the score on an IQ test is an example of ______.

An operational definition

Deciding that it must be raining because the weather person said it would rain today is an example of which method of knowing?

Authority

Studies of the amnesiac H.M. used the ________ research design.

Case study

Correlational studies are not well-suited for answering ________ research questions.

Causal

__________ response scales provide response categories that respondents choose from, whereas _________ response scales allow respondents to respond to items in any way they wish.

Closed-ended; open-ended

A ___________ design is a developmental design that combines elements of the longitudinal and cross-sectional designs by treating age as both a between-subjects and within-subjects factor.

Cohort sequential design

Time-series designs are pretest-posttest designs that ___________.

Compare a pattern of scores over time before and after the treatment

In a Latin Square, the number of orders used is equal to the number of _______ in the study.

Conditions

Having different participants in a study experience conditions in different orders is called _________.

Counterbalancing

A developmental psychologist compares standardized math test scores for 2nd, 5th, and 10th graders. The subjects are all tested at the same time; thus, different groups of subjects are tested, each group at a different age. This study utilizes a(n) _______ design.

Cross-sectional

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that exercise affects memory in the elderly. Subjects aged 60 and older were recruited for the study. All of the subjects were presented with the same study list. Then half of the subjects were asked to walk on a treadmill for 20 min, while the other half of the subjects were asked to complete Sudoku puzzles for 20 min. Then all subjects were given a recognition test for the items in the study list. The treadmill exercise group scored significantly lower on the recognition test than the Sudoku puzzle group. Which of the following can explain the results of the study?

Exercise decreases memory abilities More subjects with better memory were assigned to the Sudoku group than the exercise group Subjects in the exercise group paid less attention to the study list than subjects in the Sudoku group

An interaction effect can be tested in all experiments.

False

Longitudinal designs allow researchers to examine age effects quickly by testing subjects at different ages all at once.

False

Which of the following would best control for bias in a pretest-posttest design?

Including a control group that doesn't receive the treatment

When different observers of behavior record the behavior in a similar way, the measure is said to have good _______.

Inter-rater reliability

Simple effects tests are used to describe ________.

Interaction effects

Cronbach's alpha is a measure of the _________ of scores for a survey.

Internal consistency (reliability)

In the Belmont Report three major principles are described that outline the responsibilities of researchers: respect for persons, beneficence, and ________.

Justice

For the table of condition means below, which effects appear to be present? IV A Level 1 IV A Level 2 IV B Level 1 50 50 IV B Level 2 75 75

Main effect of IV B only

According to APA guidelines, the "participants" section is a subsection of the _______ section.

Method

In a factorial design, there is/are at least ______ independent variable(s).

Two

Which of the following sampling techniques is likely to create the largest amount of sampling error?

Volunteer sampling

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that exercise affects memory in the elderly. Subjects aged 60 and older were recruited for the study. All of the subjects were presented with the same study list. Then half of the subjects were asked to walk on a treadmill for 20 min, while the other half of the subjects were asked to complete Sudoku puzzles for 20 min. Then all subjects were given a recognition test for the items in the study list. The treadmill exercise group scored significantly lower on the recognition test than the Sudoku puzzle group. What is the operational definition of exercise in this study?

Walking on a treadmill for 20 minutes

In a longitudinal design age is treated as a ________ variable, but age is treated as a _________ variable in a cross-sectional design.

Within-subjects; between-subjects

Order effects are particularly problematic for ________ designs, but group differences are problematic in ______ designs.

Within-subjects; between-subjects

Participants receive all levels of a(n) _______ variable, but only one level of a(n) __________ variable.

Within-subjects; between-subjects