PSYC 302 (chapters 10-13)

Researchers have consistently found that crimes committed by young men usually take place in a _______ context compared to adult offenders.

group

Researchers have found that African American and Latino students report ________ motivation to achieve compared to White and Asian students because they are _______ optimistic about future career success even if they do not excel academically.

lower; more

Which of the following BEST reflects the research evidence on the benefits of working conducted by Mortimer and her colleagues?

Adolescents who have a part-time job feel like working has helped them learn better social skills.

The Notel study provides only mixed support for the claim that watching violent television causes ________ to behave aggressively. The evidence is more persuasive that violent television causes aggression in ________.

adolescents; children

Studies have found that religiosity is _______ related to participation in risk behavior in adolescence and emerging adulthood, such that youth who have _______ levels of religiosity are less likely to engage in substance abuse.

inversely; high

Because the economy of the 21st century will continue to become ________ based, countries across the world are focusing on helping adolescents develop ________ capabilities that will contribute to services based on technology and science.

knowledge; intellectual

Emerging adults who did not go to college but who participated in the Job Corps program are _______ likely to be arrested and _______ likely to earn a GED compared to emerging adults who did not go to college and who did not participate in the Job Corps program.

less; more

Taking a gap year is ______ common in Europe compared to the United States, and the emerging adults who take a gap year in Europe have _______ levels of academic motivation and performance when they enter tertiary education after their break compared to students who do not take a gap year.

more; higher

According to a national survey of American adolescents (ages 13-17) by Common Sense Media (2012), social media have mostly _________ effects on adolescents' social lives.

positive

The _________ is the second stage of a graduated driver licensing program, and one of the most effective prohibitions during this stage that has been linked to reducing crashes is _________.

restricted license; driving curfews

Jameson and Josh are both majoring in engineering. Jameson enjoys attending his classes and participates in class discussions to gain a deeper understanding of the material. Josh is majoring in engineering because he knows it will guarantee him a well-paying job after graduating. According to the student subcultures described by the sociologists Clark and Trow, Jameson would be categorized as part of the ________ subculture and Josh would be categorized as part of the _________ subculture.

academic; vocational

Which of the following adolescents are least likely to drop out of high school?

adolescents whose parents graduated from high school.

Which of the following best summarizes the main features of the apprenticeship program in Europe?

Adolescents in Europe typically enter into an apprenticeship program at age 16 that lasts for 2 to 3 years, during which youth continue to attend school part-time while learning skills from a master across a wide range of professions including auto mechanics, computer technicians, and child-care.

Which of the following statements most likely reflects what American parents would say regarding their beliefs about educating adolescents?

"I believe that getting an education and doing well in school is the key for adolescents to become successful adults; furthermore, I think that it is important for youth to develop interests outside of academics, such as playing a sport, so that they can be well-rounded and have fun."

Which of the following statements best reflects what an emerging adult would say when asked how they found their current career?

"I just fell into my current job because I was trying to find something to help pay the bills while searching for my dream job".

Researchers have found that working up to ______ hours a week has little to no influence on adolescents, psychological functioning; however, working ______ hours a week or more has a considerably negative influence on adolescents' psychological functioning.

10; 20

According to the Pew survey, __% of 13- to 17-year-olds connect to the Internet daily; __% say they are connected to it "almost constantly."

92; 24

Which of the following scenarios BEST reflects the research evidence for an adolescent or emerging adult who is the most likely to experience a fatal driving accident?

A 23-year-old male who has had a few alcoholic drinks with friends at a bar and just left to drive home.

Which of the following is an explanation researchers have found that clarifies why girls' academic performance usually exceeds boys during adolescence?

Adolescent girls report more positive classroom experiences, including better relationships with teachers, compared to boys.

Which of the following is one of the main reasons why programs such as "Outward Bound" and group therapy have failed to prevent adolescent delinquency?

Adolescents who participate in these programs often do so unwillingly, leading to an increased resistance to engage with the program content.

Which of the following statements best summarizes the main differences between internalizing and externalizing problems during adolescence?

Adolescents with internalizing problems are called overcontrolled because they often come from families who exercise strict psychological control and typically experience problems such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders; conversely, adolescents with externalizing problems are called undercontrolled because they often come from families who lack monitoring and typically experience problems such as delinquency, substance use, and risky driving.

Which of the following BEST reflects the research evidence for late adolescents' workplace experiences in developed countries today?

An adolescent works as a busboy in a restaurant cleaning tables about 15 hours per week, and does not feel close to his bosses nor does he see this job as the basis for a future career

Currently in the United States, ________ are the ethnic group most likely to attend college immediately following high school. Furthermore, across academic fields, women currently earn ________ of postgraduate degrees compared to 10% in 1960.

Asian Americans; 60%

Evan goes to a private high school, William goes to a public high school, and Evan is from a higher socioeconomic background than William. Both Evan and William report that their teachers have high expectations for performance but are also involved and supportive. If Evan and William are representative of students with their backgrounds, who is more likely to report higher levels of achievement and lower levels of delinquency, and why?

Because researchers have found that the effects of school climate remain above and beyond differences in school type and students' socioeconomic backgrounds, Evan and William are likely to report equally high levels of achievement and low levels of delinquency because they both view their school climate as being positive.

Dean is an emerging adult who is enrolled in a few MOOCs. Which of the following best describes Dean's experience of the MOOCs and the likelihood of him completing them?

Being enrolled in massive open online courses (MOOCs), Dean likely watches prerecorded lectures, engages in online discussions with classmates about the course material, and takes unmonitored online exams; furthermore, Dean is unlikely to complete his MOOCs because 90% of students who enroll in them fail to finish.

Which of the following best reflects how adolescents are MOST likely to use their digital devices?

Both girls and boys are likely to primarily use their smartphones to access social media, especially Facebook; however, girls are likely to use their smartphone to text more often than boys.

Janice and Caroline are in high school and both spend about 25 hours per week socializing with friends. Janice spends her 25 hours with friends shopping at the mall or hanging out and talking, whereas Caroline spends her 25 hours with friends while in band practice or debate club. How is this time spent socializing with friends MOST LIKELY linked to Janice's and Caroline's academic performance?

Caroline is likely to have better academic performance and is less likely to drop out of high school compared to Janice, because Caroline spends her 25 hours socializing with friends in structured activities.

Which of the following factors is linked to increasing the likelihood of an emerging adult's college retention?

Coming from a family with a high socioeconomic status

Which of the following scenarios best depicts the factors that are highly associated with a life-course-persistent pattern of delinquency?

Connor was raised in a single-parent family and diagnosed with ADHD at age 5.

Jasmine is 19 years old and officially declared biology her college major because she wants to become a veterinarian and learned by talking with her academic advisor that the majority of veterinary schools enroll graduates with biology undergraduate degrees. According to Super's theory of occupational development, which stage of occupational development is Jasmine?

Crystallization

In the __________________ theory, the more people watch TV, the more they are likely to believe that the world is a dangerous place, that crime rates are high and rising, and that they themselves are at risk for being a victim of a crime.

Mean World Syndrome

___________ is the most common internalizing problem during adolescence, and one of the key symptoms is a(n) ___________

Depressed mood; enduring period of sadness

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor that increases the likelihood of externalizing problems among adolescents?

Family history of depression

Which of the following treatments have been found to be the most effective for eating disorders in adolescence?

Family-based therapy

Which of the following best summarizes and explains the gender difference in rates of suicide attempts and suicide in adolescence and emerging adulthood?

Female adolescents attempt suicide four times as often as males because of the higher rates of depression among females; however, males are about four times as likely to kill themselves because males are more likely to use deadly methods to kill themselves, such as guns.

Which of the following changes did Richard Condon observe in his study of the adolescent Inuit of the Canadian Arctic following the introduction of television to the community?

Following the introduction of television to the Inuit community, adolescent participation in sports increased, and adolescents' romantic relationships became more public.

Garth's high school requires him to participate in community service before graduation. Garth did not want to volunteer his time and would not have done so without the requirement. How is Garth's community service participation likely to influence his interest in political and social issues, and why?

Garth is likely to have an increased interest in political and social issues after participating in community service because despite his resistance to service, the experience likely helped him gain consciousness of his own political socialization.

Based on research conducted by Murnane and Levy on "the new basic skills" that adolescents need to acquire a job directly after graduating from high school, which of the following scenarios BEST reflects an adolescent who is MOST likely to be hired and why?

George can read and do math at the 9th-grade level and is proficient with operating a computer; George is most likely to be hired because his higher-level math, reading, and computer skills are attractive to the current information- and technology-based economy in America.

Which of the following best summarizes how globalization of economic life in traditional cultures has influenced adolescents' work?

Globalization has provided adolescents in traditional cultures with more access to industrial jobs; however, the working conditions of these industrial jobs are hazardous because youth are often locked in hot factories and forced to work 14-hour shifts.

Which of the following outcomes is common among emerging adults who choose to volunteer for military service in the United States?

Increases in self-discipline

Which of the following best summarizes the history of secondary school attendance in developing countries?

Industrialization of developing countries has introduced agricultural technologies that make youth's labor less necessary to the family, while staying in school has economic benefits as more jobs become available that require educational skills; over the past 35 years the proportion of adolescents in secondary school in developing countries has increased and youth are more likely to be literate compared to older generations.

Which of the following BEST explains whether adolescent boys' viewing of violent TV shows will be linked to promoting aggressive behavior if they did not grow up watching violent TV?

It is unlikely that the boys' viewing of violent TV shows will promote aggressive behavior because the body of research linking violent TV and aggressive behavior during adolescence is weaker and more inconsistent compared to the research during childhood; thus, because the boys did not watch violent TV as a child, the chances of watching the violent TV shows causing increases in their aggressive behavior are low.

Which of the following scenarios best reflects adolescent media use for the purpose of identity formation?

Jarred loves jazz music and has ambitions of being a professional piano player in a jazz group. Jarred decorated his bedroom with posters of famous current and historical jazz pianists, some of which have women in minimal clothing laying on top of the pianos, and made his Facebook profile picture that of his favorite jazz pianist.

Which of the following scenarios best reflects adolescents' and emerging adults' primary use of social media?

Kristy graduated from high school in Washington, DC, and is moving to San Francisco, CA to begin college. Kristy connected with all of her high school friends via Facebook to keep in touch when she moves.

Which of the following best summarizes the results from the Kauai study that provided evidence for emerging adulthood as a critical period for resilience?

Many of the participants who were categorized as nonresilient in adolescence were then recategorized as resilient in emerging adulthood.

Molly has been diagnosed with bulimia and Haley has been diagnosed with anorexia. Which of the following best describes how Molly and Haley's body weight may be influenced by their respective disorders?

Molly will likely maintain a normal body weight and she will have relatively normal eating habits in between her episodes of binging and purging, whereas Haley will likely experience a 15% reduction in body weight because of her restriction of food intake.

Which of the following reflects one of the main critiques of Holland's theory of occupational choice?

One of the main critiques of Holland's theory of occupational choice is that because the six personality categories are not mutually exclusive, there is not just one personality type that is best suited to a particular career.

Kevin is in gifted classes in his middle school for multiple reasons. Notably, as a child Kevin could read and write earlier than other children his age, and because he currently expresses an intense desire to master his course material. Which of the characteristics that distinguish gifted youth is Kevin demonstrating?

Precocity and drive for mastery

Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence on the long-term intellectual and nonacademic benefits of a college education?

Regarding the long-term intellectual benefits, emerging adults who obtain a college education tend to have higher levels of critical thinking skills, and the long-term nonacademic benefits include a higher level of psychological well-being.

Which of the following activities would an emerging adult who is participating in AmeriCorps most likely be engaged?

Rehabilitating housing for low-income families in a local, American community

Researchers have concluded which of the following regarding links between school size and adolescents' academic achievement?

Researchers have concluded that there is no consistent association between school size and adolescents' academic achievement.

Which of the following best summarizes the research evidence linking working and substance use during adolescence?

Researchers have found that the link between working and substance use is complex; specifically, adolescents who work long hours may already have a tendency toward substance use, and that tendency may be further amplified by working long hours.

Which of the following part-time jobs would a 16-year-old girl growing up in the United States in the 1960s MOST likely have, and why?

She would most likely work at a store because from 1950 through the 1990s, the fastest-growing sectors of the American economy were retail trade and service.

Which of the following scenarios best reflects the research evidence for parenting characteristics that are positively linked to adolescents' academic engagement and achievement?

Stephanie is in middle school and her parents talk with her about the importance of gaining an education, expect her to do well in her classes, and stay involved in her education by helping with homework and attending parent-teacher conferences.

In a study that includes the question "What sources do you think you have learned a lot from?", American adolescents were MOST likely to answer:

TV and movies

Which of the following BEST reflects the research evidence for the most effective approach for treating adolescent depression?

Taking the antidepressant medication Prozac in combination with cognitive behavioral therapy sessions

Which of the following best summarizes the Media Practice Model?

The Media Practice Model is based on the uses and gratifications theory, and thus emphasizes people as active media consumers; furthermore, the model describes the selection, interaction, and application of media products into adolescents' development of an identity.

Which of the following best explains the difference in rates of substance use between adolescents and emerging adults?

The peak of substance use occurs in emerging adulthood and not adolescence because emerging adults have higher levels of unstructured socializing, which includes both the propensity and opportunity to engage in risky behavior.

Which of the following best summarizes the three main criticisms of hip-hop music and the research evidence linking listening to hip hop and aggressive behavior among adolescents?

The three main criticisms of hip-hop music are that it promotes sexual exploitation of women, violence, and racism. Furthermore, there is little support for evidence linking listening to hip-hop and aggressive behavior among adolescents because the research is correlational.

Which of the following best summarizes one of the main reasons for high unemployment rates among minority emerging adults in urban areas in the United States?

Unemployment is prevalent among African American and Latino emerging adults living in American cities because these minority groups are more likely to drop out of high school and less likely to obtain higher education that specializes in fields such as information technology that are prominent in America's economy.

Will has been practicing to try out for his middle school's baseball team. Will made a lot of mistakes at the tryout and did not make the team. When he got home from the tryout, he played a violent video game in which he used an army tank to run over enemy soldiers. After playing the game, he felt less angry about not making the team. Which of the following best describes why Will played the violent video game?

Will played the violent video game because it provided a cathartic effect.

Which of the following best summarizes the main forms of work that adolescents in traditional cultures usually engage in?

Within traditional cultures, adolescents are less likely to be involved in farming because this type of work requires more training and skill development; instead, adolescents are more likely to be involved with care of domestic animals.

Which of the following jobs would an adolescent likely have during the Industrial Revolution in the United States?

Working in a coal mine

Estella and Yifei are both in 8th grade, but Estella lives in Brazil and Yifei lives in Japan. If Estella and Yifei are representative of the majority of teens in their countries, who is likely to obtain a higher score on an achievement test, and why?

Yifei is likely to obtain a higher score on an achievement test than Estella because he is growing up in the developed country of Japan whose economy is more industrialized and advanced compared to Brazil.

European adolescents have to make educational and career decisions ________ than American adolescents, such that by about age ________ European adolescents have a clear idea of their chosen occupation.

earlier; 16

Studies have found that low-achieving adolescents' grades _________ over time when they have high-achieving friends.

increase

Michael went to a fraternity party and drank a lot of alcohol with his friends to celebrate the end of the college semester. Greg went to the same fraternity party and decided to try marijuana for the first time because he wanted to see what it felt like. Michael engaged in _________ substance use, and Greg engaged in _________ substance use.

social; experimental

Researchers have suggested that the media function as a __________ because adolescents often use media to learn about topics that they might not talk with their parents about, especially topics concerning ___________.

super peer; sexuality

A research study found that the effect of advertising on brand choice was _________ as strong for adolescents as for adults, and provided the example of the character _________ as being alluring to adolescents to initiate smoking because it depicted acceptance from peers if one smoked.

three times; Joe Camel