PSYC 312 Chapter 6 Study Guide

Today's secondary schools are geared almost exclusively toward ______.

college-bound youngsters

(Family background/School quality) is a far more powerful influence on student achievement.

family background

Shelly has always excelled at math and science. As a freshman, Shelly is taking senior-level advanced placement classes in both math and science. She has won state awards for her scientific discoveries and is already receiving offers from major universities throughout the country. Shelly's abilities in math and science classify her as ______.

gifted

(Magnet/Middle/Private) schools were established to create diversity by drawing students from different neighborhoods.

magnet

One advantage of separate special education programs is that they can be tailored to ______.

meet the specific needs of students

School violence is especially common in ______ schools.

middle

Today, the ______ school replaces the junior high school in many districts.

middle

Students achieve and are engaged more in school when they attend ______.

schools that are responsive and demanding

Generally speaking, victimization is (less/more) common in overcrowded schools in poor urban neighborhoods.

more

In urban areas, the availability of private schools contributes to ______.

racial segregation

High school and junior high are part of the _____ education system

secondary

High school and junior high are part of the ______ education system.

secondary

The Obama administration tried to build more flexibility into NCLB through a competition called ______.

"Race to the Top"

In ______, when educators increased the number of years of schooling it required adolescents to complete, the average IQ of the adult population increased significantly.

Norway

At the turn of the twentieth century, only in ______ 10 young people ages 14-17 were enrolled in school.

1

True or false: In the United States, the goal of schools is limited to education.

false

Among 8th graders in the United States, 61% of Asian students and 43% of white students are proficient in math, compared to ______% of Latinx students and ______% of Black students.

19; 13

About ______% of American adolescents are homeschooled.

3

Each year, nearly ______ American teachers are threatened with violence, and in about half of these incidents, the teachers have been physically attacked.

300,000

In a national survey of American secondary public school students, 1 out of every ______ students has been a victim of violence in or around school.

4

Students' attachment to school is weaker in larger schools, particularly when the number of students in a grade exceeds ______.

400

In 1930, about ______ of young people ages 14-17 were enrolled in secondary education.

50%

In children and adolescents with ADHD, stimulant medication is helpful in about ______% of cases.

70

About ______% of the connection between teacher expectations and student achievement results from teachers having accurate perceptions.

80

______ is a general term for a difficulty with academic tasks that cannot be traced to an emotional problem or sensory dysfunction.

A learning disability

Among ______ and ______ students, transitioning to a school where the proportion of students from the same ethnic background is lower than it had been at their previous school is associated with greater disengagement from school, lower grades, and more frequent absences.

Black Latina

How did "Race to the Top" compare to No Child Left Behind in terms of improving high school student achievement?

Both programs were equally effective.

Which of the following statements is true?

College graduates earn substantially more than individuals who attend college but do not graduate.

What are the five key aspects of school organization?

Different approaches to age grouping The ethnic composition of schools School and classroom size Public versus private schools Tracking

Identify three common types of specific learning disabilities.

Dysgraphia Dyscalculia Dyslexia

Which student is especially likely to say that he or she is bored at school?

Gary, who is a sophomore in high school.

Which U.S. president signed into law the No Child Left Behind Act?

George W. Bush

Which of the following factors helps students adapt more successfully to school transition?

Having friends before and during the transition

Which of the following are considered to be part of secondary education?

High school Junior high school Middle school

Identify the three most important historical and social trends that contributed to the rise of secondary education in America.

Industrialization urbanization immigration

According to research, which of the following teenagers is most likely to become disengaged from school during early adolescence?

J.R., who is Black.

Which of the following is an unintended consequence of zero-tolerance policies?

Many students end up with arrest records for acts that would have been treated as disciplinary infractions in the past.

The ______ Act mandated that states ensure that all students, regardless of their economic circumstances, achieve academic proficiency.

No Child Left Behind

True or false: Mainstreaming is primarily used for gifted students.

false

About half of all community college students have which of the following characteristics?

They are working toward a specific certificate or associate's degree.

Effective schools in the United States generally have which traits? (Choose every correct answer.)

They encourage students to be active participants in the learning process. They are well-integrated into the communities they serve. They emphasize intellectual activities. They have teachers who are committed to students.

Why do critics say that students who do not go to college should receive more attention and funding?

They make up about one-third of the adolescent population.

How do students' perceptions of teachers change between 6th and 8th grades?

They see teachers as less supportive.

Marissa's teenage daughter Kelli has been attending a junior high school that ranks among the lowest in the state in standardized reading and math achievement test scores. Because the school consistently performs the state and national average, Marissa is sending Kelli to a private school. To help pay for tuition, Marissa has applied for ______.

a government-subsidized school voucher

In schools in which students' peers do not value ______, students are less likely to achieve grades that match their ability.

academic success

In general, schooling affects adolescents' (cognitive/achievement) scores more than their performance on tests of (cognitive/achievement) skills.

achievement; cognitive

As a result of Brown v. Board of Education, many school districts ______.

adopted measures designed to make schools more diverse

Students who had been doing poorly adjust (better/worse) if they enroll in a different school than their friends.

better

ADHD is usually diagnosed during ______.

childhood

No Child Left Behind required that schools ______.

create and enforce academic standards by annually testing all students and reporting the results of students' performance to the public

Students in different tracks have (similar/different) opportunities to learn.

different

Changes in school climate create a mismatch between what adolescents need and what their schools provide. This leads many adolescents to ______ school.

disengage from

______ is a learning disability in which one has impaired ability in arithmetic.

dyscalculia

Dropouts are likely to show achievement problems (early/late) in their education.

early

Students who are disengaged from school are more likely to _____. (Select all that apply.)

engage in substance use misbehave

Academic functioning and psychological adjustment affect each other, so that a positive school climate enhances adolescents' psychological well-being as well as achievement, mainly by strengthening their ______.

engagement in school

Teachers are likely to base their expectations about students, in part, on their ______.

ethnic and socioeconomic background

True or false: In most American high schools, the prevailing peer culture emphasizes academic success as a route toward status and popularity.

false

Students who are unusually talented in some aspect of intellectual performance are called ______ students.

gifted

About ______ or more of all children diagnosed with ADHD continue to have the diagnosis in adulthood.

half

Due to neglect of inner-city schools, just 10% of the high schools in the United States produce ______ of the country's dropouts.

half

Tracking may be especially useful in (elementary/middle/high) school.

high

Some studies have found that students' test scores are (higher/lower) in private schools.

higher

The idea of universal compulsory education for adolescents gained widespread acceptance in the early 1900s. This was in part a result of ______.

immigration

The ______ school is an educational institution designed during the early era of public secondary education in which young adolescents are schooled separately from older adolescents.

junior high

Junior high schools are (larger/smaller) than elementary schools and are (more/less) personal.

larger; less

Researchers agree that in good-quality schools, ______.

learning is more important to students than athletics or extracurricular activities

Compared to elementary or high school teachers, teachers in junior high or middle schools are (more/less) likely to feel confident about their teaching ability.

less

Research shows that student performance and interest in school improve when schools are (less/more) bureaucratic and (less/more) intimate.

less; more

Today, ______ of high school graduates enroll in college immediately after graduation.

more than two-thirds

Students at community colleges tend to be (older/younger) than students at four-year institutions.

older

A strong predictor of high achievement and reduced dropout rates is ______.

parent involvement

Standards-based reform refers to ______.

policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of benchmarks measured by achievement tests

Studies show that students on lower education tracks who need the most help often have the ______ instruction.

poorest

One key aspect of school organization is the ______ of classrooms and schools.

size

The past three decades have been dominated by what is called - reform, which focuses on policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of benchmarks measured by achievement tests.

standards-based

The most common treatment for ADHD is ______.

stimulant medication

_______ ________is the extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply

student engagement

Tracking can polarize the student body into different ______ that are often hostile toward each other.

subcultures

Standards-based reform gave rise to the proposals that American schools adopt ______.

the Common Core

To understand the effect of classroom climate on student achievement, we need to better understand ______.

the extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material

A good way to understand how adults want adolescents to change is to look at ______.

the ways that schools have been reformed over the years

Children with a learning disability are defined as those who perform significantly poorer in school than ______.

their expected performance

Raul, Clayton, and Willie all attend Lincoln High School. Raul takes classes that are challenging and rigorous. Clayton takes remedial classes, as he has had academic difficulties in the past. Willie, an average student, takes the same classes as most of his peers. This example of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called ______.

tracking

The process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is called _____.

tracking

True or false: Black students are more likely than others to be suspended or expelled, even though they are no more likely to commit the sorts of acts that would warrant these responses.

true

True or false: Many states that signed onto the plan to adopt Common Core have since broken from it.

true

Young people who drop out of high school before graduation are at risk for ______. (Select all that apply.)

unemployment delinquency unintended pregnancy substance abuse

There is considerable (stability/variability) among charter, for-profit, and private schools, as well as among homeschooling environments, just as there is among public schools.

variability

The increase in college enrollment has been especially dramatic among (men/women) .

women

______ _______ is a get-tough approach to adolescent misbehavior that responds seriously to the first infraction.

zero tolerance