PSYC 319 Exam 2

A mediate experience precedes immediate experience. a. True b. False

b

The subject matter of Wundt's psychology was consciousness

true

Wundt used the term "elements" to suggest psychology was like the natural sciences

true

"Images" are mental experiences that arise from our memories. a. True b. False

A

Ebbinghaus dedicated The Principles of Psychology to ____. a. Fechner b. Wundt c. Brentano d. Titchener e. Külpe

A

Ebbinghaus demonstrated a method to study learning and memory. a. True b. False

A

Ebbinghaus developed a(n) ____ considered by some to be the first successful test of higher mental process and used today, in modified form, in cognitive ability tests. a. Sentence-completion exercise b. Memory and retention exercise c. Ability test of memorization d. Problem-solving template e. Tolerance of boredom

A

Ebbinghaus's focus of study was on the ____. a. Initial formation of associations b. Examination of associations that were already formed c. Nature of the mind/body problem d. Work of Helmholtz e. Evolutionary theory as it applied to the mind

A

If you described the test you are now taking as being on paper, you would not be giving a true introspective report of your conscious experience according to Titchener. In introspection, to use everyday words such as "paper" is to ____. a. Commit the stimulus error b. Reason illogically c. Use abbreviated syntax d. Be a rational human being e. Deny reality

A

Kulpe focused his research on mental processes. a. True b. False

A

One of the main reasons that Titchener's thought was believed to closely parallel that of Wundt was that Titchener ____. a. Translated Wundt's books from German into English b. Took great care to scrupulously present all of Wundt's ideas, whether he agreed with them or not c. Did not, himself, have any creative ideas d. Did not depart from Wundtian ideas in any significant manner e. Was Wundt's cousin

A

Structuralism died along with Titchener. a. True b. False

A

Stumph's phenomenology was similar to Wundt's introspection. a. True b. False

A

The first system or school of thought in psychology was called ____. a. Voluntarism by Wundt b. Cultural psychology by Wundt c. Volkerpsychologie by Wundt d. Structuralism in Germany and functionalism in the United States e. Structuralism by Wundt's student, Titchener

A

The fundamental purpose of creating nonsense syllables is to ____. a. Control for previous learning b. Offset the influence of past reinforcements and punishments that one may associate with certain words c. Assess word associations that are not influenced by unconscious material d. Be able to replicate the research in all languages that use the same alphabet e. Control for apperception

A

The word "voluntarism" is derived from the word volition. a. True b. False

A

This popular lecturer at the University of Vienna influenced many students including von Ehrenfels and Freud and was the intellectual antecedent of Gestalt psychology and humanistic psychology. a. Franz Brentano b. Oswald Külpe c. Carl Stumpf d. Edward Titchener e. Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

Titchener argued that psychology is unique among the sciences because _ a. Psychology alone is dependent on experiencing persons b. Only psychology studies brain-behavior relationships c. Only psychology uses introspection d. Only psychology depends on human observers e. None of the choices are correct; he believed psychology was virtually identical to the natural sciences

A

The book "Principles of Physiological Psychology" was published in 1973

False

Titchener defined "mind" as the "sum of a person's experiences accumulated over a lifetime." a. True b. False

A

Titchener eventually dropped the concept of mental elements. a. True b. False

A

"Association" was the mechanism of Titchener's Structuralism. a. True b. False

A

Titchener excluded women from the meetings of the Titchener Experimentalists because women: a. Were too pure to smoke b. Could not be admitted without their husbands, and none had married experimental psychologists. c. Were believed unable to grasp the pure research methods of experimentation. d. Psychologists were almost exclusively engaged in applied research. e. Were not admitted to graduate programs in psychology

A

Titchener noted that the first significant advance in the study of learning since Aristotle was ____. a. The development of the nonsense syllable b. The use of introspection c. Wundt's experimental methods d. The influence of the basic elements of sensation and feeling on the rate of learning e. The conceptualization of imageless thought

A

Titchener's definition of the appropriate subject matter of psychology is ___. a. Conscious experience b. Mental and behavioral events c. Both conscious and unconscious experiences d. Behavioral events e. Anything that could be observed scientifically

A

Titchener's manner with his students during lectures was one of ____. a. Formality b. Concern c. Humility d. Good humor e. All of the choices are correct

A

Titchener's view of the field of psychology was ___ a. Too limited to embrace new work and dimensions b. Breathtakingly broad c. One of his most lasting contributions d. More encompassing than most critics then and now realized e. Not shared by others but widely respected nonetheless

A

Which of Titchener's basic elements of consciousness does not possess clearness? a. Affective states b. Apperceptions c. Perceptions d. Ideas e. Limens

A

Who defined the subject matter of psychology as being a conscious experience as that experience is dependent on the person who is actually experiencing it? a. Titchener b. Külpe c. Washburn d. Wundt e. Comte

A

Wundt's modification of introspection was the ____. a. Use of experimental controls b. Use of children as observers (subjects) c. Comparison of normal subjects' reports of elements of consciousness with reports. of hallucinations by psychiatric patients and by those using drugs such as cocaine d. Analysis of mediate experience into immediate experience and its confounds e. Quantification of the sensations in accord with Fechner's Law

A

____ was the first American woman to receive a Ph.D. degree in psychology. a. Margaret Floy Washburn b. Cora Friedline c. Christine Ladd-Franklin d. Margaret Mead e. Karen Horney

A

____ work on ____ was the first "venture into a truly psychological problem area" rather than on physiology. a. Wundt's; sensation b. Ebbinghaus'; learning c. Fechner's; psychophysics d. Brentano's; mental activity e. None of the other choices

B

Act psychology, in contrast to Wundt's approach, claimed that psychology should ____. a. Incorporate the study of music into laboratory research b. Study mental processes or functions and not mental structure c. Be concerned with the development of rigorous methods of scientific research in the laboratory d. Try to analyze consciousness into discrete mental states called "moments" e. Actively fight for its place in the academic world

B

As his measure of learning, Ebbinghaus adapted a method from ____. a. The Cartesian dualists b. The associationists c. The early mentalists d. The psychophysicists e. Wundt's lab

B

Ebbinghaus is important for the history of psychology because he ____. a. United with Gestalt psychology to oppose the spread of Wundt's psychology in Germany b. Successfully challenged Wundt's claim that higher mental processes, such as learning and memory, could not be studied in the laboratory c. Taught Freud and influenced humanism and Gestalt psychology d. Used reaction times to measure the speed of recalling information from memory e. Wrote the first definitive work on child psychology

B

Ebbinghaus measured the rate of human learning by ____. a. Using an a priori method b. Counting the number of repetitions needed for one perfect reproduction of the material c. Counting associations that had already been formed d. Making it more objective e. Looking at the relationship between a behavior and its consequence

B

In the Original Source Material, Wundt states that, "the law of psychical resultants expresses a principle that is the opposite of the principle of creative synthesis". a. True b. False

B

Kulpe had his research subjects report their mental experiences before they occurred. a. True b. False

B

Margaret Washburn was Titchener's landlady. a. True b. False

B

The "stimulus error" was mistakenly eating the stimulus. a. True b. False

B

The influence of mechanism on Titchener is exemplified in his ____. a. Use of the dehumaning term subjects rather than observers b. Use of the chemistry term reagents instead of observers c. Determinism d. Atomism e. Elementism

B

Titchener embraced Wundt's "apperception." a. True b. False

B

Titchener wanted to discover the "adams" of the mind. a. True b. False

B

Titchener was in favor of child development psychology. a. True b. False

B

Titchener's research led him to conclude that affective states had only ____ dimension(s); namely ____. a. One; excitement/depression b. One; pleasure/displeasure c. One; tension/relaxation d. Two; pleasure/displeasure and tension/relaxation e. Two; pleasure/displeasure and excitement/depression

B

When Ebbinghaus compared the speed of memorizing lists of nonsense syllables versus stanzas of a poem he found that ____. a. It is possible to construct an association-free syllable b. Meaningless material is nine times harder to learn than meaningful material c. Byron's poem, "Don Juan," was so uninteresting that stanzas from took longer to learn than did lists of syllables d. It is not possible to construct an association-free syllable e. Each stanza had 80 syllables, requiring 80 repetitions while it required 9 readings to memorize 80 syllables from the meaningless list

B

Which of the following is NOT one of the three essential problems for psychology, according to Titchener? a. To reduce conscious processes to their simplest components b. To study how these components were synthesized into higher-level processes c. To determine laws by which these elements of consciousness were associated d. To connect these elements with their physiological correlates e. None of the answer choices are correct

B

While conducting his research, Ebbinghaus used ____. a. Over 1,000 subjects b. A single subject c. A method to "erase" memories d. A laboratory to systematically test 20 subjects at a time e. Fewer than 10 subjects at a time

B

In Wundt's laboratory, introspection was used to assess ____. a. Mediate experience b. Feelings c. Stimulus intensities d. Sensations e. Immediate experience

E

Ebbinghaus and König argued that psychology and physiology ____. a. Must each address classic problems from philosophy b. Must remain parallel and together but not intersect while studying the mind-body problem c. Are inseparable halves of a new great double science d. Must unite to remove introspection and replace it with experimentation in the new science e. Must be separated if the new science was to flourish

C

Other than Stumpf's research, his greatest influence on psychology may have been ____. a. The legitimization of untrained observers to do introspection in experimental research b. The legitimization of music as a therapy for mentally ill and developmentally disabled persons c. Educating the founders of Gestalt psychology d. The discovery of imageless thought and the ensuing debate with Wundt e. The legitimization of introspection as an experimental technique

C

The school of structuralism includes the work and/or systems of which of the following? a. Wundt b. Külpe c. Titchener d. Both Wundt and Külpe e. Both Wundt and Titchener

C

The significance of Ebbinghaus's work is in his ____. a. Ability to further the approach and findings of Wundt b. Tolerance for boredom c. Rigorous use of experimental control and his quantitative analysis of data d. Finding that longer material takes more time to learn e. Use of large numbers of subjects to replicate his experiments

C

The sum of our experiences as they exist at a particular moment is Titchener's definition of ____. a. Conscious experience b. Mind c. Consciousness d. Perception e. Apperception

C

Titchener discarded aspects of Wundt's system, including ___. a. His focus on consciousness b. Introspection c. Apperception d. Elements of consciousness e. None of the choices are correct; Titchener retained virtually all of Wundt's system

C

Which of the following methods is defined as "the examination of experience as it occurred without any attempt to reduce experience to elementary components." a. Imageless thought b. Introspection c. Phenomenology d. Epiphenomenology e. Voluntarism

C

While Wundt had argued that learning and memory could not be studied experimentally, who soon proved him wrong? a. Titchener b. Brentano c. Ebbinghaus d. Külpe e. Galton

C

Who was Titchener's first doctoral student? a. Comte b. Friedline c. Washburn d. Dallenbach e. Ladd-Franklin

C

Given that many of his research findings remain valid today, ____ can be seen as more influential than ____. a. Brentano; König b. König; Brentano c. Wundt; Brentano d. Ebbinghaus; Wundt e. Wundt; Ebbinghaus

D

Stumpf's method of observation was ____. a. Systematic Experimental Introspection b. Introspection c. Insight d. Phenomenology e. Retrospection

D

The psychological study of music was pioneered by ____. a. Fechner b. Külpe c. Helmholtz d. Stumpf e. Wundt

D

The ultimate fate of Wundt's laboratory at Leipzig was that it ____. a. Is still in existence but serves solely as a historical attraction b. Was destroyed by the Gestapo in World War II c. Was destroyed in World War II but rebuilt as a historical museum d. Was destroyed by allied bombing raids in World War II e. Is still a productive research facility

D

Titchener vigorously cautioned experimental psychologists about the stimulus error, that is, about ____. a. Describing feelings instead of sensations b. Assuming a logarithmic relationship between the strength of the objective stimulus and the intensity of the psychological experience of the stimulus c. Assuming a one-to-one correspondence between the stimulus and its perception d. Describing the observed object rather than the experience of it e. Describing qualities of the stimulus instead of quantities

D

When Titchener returned to Oxford with his doctorate from Wundt, his colleagues ____. a. Quickly followed in his footsteps b. Incorporated his new ideas into their own approaches c. Tried their best to convince him to stay in England and add the new approaches he had learned to the department of philosophy d. Were skeptical of the use of scientific approaches to philosophical questions e. None of the choices are correct

D

Psychology from an Empirical Standpoint (1874) was the major contribution to psychology from ____. a. Ebbinghaus b. Stumpf c. Wundt d. Titchener e. Brentano

E

Which of the following statements is true about the status of the introspective method in modern psychology? a. The introspective method has been abandoned in all fields of modern psychology. b. The cognitive field of research is still debating whether introspection is a legitimate research method. c. Psychophysics in the only area of modern research that still continues to use introspection. d. Several areas of modern psychology, such as clinical and industrial/organizational, use the introspective method. e. None of the choices are correct

D

Who said psychology was NOT in the business of curing sick minds? a. Comte b. Külpe c. James d. Titchener e. Wundt

D

Wundt's theory of feelings was based on ____. a. Retrospective reports of trained observers b. Weber's earlier work on emotions c. Fechner's Law (S = k log R) d. His own introspections e. Fechner's discovery of the pleasure principle

D

According to Wundt, psychology should be concerned with the study of ____. a. The time required for sensory organs to transmit impulses to consciousness b. Conscious experience c. The different stages of childhood development d. Mediate experience e. Immediate experience

E

Act psychologists argued that the two ways of systematically studying mental acts were ____. a. Learning and imagination b. Introspection and retrospection c. Learning and memory d. Experimentation and empiricism e. Memory and imagination

E

Brentano's system of psychology was called ____ psychology. a. Content b. Sense c. Cognitive d. Memory e. Act

E

Ebbinghaus' curve of forgetting shows that ____. a. Material is forgotten slowly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting speeds up b. Material learned first is forgotten last c. Forgetting occurs at a gradual, even rate across time d. The decay theory of forgetting is essentially correct e. Material is forgotten rapidly in the first hours after learning and then the forgetting slows down

E

For Brentano, the primary research method was ____. a. Functional Analysis b. Experimentation c. Factor Analysis d. Psychoanalysis e. Observation

E

For many of his early years at Cornell, Titchener was known as "the professor in charge of ____." a. Correspondence b. Everything c. Philosophy d. Coin collecting e. Music

E

If you look at a rose and observe, "The rose is red," you are observing the ____. a. Basic human experience b. Immediate experience c. Stimulus error d. Elements of experience e. Mediate experience

E

Subjects in Titchener's laboratory were asked to ____ a. Swallow a stomach tube b. Record their sensations and feelings during urination and defecation c. Make notes of their sensations and feelings during sexual intercourse d. Attach measuring devices to their bodies to record their physiological responses during sexual intercourse e. All of the choices are correct

E

The subject matter of psychology is the act of experiencing, according to ____. a. Ebbinghaus b. Wundt c. Stumpf d. Titchener e. Brentano

E

This person was influenced by Fechner's rigid and systematic use of measurement in developing his own methods for researching higher-level cognitive processes. a. Hermann von Helmholtz b. Georg Elias Müller c. Oswald Külpe d. Carl Stumpf e. Hermann Ebbinghaus

E

What may be "the most brilliant single investigation in the history of experimental psychology"? a. Ebbinghaus's On Forgetting b. Wundt's On Forgetting c. Titchener's A Summary of Psychology d. Titchener's On Memory e. Ebbinghaus's On Memory

E

What was "meaningless" for Ebbinghaus? a. Having a specific criterion to identify when learning had occurred b. The use of introspection c. A mathematical approach to psychological phenomena d. Each syllable created for his research e. Each series of syllables created for his research

E

Which of the following is not a reason for decline of Wundt's approach to psychology? a. German universities did not have the economic resources to support scientific psychology. b. The pragmatic culture of the United States precluded Wundt's system. c. Wundt's approach represented a pure science of psychology with little opportunity for practical application. d. Wundt's approach was overshadowed by the development of Gestalt psychology in Germany and psychoanalysis in Austria. e. Wundt's theories were difficult to understand. Therefore, he attracted very few students to his work.

E

While Wundt emphasized ____ and ____ reports during introspection, Titchener used ____ and ____ introspective reports. a. Perceptive, brief; sensation, extended b. Subjective, quantitative; objective; qualitative c. Objective, qualitative; subjective, quantitative d. Subjective, qualitative; objective, quantitative e. Objective, quantitative; subjective, qualitative

E

Titchener's behavior toward women in Psychology was contradictory, in that he sometimes supported and sometimes impeded their professional growth. Please discuss this contradiction using examples.

Titchener supported women's progress through graduate school and supported hiring them as faculty, and yet refused to allow them into meetings of the Experimentalist

Wilhelm Wundt is credited as the founder of Psychology.

True

Wundt believed the mind actively organizes the content of consciousness

True

According to Wundt, the 2 types of conscious experience are "mediate" and immediate." a. True b. False

a

In 1867, Wundt offered the first course ever given in ____. a. Physiological psychology b. Social psychology c. Introspection d. Volkerpsychologie e. Psychophysics

a

Which of the following statements is true of Wundt's cultural psychology? a. It dealt with various stages of human mental development. b. It was the same thing as folk psychology. c. It was the study of socioeconomic strata in society. d. It became the discipline known as anthropology. e. It was never published, although some lectures and articles remain

a

Wundt trained his subjects how to introspect properly. a. True b. False

a

In his early work when he was his own experimental subject, the 29-year-old Wilhelm Wundt found that he could ____. a. Sustain his attention on one thing for a little less than 12 minutes at a time b. Not pay attention to two things at once c. Pay attention to two things at once d. Pay attention to two things at once, but not three e. Pay attention to three things at once, but not four

b

Like Wundt, Brentano advocated study of the content of consciousness. a. True b. False

b

What book marks the "literary birth" of the new science of psychology? a. Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) b. Fechner's Elements of Psychophysics (1860) and Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862) c. Helmholtz's Handbook of Physiological Optics (1856-1866) d. Wundt's Contributions to the Theory of Sensory Perception (1858-1862) e. Müller's Handbook of Physiology of Mankind (1833-1840)

b

Wilhelm Wundt is the ____ of psychology as a discipline. a. Originator b. Founder c. Forerunner d. Antecedent

b

Wundt believed that the content of consciousness passively self-organized. a. True b. False

b

Wundt established psychology as distinct from philosophy primarily in terms of its ____. a. Focus on behavior b. Use of the experimental model c. Use of the deduction and induction d. Subject matter e. Emphasis on physiology

b

Wundt's system is most accurately called ____. a. Psychophysics b. Experimental Psychology c. Reductionism d. Structural psychology e. Physiological psychology

b

The cultural psychology of Wundt examined evidence from ____. a. A content analysis of contemporary newspapers b. Experimentation c. Examination of language, myths, customs, law and morals d. Studies of children and their thinking e. Philosophy

c

Which of the following is NOT one of Wundt's experimental conditions? a. Observers must be in a state of readiness. b. Observers must be able to determine when the process is to begin. c. Observers must be able to describe the qualitative aspects of their experiences. d. The observations must be repeatable. e. It must be possible to control and manipulate the stimuli.

c

Wundt's influence was so widely felt that, as a tribute, his lab was later replicated in ____. a. Sweden and Italy b. The United States and Sweden c. Japan and Russia d. Italy and Japan e. Russia and the United States

c

Wundt's productivity as a writer can be quantified by his output, which averaged ____. a. 1.5 pages a day for approximately 25 years b. 4.7 pages a day for approximately 15 years c. 2.2 pages a day for over 50 years d. Just about 1 page a day for his working life e. 5 pages a day for over 50 years

c