PSYC 320 Final Exam Study Guide
Match the terms with their appropriate people or definitions (1) speech and language production (2) the nervous system is composed of individual cells (3) speech and language comprehension (4) 52 areas with varied cell structure and arrangement (A) Neuron Doctrine (B) Wernicke's area (C) Broca's area (D) Brodmann's areas
1 - C 2 - A 3 - B 4 - D
A patient's symptoms include poor spoken and written comprehension but fluent and reasonably grammatical speech output. Which part of this person's brain is most likely damaged? a. the posterior language areas in the left hemisphere b. the anterior language areas in the right hemisphere c. the posterior language areas in the right hemisphere d. the anterior language areas in the left hemisphere
A
Fiber bundles carry information from V1 to the parietal and temporal lobes. These bundles are referred to _____________, with designation as either superior or inferior as associated with their streams. a. longitudinal fasiculus b. striate cortex c. visual dissociations
A
Lesions to the pyramidal motor tract would produce difficulty in moving effectors on which side of the body? a. the contralateral side b. the ipsilateral side c. both the contralateral and ipsilateral sides d. neither the contralateral nor the ipsilateral side: the pyramidal neurons do not innervate effector muscles
A
Lesions to this region of the cerebellum lead to postural instability and difficulty in keeping one's eyes fixed on a visual object despite head or body movements. a. the vestibulocerebellum b. the neocerebellum c. the spinocerebellum d. the dentate nucleus
A
The German neurologist Wernicke found that injury to which region of the brain resulted in poor language comprehension and nonsensical but relatively fluent speech? a. the left posterior and superior temporal lobe b. the left arcuate fasciculus c. the right medial temporal lobe d. the right inferior frontal lobe
A
The amygdala consists of several subnuclei. During fear conditioning, information converges on the ________ of the amygdala and from there projects to the ________. a. lateral nucleus; central nucleus b. medial geniculate nucleus; lateral geniculate nucleus c. lateral geniculate nucleus; medial geniculate nucleus d. central nucleus; lateral nucleus
A
The primary interaction of muscles and the nervous system involves the alpha motor neurons, which originate in the _______, exit through the _______, and terminate in the muscles. a. spinal cord; ventral root b. brain; ventral root c. spinal cord; dorsal root d. brain; dorsal root
A
This theory posits that a condition must be met before we are able to connect information like the color and shape within different feature maps, thereby supporting our analysis of the information. a. Feature integration theory of attention b. Attribution theory c. Object permanence
A
When we consider higher-order thinking and processing, it would make sense that the _____________ would be associated with this function. This area is also known for supporting working memory and other executive functioning aspects like decision-making. a. superior frontal cortex b. posterior parietal cortex c. posterior superior temporal cortex
A
Which of the following best describes a case that depends primarily on prosodic aspects of language? a. The ability to recognize the characteristic rise that occurs at the end of a sentence in a speaker's voice when she asks a question. b. The ability to pronounce "head" correctly, even though it is an irregular word. c. The ability to discriminate between homophones like "blue" and "blew" when they are used in sentences. d. The ability to retrieve the correct name associated with a familiar pictured face.
A
Which of the following best describes our current understanding of the brain areas that process emotions? a. The limbic system seems to be heavily involved in processing emotion, with contribution from other brain areas, particularly in frontal-medial cortical areas. b. The frontal cortex processes the most emotion, with emotional regulation coming from the limbic system and subcortical structures. c.The limbic system and Papez Circuit process emotion, with little known contribution from other brain areas d. In essence, the entire brain processes emotion in some way.
A
Which of the following findings, if true, would best argue in favor of the parallel processing model of multi-tasking, as opposed to the task-switching model? a. Participants' improvements over time in the dual task condition were highly correlated with their improvements on each individual task. b. Frontal connectivity between brain areas involved in each task increased with time and practice. c. Participants' performance in the dual task condition improved dramatically over time with practice. d. Brain activity increased throughout frontal cortex in the dual task condition with practice.
A
_________ are peripheral receptors on free nerve endings respond to painful stimuli, with three designations that support detection of temperature, sharp pain, or a wider range of stimuli. a. Nociceptors b. Proprioceptors c. Mechanical receptors
A
Match the structure its description (A) Most anterior region (B) Divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe (C) Most posterior region, associated with visual processing (D) Located superior to the temporal lobe (E) Inferior to the central sulcus and separated from the frontal lobe by the Sylvian fissure. Associated with auditory processing (1) Occipital lobe (2) Frontal lobe (3) Central sulcus (4) Temporal lobe (5) Parietal lobe
A - 2 B - 3 C - 1 D - 5 E - 4
Match the steps of action potential with their definitions (A) Sodium rushes in and changes the inside voltage (B) Sodium and potassium keeps the cell polarized. usually -70 mV (C) Sodium channels close and charge decreases due to potassium loss (D) Diffusion corrects voltage during refraction period (E) Overcorrection leading to negative charge (F) Neuron reaches +40 mV and potassium channels open, allowing potassium to rush out (1) Hyperpolarization (2) Depolarization (3) Neuron at rest (4) Repolarization (5) Resting state (6) Channels open
A - 2 B - 3 C - 4 D - 5 E - 1 F - 6
Match the method with their definition: (A) Oscillating frequencies using electrodes applied to the brain that stimulate the brain; typically used to monitor sensory, motor, and cognitive tasks. (Usually allows more frequency control) (B) Manipulates the weak magnetic fields produced by hydrogen atoms in tissue, where radio waves activity causes proton rebound that is captured and generates images. (C) Light-sensitive genes are introduced into specific brain cells to control or monitor activity using light signals (D) Direct stimulation within the cerebral cortex via electrode implantation (E) Measures the density and motion of water molecules, producing data on the boundaries of water and its movement in the brain. (F) An electrode placed through a surgical opening close to the neuronal membrane measures the action potential of a single neuron. (G) Magnetic stimulation of brain regions (1) Optogenetics (2) Deep Brain Stimulation (3) Transcranial alternating current stimulation (4) Diffusion Tensor Imaging (5) Magnetic Resonance Imaging (6) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (7) single-cell recording
A - 3 B - 5 C - 1 D - 2 E - 4 F - 7 G - 6
Match the terms and their descriptions (A) Specialized chemical used to communicate between neurons (B) Surface on postsynaptic neuron containing receptors for transmitter (C) Small spheres in presynaptic axon terminal containing neurotransmitter (D)Gap between the pre and postsynaptic neurons (E) Surface where vesicles bind as they prepare to release transmitter (F) Nerve cell releasing a transmitter substance into a synapse during transmission (G) Nerve cell that receives a neurotransmitter after transmission (1) presynaptic membrane (2) presynaptic neuron (3) postsynaptic neuron (4) synaptic cleft (5) postsynaptic membrane (6) synaptic vesicles (7) neurotransmitter
A - 7 B - 5 C - 6 D - 4 E - 1 F - 2 G - 3
Match the neurotransmitter to its traits/function: (A) Associated with the substantia nigra, striatum, and hypothalamus, this neurotransmitter features 5 different types of receptors and is critical in reward, motor, arousal, motivation, and reinforcement. (B) Attributed to muscle activation most often and as a modulator of cognitive function. This excitatory neurotransmitter primarily binds to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. (C) Either excitatory or inhibitory, they are synthesized from the brain and act to bind neurotransmitters to gated receptors and several GCPRs. (D) Second most prevalent neurotransmitter with significant inhibitory properties. Is essential to our sleep and down-regulation as a result of hyperpolarizing the neuron and preventing it from firing. (E) Able to act as both inhibitory or excitatory in transmission, and work with ligand-gated ion channels and GPCR as it executes messages related to mood, temperature, and appetite. (F) Produced in the locus coeruleus and acts in response to stress. It is also produced outside the brain in the adrenal glands via GPCRs. (G) Most prevalent neurotransmitter in the system, known for its excitatory functions (1) Acetylcholine (2) GABA (3) Dopamine (4) Norepinephrine (5) Neurosteroids (6) Serotonin (7) Glutamate
A- 3 B - 1 C - 5 D - 2 E - 6 F - 4 G - 7
The area of the brain associated with facial recognition is the _______________. This area features the ventral face pathway and the right STS. a. Lateral inferior temporal lobe b. Fusiform face area c. Anterior inferior temporal lobe
B
The arousal and activation of the nervous system as a result of sensory input is a. Perception b. Sensation c. Mental Representation
B
The limbic system is loosely wrapped around the basal ganglia, and composed of the amygdala, hippocampus, and fornix, as well as the cingulate gyrus and the olfactory bulb. The amygdala supports emotional regulation, while the cingulate gyrus supports a. learning and memory b. attention c. contributes to smell
B
This area is responsible for goal-directed control of our attention. a. Frontal Eye Field b. Dosral attention network c. Ventral attention network d. Anterior temporal lobe
B
This individual believed that specific regions of the brain were responsible for human abilities, where areas that received more stimulation were likely to increase the size of the area. a. Rene Descartes b. Franz Joseph Gall c. Johann Spurzheim
B
This region supports our ability to visually track motion. If damaged, images will likely be interpreted as still-frames rather than fluid movement. a. Superior colliculus b. Medial temporal area c. Superior temporal sulcus
B
Which of the following statements best describes agrammatic aphasics? a. They are able to process language but not produce it. b. They are unable to use syntax. c. Their disorder is only one of speech production. d. Their grammar is intact but their word choice is nonsensical.
B
You are driving around town. Which of the following stops will require the most working memory? a. stopping at home b. stopping at a business you have never visited before c. stopping at a friend's home d. stopping at a frequently visited supermarket
B
Prosopagnosia affects the ability to recognize faces. Since there is no presence of impairment to visual acuity or eyesight, and no impairment in identifying objects or letters, some initially argue that the condition holds little effect on one's life. How may this affect a person's life? a.Audition is likely to improve as they rely on voice recognition for individual identification b. Changes in appearance may further impair recognition c. Reliance on contextual clues to identify others d. Over time, recognition issues may spread to other categories if untreated
B, C
A friend comes into your house and eats all the chocolates in your pantry. You come in and at first are very angry. Then you think to yourself, "That's actually better for me. Now I don't have to eat all those calories." What have you done? a. reduction of your anger b. antecedent-focused regulation c. All of the answer options are correct. d. reappraisal
C
A patient experiences ischemia, this is a concern because a. the sudden increase could cause a rupture b. it creates consistency in the brain, which is usually inconsistent c. the drop in blood pressure could result in a fall or lack of oxygen to the tissue
C
After a head injury to the back of her head, Peggy experience difficulties with visual processing. If the damage was sustained in the midbrain region of the brain, which structure may be impacted? a. inferior colliculi b. tectum c. superior colliculi
C
After suffering a focal brain injury, a patient has great difficulty in pantomiming particular motor actions such as turning a key in a lock. Because other problems like hemiplegia, muscle weakness, sensory deficits, and lack of motivation have been ruled out, your diagnosis would be a. agnosia. b. anomia. c. apraxia. d. akinetopsia.
C
All methods possess limitations. All the following are limitations except: a. PET has hazardous materials posing risk to the technians and patients b. PET and fMRI have poor temporal resolution c. ERP is hemodynamically dependent
C
Containing the middle and inferior frontal gyri, as well as the supramarginal and angular gyri, the ______________ plays a large role in our attentiveness to sensory stimuli. a. Medial temporal area b. Inferior temporal area c. Ventral attention network d. Dorsal Attention
C
Ebbinghaus is to associationism as ______is to behaviorism. a. Thorndike b. Watson c. A and B d. None of the above
C
Establishing the Montreal procedure to treat epilepsy, his research also contributed to our knowledge of the sensorimotor region in the brain. a. Donald Hebb b. Edward Thorndike c. Wilder Penfield
C
How cells differ between brain regions is called a. Broadmanns areas b. phrenology c. cytoarchitectonics
C
In synaptic transmission, the nerve cell releasing the transmitter is the a. unipolar neuron b. postsynaptic neuron c. presynaptic neuron d. multipolar neuron
C
Like dopamine and epinephrine, norepinephrine is a ___________ in the ___________ classification. a. excitatory; biogenic amines b. catecholamine; neuropeptides c. catecholamine; biogenic amines d. amine; amino acid
C
Maggie was pleasantly napping when she was alert to the sound a jingling bell, indication of Kanna and Schrodinger playing in another room. Which type of attention does this demonstrate? a. Selective attention b. Voluntary attention c. Reflexive attention
C
One of the two pathways of the amygdala is known as the "low road." This pathway can be characterized as ________ and involves a ________. a. "quick and dirty"; projection to the cortex b. "slow and analytical"; projection to the cortex c. "quick and dirty"; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala d. "slow and analytical"; direct signal from the thalamus to the amygdala
C
Patient "Tan," studied by the neurologist Broca, had great difficulty in generating spontaneous speech and was unable to utter any word other than the nonsense syllable "tan." Postmortem autopsy of Tan's brain revealed a. abnormal EEG signals from the left frontal operculum. b. demyelination in a region of the left anterior frontal lobes. c. a lesion in the left inferior frontal cortex. d. cerebral hemorrhage in the right inferior frontal lobes.
C
Recent studies have shown that the lesion associated with persistent severe Wernicke's aphasia may have to include not only Wernicke's area itself, but also a. the analogous region of cortex in the right hemisphere. b. Broca's area. c. the white matter tracts below Wernicke's area. d. the arcuate fasciculus.
C
Some theories of emotion employ a factor approach. In one conceptualization, the first factor is ________, or how pleasant or unpleasant the stimulus is, and the second factor is ________, or how intense the emotional response is. a. benignity; excitation b. excitation; benignity c. valence; arousal d. arousal; valence
C
The brain is subdivided into the forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain. Which structure consists of the telencephalon and the diencephalon? a. hindbrain b. midbrain c. forebrain
C
The corpus callosum is responsible for the interhemispheric transfer of sensory, motor, and cognitive information. Severing of the CC or the commissures reflected "disconnection syndrome" which featured an absence of callosal transfer of sensory information and motor coordination. When compared with agenesis of the corpus callosum a. the effects are the same b. patients appeared normal, but declined overtime c. little evidence of disconnection syndrome was present
C
The excitatory command to contract the biceps muscle of the arm is normally accompanied by an inhibitory command to relax the antagonist triceps muscle. If this inhibitory signal failed to occur, a. the contraction of the biceps would cause tearing of fibers in the triceps and severe muscle damage. b. the contraction of the biceps would be irreversible, and the limb would remain frozen in the resulting position. c. the passive stretching of the triceps would trigger a stretch reflex that would return the arm to its original position. d. the fibers that make up the triceps muscle would shorten and thicken during the resulting passive stretch.
C
The language-relevant regions of the right hemisphere would be most critical to understanding which of the following? a. someone speaking quickly b. a complicated sentence c. sarcasm d. a foreign language
C
The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) receives projects from the optic nerve. ____ of axons project to the LGN, with the other _____ projecting to other regions such as the pulvinar nucleus and superior colliculus. a. 10; 90 b. 25; 75 c. 90; 10
C
The symptoms of all of the following neurological language syndromes suggest the disruption of an organized semantic network in which word meanings are stored, EXCEPT a. progressive semantic dementia. b. Wernicke's aphasia. c. conduction aphasia. d. deep dyslexia.
C
This individual developed the notion that the whole brain participated in behavior, rather than individual pieces of the brain. a. Marc Dax b. Brenda Milner c. Marie-Jean Pierre Flourens d. Thomas Willis
C
Patient S.P., who had bilateral damage to the amygdala, participated in a study involving the pairing of a blue square with an electric shock. S.P.'s skin conductance response (SCR) and verbal report indicated that a. she had an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square and demonstrated an implicit fear-conditioning SCR response. b. she did not have an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square, nor did she demonstrate any implicit fear-conditioning SCR response. c. she did not have any explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square but did demonstrate an implicit fear-conditioning SCR response. d. she had an explicit expectation that the shock would occur after seeing the blue square but did not demonstrate any implicit fear-conditioning SCR response.
D
The implicit association test (IAT) measures the degree to which social groups are automatically associated with positive and negative evaluations. Which of the following is FALSE regarding this test? a. Part of this test involves categorizing words as good or bad. b. One variant of the test examines attitudes toward different racial groups. c. The primary measures of this test are response latencies. d. The IAT is designed to reflect declarative memories.
D
Thomas Willis, a founder of clinical neuroscience, is known for a. specific anatomical terms within the brain's structure b. None of the above c. brain damage affects certain behavior d. A and B
D
Which brain area seems to be the most important for selectively attending to positive self-relevant information, as opposed to negative self-relevant information? a. the medial prefrontal cortex b. the orbitofrontal cortex c. the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex d. the anterior cingulate cortex
D
Which of the following situations would be most likely to engage the anterior cingulate cortex? a. You walk into the elevator of your apartment building and press the button for your floor. b. A waiter walks over to your table at a restaurant and holds an open menu in front of you. c. A good friend asks you to remind him of your telephone number. d. You enter your classroom and find someone sitting in your usual seat.
D
All are criteria for neurotransmitter categorization except: a. It is synthesized by and localized within the presynaptic neuron, and stored in the presynaptic terminal before release b. When artificailly applied to a postsynaptic cell, it elicits the same response that stimulating the presynaptic neuron would c. It is released by the presynaptic neuron when action potentials depolarize the terminal (mediated by calcium) d. The postynaptic neuron contains receptors specific for it e. It is able to associate within the amine, neuropeptide, or gas categories
E
After callosotomy, researchers learned that visuospatial abilities were lateralized to the left hemisphere. This includes the ability to look at patterns and physically manipulate pieces to form shapes, as well as recognize and discriminate against upright faces. Select one: True False
False
All 5 tastes occur through a process of depolarization. Sour, Bitter, and Salty also involve metabotropic processes. Select one: True False
False
Degenerative disorders are a concern due to genetic, environmental, and viral potentials for dysfunction. These are primarily diagnosed through family history and observable behaviors. Many conditions are undiagnosed until they are severe because we lack the ability to diagnose sooner. Select one: True False
False
In the hierarchy of stimuli processing, reaction time is impaired if local targets are congruent with global targets. The brain needs more differentiation in order to process quickly. Select one: True False
False
Inputs to the TRN neurons can either excite the neurons and cause inhibition of the information from the LGN to the visual cortex, or they can suppress the neurons which would inhibit the transmission from the LGN to the visual cortex. Select one: True False
False
Multipolar neurons contain multiple axons with many dendrites, while bipolar neurons only contain 2 dendrites on a single axon. Unipolar neurons are the most common classification consisting of a single extension with two branches, one for input and the other output. Select one: True False
False
Our neural systems act in a cohesive manner that allows for an objective analysis of stimuli. Select one: True False
False
Rationalism asserts that all knowledge may be gained through logical reasoning, while empiricism claimed that knowledge came from sensory experience introduced into a blank slate. Select one: True False
False
Selective attention is pertinent to how we receive information and is considered global, whereas arousal is more generalized. Select one: True False
False
The corpus callosum is the largest gray matter structure in the brain and is responsible for enabling hemispheric communication within the brain. Select one: True False
False
Reorganization in the motor cortex depends on ___________ levels. High levels increase stability while lower levels enable response to a wider range of stimuli. (A) GABA (B) Norepinephrine (C) Dopamine (D) Acetylcholine
GABA
_____ is toward the middle as ________ is towards the side. _________ is the same side, whereas ___________ is the opposite side. The head end is ________ and the tail end is ________ . ________ is near the center, while ________ is periphery. ________ is toward the back like a fin, ________ is toward the belly or the front. ________ carries information into a region, and _________ carries information away from the region of interest.
Medial; lateral; ipsilateral; contralateral; rostral; caudal; proximal; distal; dorsal; ventral; afferent; efferent
_____________ are a type of glial cell that consists of myelin and makes up a significant portion of the central nervous system, while ______________ perform a similar task in the peripheral nervous system. _______________ are typically located near the brain's vasculature. We owe __________ cells gratitude for their role as phagocytes, cleaning up the debris and damaged cells.
Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells; Astrocytes; Microglial
________ mimic neurotransmitter action while__________ block, inhibit or reduce neurotransmission
agonist; antagonist
The _________ occipitoparietal stream supports our spatial perception "where." The ___________ occipitotemporal stream supports out object perception/recognition "what."
dorsal; ventral
__________ channels allow neurotransmitters to bind to the gates, essentially opening the ion channel. This permits an influx of the specific ions as a result and can lead to depolarization or hyperpolarization. In contrast, ______________ are biochemical signals that indirectly cause the gating of ion channels where they act as molecule switches in cells after binding with GDP and GTP.
ligand gated; G-protein coupled receptors
If I ask you to describe a ball, the ______________ is dependent on the contextual information. Description to a 10-year-old may require more ____________ information as opposed to description on a physics exam, which would rely on __________ representation. A ____________ is served from multiple representations from physical aspects, identity, and ________________.
mental representations; pictorial; formulaic; mental representations; categorical abstraction
The ______ acts as a processing center for sensory information, including pain. All sensory systems synapse into this region, with subsequent projections to appropriate cortices. a. Amygdala b. Thalamus c. Hypothalamus
B
The ________ is a small, almond-shaped structure in the medial temporal lobe, immediately adjacent to the anterior portion of the a. caudate; basal ganglia b. amygdala; hippocampus c. caudate; hippocampus d. amygdala; basal ganglia
B
In contrast to aggregation field theory, how did Marc Dax's research support the idea of localization? a.motor impairments with prefrontal augmentation b. language disturbances with left-hemisphere lesions c. spatial disturbances with right-hemisphere lesions
B
Jenny can clearly see and identify objects around her. When asked to pick up the pencil on her desk, she experienced difficulty reaching the pencil and "missed." Given there is no impairment in her vision pathway, it is likely that she experiences which condition? a. Visual Agnosia b. Optic Ataxia c. Apraxia
B
Kanna is studying for her french exam. While she studies, she leaves the radio on because she is listening for her favorite radio show to begin. As she studies, she notices that her roommate returns and decides to monitor her roommate's movements to ensure she does not turn off the radio. Though complex, this example illustrates which type of attention? a. selective b. covert c. overt
B
Name the layers of the meninges in order from outermost to innermost. a. pia mater, arachnoid membrane, dura mater b. dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater c. dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid membrane
B
Neuroimaging of the perception of facial expression suggests that a. the amygdala is selectively active when we view angry faces. b. the amygdala responds most strongly to fearful faces, but it also shows some response to other expressions. c. the amygdala responds most strongly to angry faces, but it also shows some response to other expressions. d. the amygdala is selectively active when we view fearful faces.
B
Schrodinger noticed something move across his field of vision. Given the low light at the time, it was impressive that he was able to describe the general shape and features of the item. Which system would be supporting his vision under these circumstances? a. Bipolar b. Scoptic c. Photopic
B
Studies of people with autism have suggested that they do not significantly deactivate the ________ when performing non-self-referential tasks. This is consistent with the observation that many people with autism have an unusual focus on ________ rather than ________. a. temporoparietal junction; their own mental states; the mental states of others b. medial prefrontal cortex; the external world; internal states c. temporoparietal junction; the mental states of others; their own mental states d. medial prefrontal cortex; internal states; the external world
B
A 7-year-old patient presents with some balance and motor coordination issues. Upon further evaluation, the parent and child report difficulty in school, particularly in math. After an MRI, it was discovered the patient possessed a small brain tumor in the _________, accounting for both difficulties in motor coordination and basic math skill development. a. primary somatorsensory cortex b.sensorimotor strip c. medulla d. cerebellum
D
A patient with dysarthria has trouble a. converting knowledge about written characters into their sounds. b. activating word-form representations based on conceptual knowledge. c. segmenting speech into separate words. d. controlling the muscles that articulate speech sounds.
D
All of the following factors impact the response of the stereocilia in terms of transmitting vibrations EXCEPT a. Location b. Thickness c. Stiffness d. Width
D
As we study object recognition there are 4 major components/concepts that must be considered. The precise use of terms helps us frame the recognition and measure accuracy. Object perception is supported by system cohesion via mental representations. The concept that memory supports recognition is ___________. Our ____________ are flexible and robust when we consider how varied positions alter our perception. a. perceptual capabilities; object perception b. Context; flexibility of perception c. illuminating conditions; viewing position. d.the product of perception; perceptual capabilities
D
Considering the Memory and Unification components of Hagoort's model of language comprehension, during a conversation with your professor, a. memory would be working to remember what your professor was saying. b. memory would be recalling the previous interactions you'd had with your professor. c. unification would be integrating information your professor was saying with information you previously knew about the subject. d. unification would be pulling together and integrating various components of the words coming out of your professor's mouth to process what she was saying.
D
Cunningham and colleagues (2004) suggested that although the amygdala plays a role in the automatic evaluation of social groups, controlled processing may implicate which of the following brain regions? a. the hippocampus b. the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex c. the parahippocampal cortex d. the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
D
If neuroimaging studies showed that entirely different brain regions were activated when a person experienced pain from those that are activated when a person viewed or imagined someone else experiencing pain, this would a. provide evidence for embodied simulation. b. indicate that this person does not experience empathy. c. indicate that this person felt different quantities of pain for self versus others. d. be inconsistent with mirror neuron involvement in empathic processes.
D
Implicit memory is to ________ as explicit memory is to ________. a. episodic memory; semantic memory b. conditioning; priming c. procedural learning; nondeclarative learning d. priming; episodic memory
D
Jill was instructed to color. She struggled to pick up the colored pencil on her left side, and also found it difficult to control where she fixed her gaze. When someone offered to hand her the pencils instead, holding both pencils in front of her at the same time, she has difficulty seeing both pencils at the same time. Which condition may be reflected here? a. Optic ataxia b. Unilateral lesions on the right side c.Hemispatial neglect d. Balint's syndrome
D
Brenda Milner discovered multiple memory systems through ongoing study of Penfield's patients. A student of Hebb, her research moved us from behaviorism toward cognitive neuroscience. Select one: True False
True
Event-related potentials are the measured neural response based on small voltages that occur due to sensory, motor, or cognitive events. Select one: True False
True
I forgot my shopping list at home and only remember that I need some peanut butter. As I attempt to recall my grocery needs, this memory retrieval process involves multiple cognitive capabilities including encoding, comparing, deciding, and responding. Select one: True False
True
The dorsal stream receives its information from different stimuli, with its receptor cells detecting the presence and location of stimuli. Select one: True False
True
The olfactory nerve projects to the pyriform cortex, bypassing the thalamus, then to the orbitofrontal before projecting to various regions that include the thalamus, hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. Select one: True False
True
While the dorsal stream receptors account for 40% of the fovea, the ventral stream receptors always encompass the fovea. The high concentration in the center makes sense considering the ventral stream's role in object recognition. Select one: True False
True
superior ____________ guides movement of the eyes toward objects, supporting attention and visual search. _____________, associated with the thalamus, supports visual processing including the direction of our attention.
superior colliculus; pulvinar
The ___________ is located in the subcortical midbrain and is involved with visual processing, such as eye movement, and contains topographic maps for visual, auditory, and tactile domains. The _____________ separates the superior temporal gyrus from the middle temporal gyrus and is associated with language perception, theory of mind, and perhaps other social processes.
superior colliculus; superior temporal sulcus
