PSYC 333, Final Exam

Depression and anxiety

What are the two most common psychiatric disorders that require medication or treatment?

Valium facts

Withdrawal from valium starts 3-5 days after last dosage and the half life is 20 to 50 hours. This can even be as long as 10 days.

Delusions

Ideas that have no foundation in reality. -Known as false beliefs and are associated with feelings of persecution or paranoia, and the presence of auditory hallucinations, commonly in the form of voices.

particulate phase

those components of smoke that consist of particles such as tar which is a sticky material found in this phase of tobacco smoke and other pollutants in the air. Consist of small particles suspended in the smoke, including water droplets, nicotine, and a collection of compounds that will be referred to collectively as tar. The particles in tar constitute the primary source of carcinogenic compounds in tobacco.

antianxiety drugs

medications that make the user feel more peaceful or tranquil; also called tranquilizers. -Provide specific relief from stress and anxiety without sedating us. -are commonly abused and misused.

The mixture of barbiturates with alcohol...

produces a synergistic effect in which the combined result is greater than the sum of the effects of each drug alone.

titration hypothesis

the idea that smokers will adjust their smoking of cigarettes in such a way as to maintain a steady input of nicotine into the body

Mainstream smoke

the smoke inhaled directly from cigarettes or other tobacco products. This smoke is usually screened through the cigarette filter and cigarette paper.

biomedical model

the theoretical position that mental disorders are caused by abnormal biochemical processes in the brain. -According to this model, the effectiveness of psychiatric drugs in changing such symptoms is a function of alerting these biochemical processes toward a more normal state. -This is demonstrated by concordance rate of schizophrenia in twins.

dual diagnosis

when an individual is diagnosed with both a psychiatric disorder and a substance use disorder. Ex: A client is diagnosed with depression and is addicted to heroin.

What drugs are used for date rape?

Rohypnol and Gamma-hydroxbutyrate (GHB) since they are colorless, odorless, and tasteless. GHB can produce euphoria, and lower inhibitions, and when combined with alcohol it can lead to unconsciousness in about 15 mins.

When a smoker inhales from a lit cigarette..

The temperature at the tip rises to approximately 1700°F, as oxygen is drawn through the tobacco, paper, and other additives.

Antidepressants

drugs prescribed and used for the treatment of depression. -These can include 1st generation, 2nd generation, and 3rd generation drugs.

erogenic

performance-enhancing.

Effect of barbiturates

-These drugs can create sedation and drowsiness that can impair performance of driving and induce sleepiness. -They also tend to suppress rapid eye movement sleep, which represents about 20% of everyone's total sleep time each night. -Lethal overdoses can occur from taking too high or a dose of the drug alone or by mixing it with alcohol. Chronic effects include withdrawal and tolerance which can lead to dependence and cause tremors, nausea and vomiting, intense perspiring, confusion, convulsions, hallucinations, fever, and increased heart rate. -Abrupt withdrawal can even cause a 5% chance of death.

How can parents help prevent substance abuse in their children?

1. Don't be hypocrites and tell children not to do something that they do (e.g., drink). 2. Convey verbal messages about health risks that are accurate. 3. Set rules and consequences for drug-taking behavior. 4. Provide alternative-behavior programing (family activities). 5. Help reinforce the peer-refusal skills of children.

Drug prevention programs that work

1. Teaching peer-refusal skills (how to say no to drugs). 2. Anxiety and stress reduction. 3. Social skills and personal decision making to teach individuals to be assertive and allow them to identify problem situations and brainstorm on how to fix them. 4. Life skills training programs that include a cognitive development component that focuses on immediate effects/consequences, a decision-making component to facilitate critical thinking skills, a stress-reduction component, a social skills component to avoid peer pressure, and a self-directed behavior-change component to facilitate self-improvement.

What influences drug taking behavior among young individuals?

1. degree of stress that they are under. 2. the frequency with which they are bored. 3. the amount of money they have to spend in a typical week.

Causes of preventable death in the U.S

30% is related to tobacco, 32% is related to diet, 7% to alcohol, and 2% to illicit drugs. -Almost 40% of preventable deaths in the U.S are related to substance use.

Barbiturates

A drug within a family of depressants derived from barbituric acid and used as a sedative-hypnotic and antiepileptic medication. -They are relatively tasteless and odorless, and at sufficient dosages, they reliable induce sleep. -They slow down the neural activity in the CNS, so they have been seen in the treatment of seizure disorders. -The half-life of these drugs range from 10 to 40 hours to 50 or 120 hours. Injectable forms of this are shorter-acting that oral administrations. It takes longer for the drug to be absorbed when taken by the mouth and longer for it to be eliminated from the body.

Benzodiazepines

A family of antianxiety drugs. Examples include Valium, Librium, and Halcion. -these were popular due to their selective effect on anxiety itself instead of producing a generalized reduction in the body's overall level of functioning. -Oral administration is recommended for relief from anxiety, with the effects beginning thirty minutes to four hours after ingestion. Shorter acting benzos are recommend for sleeping problems because their effects wear of well before morning. -These drugs are absorbed relatively slowly into the bloodstream and they last longer than barbiturates because they are absorbed through the small intestine rather than the stomach. -Respiratory centers in the brain are not affected by these drugs and overdose can only occur when combined with alcohol or other drugs.

Seratonin-Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

A group of antidepressants that slow down the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine at synapses in the brain. Remeron, Cymbalta, and Effexar are prominent examples. -These are the newest generation of antidepressants. -These drugs increase the level of norepinephrine and serotonin in the brain to improve depression.

andrenocortical steroids

A group of hormones secreted by the adrenal glands. Their anti-inflammatory actions make them useful for treating arthritis and muscle injury. They have no relationship to testosterone or produce any testosterone like effects.

Schizophrenia

A major mental illness, characterized by being "cut off" from a sense of reality. Symptoms may include hallucinations and delusional thinking. -The prevalence rate of this disorder is 1% (2 million), and frequency rates are equal for men and women, but the disorder appears earlier in men (late teens or early twenties) than in women (early 30s). -The patients do not have split of multiple personalities. The patients just don't have a firm sense of reality. -They are likely to have delusions, but others might display a significant "split" in the connections that normally exist among the processes of thinking, emotions, and action. -The expression of emotion may be dulled or absent; verbal expressions or mannerisms may be entirely inappropriate to a given situation; odd postures may be assumed for long periods of time (catatonia)

bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the patient swings back and forth between feelings of depression and mania. -Medications to treat this include Risperdal, Geodon, Seroquel, Symbyax, and Valporate.

Mania

A mood disorder marked by agitation, bursts of energy, and impulsiveness. Can also include, feelings of grandeur. -this can be disruptive to the individual and their families.

REM-sleep rebound

A phenomenon associated with the withdrawal of barbiturate drugs in which the quality of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep increases, resulting in disturbed sleep and nightmares. -If these drugs are consumed over many evenings and then stopped, the CNS will attempt to catch up the lost REM sleep by producing longer REM periods of subsequent nights. -This makes the user feel groggy and out of sorts.

Snuff

A quantity of finely shredded or powdered tobacco. Modern forms of this are available in either dry or moist forms. -Snuffing involves the ingestion of this either by inhalation or by absorption through tissues in the nose. Tobacco use was observed by the early Spanish explorers by grinding a mixture of tobacco into a fine powder, placing or sniffing a pinch of it into the nose, and exhaling it with a sneeze. This was very popular in Europe among the French and the British but it faded in popularity when it reached the United States and chewing tobacco took over.

Lexapro (Escitalopram)

A selective serration reuptake inhibitor used to treat depression.

tardive dyskinesia

A serious side effect affecting about 15% of schizophrenic patients who have undergone chronic treatment with first-generation antipsychotic drugs. Characterized by jerky movements of the face and lips, unsteadiness in walking, and rocking when seated. -Patients may smack their lips or flick their tongues in and out frequently. -The likelihood of developing this is more than 10%, depending on the dosage and age of the patient. this more common in patients older than 50. -This appears two or more years after continual use.

Tar

A sticky material found in the particulate phase of tobacco smoke and other pollutants in the air. The last third of each cigarettes contains 50% of the total time, making the final few puffs far more hazardous than the first ones. The major problem with this lies in it sticky quality which causes it to adhere to cells in the lungs and the airways leading to them.. Specialized cells called cillia are capable of removing contaminants in the air that might impede the breathing process; the cillia literally sweep the unwanted particles towards the throat where they are typically swallowed, digested, and finally excreted from the body. Components in tar alter the coordination of the cillia so they can no longer function effectively. The accumulation of sticky tar on the surface of cells along the pulmonary system permits carcinogenic compounds that normally would have been eliminated to settle in the tissue, this produces cancer and similar carcinogenic affects and other tissues.

Acetaminophen

A type of OTC analgesic drug. A major brand name is Tylenol. -Does have analgesic and antipyretic properties. -Does not reduce inflammation and except for reducing the associated pain, does not help in the treatment of arthritis. -Does not produce gastric distress, nor does it interfere with the clotting process, but there is a high potential for liver damage, kidney damage, and the risk of enhancing the effect of prescription anti-clotting medications.

Ibuprofen

A type of OTC analgesic drug. Major brands include Advil, Motrin, and Nuprin. -This is effective in reducing pain, inflammation, and elevated temperature due to fever. It has also been found to reduce menstrual cramps as it block the production of prostaglandins. -this produces less gastric irritation, but it should be consumed with milk or food. It has a potential for kidney damage and anti-clotting effects.

Primary prevention

A type of intervention in which the goal is to forestall the onset of drug use by an individual who has had little or no previous exposure to drugs. -This involves basic education and is most common in elementary and middle school. Intervention occurs within a school-based curriculum or specific educational program, although community involvement is encouraged. -The objective is to prevent substance abuse from starting in the first place. -This type of program would involve the development of peer-refusal skills (ways to say no to drugs).

tertiary prevention

A type of intervention in which the goal is to prevent relapse in an individuals follow recovery in a drug-treatment program. -The objective is to ensure that an individual who has entered treatment for some form of substance abuse to become drug-free after treatment ends.

Secondary prevention

A type of intervention in which the goal is to reduce the extent of drug use in individuals who have already been exposed to drugs to some degree. -The objective is to limit the extent of substance abuse (reducing it if possible), to prevent the spread of abuse behavior beyond drugs, and to teach strategies for the responsible use of alcohol. -This include harm reduction rather than zero-tolerance behavior. -This intervention is directed towards high school and college students. -In high school, students might participate in a program that emphasizes social alternatives to drug taking behavior (sports). -College students may focus on skills necessary to restrict their behavior to the moderate use of alcohol, on the significant dangers of combining drinking and driving, and on the signs of chronic alcohol abuse.

Consequences of tobacco use

About 443,000 deaths are specifically tied to tobacco use or to secondhand smoke from tobacco use. Smoking related deaths account for nearly one out of every five deaths in the United States every year, more than 1200 deaths each day. It has been estimated that a persons life expectancy is shortened by 14 minutes every time they smoke a cigarette. Smoking two packs a day for 20 years reduces ones estimated lifespan by approximately eight years. -health consequences include cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, and cancer. Woman who smoke having more than three times greater risk of dying from a stroke due to brain hemorrhaging and it almost 2 times greater risk of dying from a heart attack. Added to these concerns is a toxic interaction of tobacco smoke with pro birth control pills. If a woman is using birth control pills as well, the risk increases to 22 times respectively. For non-smoking adults, exposure to environmental smoke raises the risk of heart disease by 25 to 30% in both men and women. The risk of lung cancer is increased by 20 to 30% among non-smokers to live with a smoker.

Anabloic

Acting to promote protein growth and muscle development. This promotes the development of proteins and as a result an increase in muscle tissue. Muscles of men are inherently larger than muscles of women because of the anabolic action of testosterone in males bodies.

Asprin

Any analgesic drug containing acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). -this drug has analgesic effects and works for mild to moderate pain. It also relieves inflammation and tenderness in joints. -this drugs also has antipyretic effects since it lowers elevated body temperatures when the body is fighting infection. -It works as an analgesic not on a CNS level, but on a peripheral level by blocking the synthesis of prostaglandins. -Side effects of this can include: gastric bleeding, trouble clotting, hemorrhagic stroke, and Reye's syndrome.

nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

Any of the group of OTC analgesics or prescription analgesics that are unlike cortisone-based drugs but nonetheless reduce pain and swelling caused by injury or disease. -Includes aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen. These do not have to be OTC drugs as some prescriptions are used for arthritis pain.

Withdrawl from caffeine

Caffeine produce a strong physical dependence and cream create symptoms of headache, impaired concentration, drowsiness, irritability, muscle aches, another flu like symptoms. Headaches usually appear from 12 to 18 hours after the last dose of caffeine and persisting and some individuals for up to a week.

Effects of inhalants

Causes euphoria, giddiness, dizziness, and slurred speech lasting fro 15 to 45 minutes. This is followed by 1 to 2 hours of drowsiness and sometimes loss of consciousness. The user can also experience double vision, ringing in the ears, and hallucinations. The abuse of these drugs does not extend over more than a year or two. There seems to be not tolerance to them, but dependence can occur and users feel restless, irritable, and anxious.

Nicotine stimulates the release of..

Dopamine in the nucleus accumbens, the same area of the brain responsible for reinforcing properties of opioids, cocaine, and alcohol.

1. Reducing availability of drugs. 2. Punishment (e.g., jail time) for having drugs. 3. Scare tactics or negative education. 4. Objective information approaches (just facts). 5. Promotional campaigns (e.g., drug free merch). 6. Self-esteem enhancement through affective education (changing attitudes) and values clarification (guidance in life).

Drug prevention programs that do not work

anabolic steroids

Drugs patterned after the testosterone molecule that promote masculine changes in the body and increased muscle development. The full name is "anabolic-androgenic steroids". The purpose of these drugs is to emphasize the anabolic function while retaining as little of the androgenic function as possible however it is not possible to develop a testosterone derived drug without at least some androgenic effects.

How do antipsychotic drugs affect the brain?

Either a high level of dopamine or a deficiency in dopamine is related to the formation of a such psychiatric diseases. -Schizophrenia is tied to a high level of dopamine activity. Antipsychotic drugs block the stimulation of dopamine-sensitive receptor sites. -Different medications can be used on different dopamine receptors. -Schizophrenia symptoms can improve if the level of dopamine in the brain is reduced, but can also get worse if the level of dopamine is increased.

Antipyretic

Having an effect that reduces body temperature and fever.

About 9 years. 1-3 years of research and development, 7 years of clinical research, and about 12 months of review.

How long does it take for medications to be approved?

U.S.Surgeon General and smoking

In 1964 the US Surgeon General's first report came out on smoking and health. This Report found evidence of health risks and restrictions on public consumption were instituted. In 1971 all television advertising for tobacco was banned and in 1984 rotating warning labels were required on all print advertisement and billboards. Cigarette smokers could choose to smoke from filtered rather than unfiltered cigarettes, in an effort to ingest less of the toxins from tobacco. By the 1990s , About 95% of all smokers were using filtered brands however the industry change the formulation of the tobacco to a stronger blend with an increased tar content. In theory, a cigarette filter should have allowed a flow of air through the small holes in the filter itself. Because the smoker typically held a cigarette with the finger is covering these holes, they don't or no filtering was accomplished. But filtered cigarettes increase tobacco company profits and filters were only paper and therefore cost considerably less. Light and mild cigarette brands were introduced that were low in tar and nicotine however smoking cancelled out the benefits of switching to low brands by varying the manner in which they smoked the cigarettes. Smokers took more puffs, and held more deeply, and smoked more of the cigarettes to get the same amount of nicotine so a greater number of these cigarettes had to be smoked in order to satisfy the smokers needs.

Yes this is referred to as a placebo.

Is it possible to take a chemical that has no drug properties but still makes you feel better?

Effect of antidepressants on the brain

It is theorized that depression is associated with a lower-than-normal level of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin or a combination of the 3. -The effect of tricyclic drugs is seen to increase the activity level of norepinephrine and serotonin. -Different drugs are used to treat various neurotransmitter imbalances. -the main focuses are on influencing levels of norepinephrine and serotonin.

Over the counter drugs (OTC)

Medicinal drugs available to the public without the requirement of a prescription. They are often referred to as nonprescription drugs. -There are more than 100,000 of the drugs. They are available to you right off the shelf and their use is limited only by your ability to pay for them. In most cases you are your own physician and you diagnose yourself and determine your course of treatment. -Recommended doses are printed on the label; however, there is no direct medical supervision over the dosage level you actually consume at any given time. -Overdose is not as common when drugs are taken alone, but when combined with alcohol they are dangerous.

Beta Blockers

Medicinal drugs that are traditionally used to treat cardiac arrest and blood pressure disorders. They are also prescribed for individuals who suffer from "stage fright" or anxiety regarding a specific event. -These slow down heart rate, relax pressure on the walls of the blood vessels, and decrease the force of heart contractions.

dietary supplements

Products (other than tobacco), distributed with the intention of supplementing the diet, that contain a vitamin, mineral, amino acid, herb or other botanical product, enzyme, organ tissue, metabolites, or any combination of these substances. -These are marketed in a similar manner as OTC drugs, but there is an important difference; these drugs do not have to be proved safe and effective, as prescription drugs and OTC drugs do. -Manufacturers must prove the the purity, strength, and composition of these products have been tested and the labels are accurate descriptions of the contents.

Effects of steroids on men

Testicle shrink, and a lower sperm count leads to sterility, reversible for most men but irreversible in some cases. Males breasts also in large because steroids break down into estradiol, the female sex hormone.Men can also have frequent, sustained, and often painful erection and in enlargement of the prostate gland. They can also have increased severe acne and increased facial hair grow but balding on top of the head.

Resilience

The inclination to resist the negative impact of risk factors in a person's life through the positive impact of protective factors. Sometimes referred to as resiliency. -Someone with resilience is able to overcome the temptations of alcohol and other drugs. -Primary prevention programs are built around the central idea that an individual is less inclined to engage in substance abuse if the protective factors in his or her life are enhanced and the risk factors are diminished.

gaseous phase

The portion of tobacco smoke that consists of gases, such as carbon monoxide. Consists of gas compounds in the smoke, including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, acetaldehyde, and acetone. Among these gases carbon monoxide is clearly the most toxic.

Nicotine

The prime psychoactive drug in tobacco products. A toxic, dependence producing psychoactive drug found exclusively in tobacco. It is an oily compound varying in hue from colorless to brown. a few drops of pure nicotine on the tongue will quickly kill a healthy adult and it is commonly used as a major ingredient in insecticide and pesticides of all kinds. 20% of nicotine which is actually held it reaches the bloodstream this means that 2 to 8 mg of nicotine is ingested per day for a pack of day for smokers. Inhaled nicotine from smoking is absorbed extremely rapidly and easily passes through the blood brain barrier in a matter of minutes. The delivery time of nicotine has been estimated as five to08 seconds.By the time the cigarette butt is extinguished, the levels of nicotine in the blood have peaked and it's break down and excretion from the body are well underway. The elimination half-life of nicotine is approximately 2 to 3 hours. The combination of nicotine and ammonia changes the naturally acidic nicotine into an alkaline freebase form that more easily passes from body tissues into the bloodstream. The primary effect of nicotine is to stimulate central nervous system receptors that are sensitive to acetylcholine, these receptors are called nicotine receptors because they are excited by nicotine. One of the effects of activating them is the release of adrenaline which increases blood pressure and heart rate, but they also reduce muscle tone and help sustain performance on boring tasks and improve short-term memory.

Effect of benzodiazepines

There is tolerance to the sedative effects, so when the drugs are taken to relieve anxiety there are no problems, but when they are taken for insomnia, more of the drug may be required later to induce sleep. Withdrawal symptoms can include: anxiety, insomnia, restlessness, and agitation. These symptoms are usually gone in one to four weeks. -These drugs are less likely to be abused since they are weak reinforcers of behavior and the slow onset of the drug prevents the sudden "rush" feeling that is characteristic of other drugs. -The drugs are still largely abused along with other drugs such as alcohol or heroin.

Who uses inhalants?

This is the 4th highest drug used among secondary school students, and is mostly used by 11 and 13 year olds. -A critical factor in use is peer influence and poverty. -Use is overrepresented among the poor and those youths suffering emotional challenges in their lives and seeking some form of escape.

Sidestream smoke

Tobacco smoke that is inhaled by nonsmokers from the burning cigarettes of nearby smokers. Also referred to as environmental tobacco smoke, so secondhand smoke. Occurred when tobacco companies created a stronger filter blend formula in the cigarette. smoke was directly inhaled by a non-smoker from a burning cigarette ended up more toxic when originating from a filtered cigarette then it was from an unfiltered one. This smoke is unfiltered and because it is a product of a slightly less intense burning process occurring between puffs, more unburned particles are contained in the smoke. Some carcinogens are so much more concentrated in sidestream smoke than in mainstream smoke that non-smokers end up inhaling as much of it after an hour in a very smoky room as will a smoker after smoking 10 to 15 cigarettes. This smoke also has the ability to cause lung cancer therefore many US states, cities, and communities have an acted last mandating smoke free environment in all public and private work places.

Nicotine withdrawal

Within about six hours after the last cigarette, a smokers heart rate and blood pressure decrease. Over the next 24 hours, symptoms include headache, and inability to concentrate, irritability, drowsiness, fatigue, and insomnia. Most striking about are the strong feelings of craving for a cigarette.

Effects of steroid on women

Women will experience a lower voice, increased facial hair, enlarged clitoris, increased aggressiveness, increased appetite, decreased body fat, diminished menstruation, increased sexual drive, increased acne, decreased breast size, increased body hair, and increased loss of scalp hair.

Can you stop smoking on your own?

Yes, but allow people to support you and help you stop.

sedative-hypnotics

a category of depressant drugs that provide a sense of calm and sleep.

Drug

a chemical substance that, when taken into the body, alters the structure or functioning of the body in some way, excluding those nutrients considered to be related to normal functioning. -the major thing is that it induces a bodily or psychological change on purpose.

Caffeinism

a dangerous state of behavioral and physiological overstimulation from a very large dose of caffeine. Consuming 1000 mg of caffeine over a short period of time results in extreme nervousness and agitation, muscle hyperactivity and twitching, profound insomnia, heart palpitations, gastrointestinal upset, nausea, and diarrhea.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

a group of antidepressant drugs that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin into the presynaptic nerve endings and therefore promote neurotransmission in serotonin pathways. -The net effect is to prolong the action of serotonin at receptors that are sensitive to it. -These antidepressants include: Celexa, Prozac, Lexapro, Paxil, and Zoloft. -These are 2nd generation antidepressant drugs. -The most commonly used medication is Prozac and it is effective at reducing depression symptoms but can cause nausea, sexual dysfunction, and seizures.

Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

a naturally occurring hormone promoting growth, particularly in the long bones of the body. HGH use increases lean body mass, but the increase book does not raise levels of strength or endurance. It produces higher levels of lactate and muscle tissue, leading to fatigue so these people are more likely to develop joint pain and carpal tunnel syndrome. People can also develop acromegaly which is a condition resulting in a coarse and misshapen head, enlarged hands and feet, and damage to various internal organs.

Caffeine

a xanthine stimulant found in coffee, tea, chocolate, soft drinks, and several medications. This is a stimulant because it inhibits an inhibitory factor in brain functioning There is A threshold to caffeine, it won't go over, you won't get stronger effects if you keep drinking.

androgenic

acting to promote masculinizing changes in the body. This means man producing in that the hormone promotes the development of male sex characteristics. As testosterone levels rise during puberty, boys require an enlarged larynx, body hair, and an increase in body size, as well as general changes that make them sexually mature adults.

Psychotropic medication

an alternative term for psychiatric drugs. -drugs used to treat mental illness and are generally prescribed and supervised by psychiatrists. -the pharmacological effects of these drugs move the patient closer to a normal state of mind. -Millions of individuals suffering from schizophrenia, depression, mania, and other serious mental disorders have benefited from these drugs.

carbon monoxide

an extremely toxic gas that prevents blood cells from carrying oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. And odorless, colorless, tasteless, toxic gas. It is formed when the cigarrette burns because the oxidation process is incomplete. Danger in this is that it easily attaches itself to the hemoglobin, the Protein inside red blood cells, occupying those portions of the hemoglobin molecule normally reserved for the transport oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. This is much stronger than oxygen and is also more resistant to detaching itself from hemoglobin, so there is an cumulation of this overtime. The ultimate result of this is a subtle but effective asphyxiation of the body from a lack of oxygen. People who smoke a pack of day accumulate levels of carbon monoxide in the blood of 23 to 35 ppm blood components. This is the primary culprit in producing cardiovascular disease among smokers, as well as causing deficiencies of physiological functioning and behavior.

Adenosine

an inhibitory neurotransmitter that is blocked, or neutralized, by caffeine and other xanthines. The action of this on receptors in the body is the basis for the stimulant properties of these drugs. This binds to receptors on the surface of cells and consequently produces sleepiness, dilation of blood vessels, and construction of bronchi passageways. It also protects the body against theaters; slows down the body's reaction to stress; and lowers heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature. By inhibiting the effects of this, caffeine cause opposite responses to occur.

Inhalants

chemicals that produce breathable vapors. They produce euphoriant and depressant effects when sniffed or inhaled. -these vapors can produce intoxicating effects, and they don't have to be acquired in a pharmacy, a convenience store, a liquor store, or even on the street. They can easily be found under the sink, in the kitchen, bathroom, or in the garage. These drugs can be in the form of laughing gas (nitrous oxide) or ether. -the high from these drugs is over in an hour and the hangover is considered less unpleasant than that following alcohol consumption. These include glues, solvents, paint thinners, lighter fluid, stain removers, hair sprays, deodorants, and spray paints.

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

disease that damages the heart as a result of a restriction of blood flow through coronary arteries. The heart can be damaged by the restriction of blood flow through narrow or blocked coronary artery leading to arteriosclerosis in which the walls of arteries harden and lose their elasticity or atherosclerosis is in which fatty deposits inside arteries impede blood flow. Smoking is responsible for approximately 30% of all coronary heart disease deaths the risk of this doubles if you smoke and quadrupled if you smoke heavily. About 40% of all Americans now alive may die prematurely from some form of heart disease as a result of their smoking behavior. Nicotine causes the constriction of blood vessels, leading to a rise in blood pressure, and also increases platelet adhesiveness in the blood. As a result of a greater adhesiveness, platelets clump together and increase the risk of developing a blood clot. While nicotine is doing its dirty work carbon monoxide makes matters worse. And lack of oxygen puts further strain on the ability of the heart to function under already trying circumstances

antipsychotic drugs

medications used to treat symptoms of schizophrenia. -There are 1st generation, 2nd generation, and 3rd generation drugs. -The most common drugs used today are the 2nd and 3rd generation ones and they allow for a more complete treatment of schizophrenia symptoms, without any Parkinson-like side effects. -The drugs that are prescribed often are: Latuda, Zyprexa, Seroquel, Risperdal, Geodon, and Abilify. -side effects of these drugs can include: weight gain, high blood sugar, and diabetes.

Prescription drugs

medicinal drugs available to the public only when approved by a medical professional and dispensed by a licensed pharmacist. These drugs require a signature from a doctor which certifies that you are taking one of these drugs for a medical condition. The quantity of the drug that you are allowed to purchase at any one time is specified and the limit on the number of refills offers some control over the drug's use for an extended period of time. -Only licensed physicians, nurse practitioners, or dentists are allowed to make prescriptions and only registered pharmacists are permitted to fill these prescriptions and dispense these drugs to the consumer.

Between one-third and one-half..

of all homeless adults have been diagnosed with a severe mental disorder.

Cigarettes

rolls of shredded tobacco wrapped in paper, today usually fitted at the mouth end with a filter. These first became popular among British soldiers, Who had adopted the practice from the turks. The United States does not support the use of this because cigars were popular during this time. A cigarette was looked upon as a dainty, sissy version of the he-man cigar; cigars were fat, long, and dark, where as cigarettes or slander, short, and light. Cigarette manufacturers had to rely instead on a powerful marketing advantage: low cost. There was a machine that produced 200 cigs a minute.