PSYC 3570 Exam #2

Who is affected by stereotype threat?

-Any group stereotyped negatively in a particular context -Influences performance negatively -Seen in most studies of women & black americans.

What are the potential benefits of arranged marriages?

-Approval of parents, extended family, & society -Financial support -Emotional support -Childcare support

Positive contact

-Common goals (shared, superordinate goal) -Intergroup cooperation: creates a common in-group identity -Equal status -Social norms, institutions that promote equality -Person, one-on-one interaction.

Explicit social support

-Direct and proactive -Asking for advice -Asking for assistance -Asking for emotional support

Imbalance in Qi

-Especially in China -Imbalance in qi ("vital energy") creates disease -Balance yin (cold, darkness, moon) and yang (hot, sun, light) -Traditional Chinese medicine seeks to rebalance qi

Characteristics of marriage in the non-western world

-Expected age to get married is younger; child brides -Arranged marriages by parents or matchmakers are more common; introduction only arranged marriages in SA, Indian, Japan, Iran; forced marriages in rural Afghanistan -Romantic love is not a must. -Important to have children to continue the family name. -Divorce is less acceptable.

Symptoms of dhat

-Fatigue -Weakness -Body aches -Severe headaches -Suicidal feelings -Heart palpitations -Insomnia -Loss of appetite If u didn't know about the disorder, you could misdiagnosed with major depression.

Implicit social support

-Indirect way of reminding yourself of close others or just being in their company. -No explicit disclosure -Calling a friend just to say hi (without mentioning your problem) -Visiting your parents (without discussing your issue)

Characteristics of marriage in the Western world

-Marriage is typically the union of two adult individuals. -Marriages are typically based on free choice. -Romantic love is often a prerequisite for a marriage union. -Having children is a choice. -Divorce is relatively straightforward, not too much judgement in society.

Difficulties of research on acculturation

-People migrate for different reasons--as refugees, to seek wealth, to study. -People migrate to different contexts--cultural ghettos, homogenous neighborhoods, cultures that actively discriminate against them. -People's heritage cultures vary in similarity to the culture of the new environment. -Individuals have different personalities, goals, motivations.

Jonathan Haidt's moral foundations

-Suggested that ethic of autonomy consists of avoiding harm and protecting fairness. -Ethic of community consists of loyalty to in-groups (e.g., family, friends, country) and respect for hierarchy (e.g., older family members, boss, professor) -Ethic of divinity consists of achieving purity (e.g., keeping body and soul pure).

Reasons contact with others from different background is not easy

-Systemic issues -Context is not diverse -Being around people who are like ourselves is more comfortable, and people are able to better predict their behavior.

Culture based idioms of distress

-The ways people express that they are ill -Mannerisms, figures of speech, emphasis on certain symptoms and not others

Consequences of stereotype threat

-Underperformance -Discounting stereotyped domain ("I don't care about school") = may make them give up on this domain and perform worse bc of lack of effort

Acculturation strategies depend on what?

1. Attitudes toward host culture (+/-) -Does the individual participate in the larger society of the host culture? -Do they seek to fit in? 2. Attitudes toward heritage culture (+/-) -Does the individual seek ways to preserve the traditions of their heritage culture.

Western non-dialectical thinking

1. Contradiction must be resolved -In favor of one side or the other 2. The world is relatively static 3. Separate the individual from the whole; analytical perception

Main factors that influence people's adjustment to a new culture

1. Cultural distance 2. Personality fit with culture 3. Homogeneity of host culture. 4. Host culture's model of multiculturalism

Four aspects of mental and physical health affected by culture

1. Disorders 2. Symptoms of these disorders 3. Diagnoses 4. Treatments.

Two explanations to explain universality and cultural variability of Kohlberg's model.

1. Education system in the West prepares people for the third level. 2. Cultures encounter different challenges, and moral systems develop in response to particular cultural environments. -There may be moral values that Kohlberg's model does not include. -Ex: importance of reputation in honor cultures: behaviors that are considered immoral are different in these cultures than in others.

Shweder's three moral ethics

1. Ethic of Autonomy 2. Ethic of Community 3. Ethic of Divinity

Four stages of Morita therapy

1. Total bed rest and isolation for 4 to 10 days. -Totally inactive and not permitted to converse, read, write, or listen to radio. 2. Next 7 to 14 days: -Out of bed, allowed in garden to do light work -Begins to write in diary for the doctor but other human contact is forbidden. 3. Next 1-2 weeks: -Instructed to do heavier work -Continue diary and attend lectures from doctor on self-control, the evils of egocentricity, and so forth. 4. Gradual return to full social life and former occupation -Continues contact with doctor and attends group sessions with other patients in outpatient.

Contraindication in close relationships

1. Westerners: contraindications cause tension or anxiety; they must be resolved. 2. Chinese: view the world as opposites that work tg in balance, so having conflict or being different can be completely normal.

Four acculturation strategies

1. integration 2. assimilation 3. separation 4. marginalization

Immigrant

A person who voluntarily moves to a different country and plans to live there permanently.

Culture and fairness in Americans

Adopt the principle of equity (i.e. giving money to more effective worker), with least popular one being to adopt the principle of need (i.e. give more money to the one who was in poor financial situation).

Culture and fairness in Indians

Adopt the principle of need more, and the principle of equity less.

Advantages and disadvantages of integration

Advantages: -Associated with the least acculturative stress -Incorporates protective features (e.g., lack of prejudice, access to two support groups). Disadvantages: -May be difficult to achieve.

Advantages and disadvantages of assimilation

Advantages: -One can make use of the protective features associated with fitting into the host culture. -Less prejudice Disadvantages: -Accompanied by loss of social support network from heritage culture.

Advantages and disadvantages of separation

Advantages: -Social support from heritage culture continues. Disadvantages: -One loses the protective features associated with fitting into the host culture. -Individuals may be rejected by the host culture.

Advantages and disadvantages of marginalization

Advantages: -Unknown Disadvantages: -Least successful strategy -Associated with a weakened social support system

Asylum seeker

An individual who has sought international protection and whose claim for refugee status has not yet been determined; thus their status is temporary and the reason behind their move to a different country is involuntary, such as running away from war.

Host culture's model of multiculturalism

Approach to diversity and multiculturalism -US model considered melting pot: people are brought tg under one (American) identity and their heritage identities are melted away. -Canada's model considered salad bowl: people maintain the characteristics of their heritage culture, at the same time become part of the greater host culture.

Touching pulse

Done in TCM Feeling pulse, as spots on wrist correlate to specific organs in the body, in which illness may be located.

Tongue examination

Done in TCM Tongue is viewed as a "piece of litmus paper that reveals the basic qualities of disharmony" Red: normal Pale: deficient qi Redder than normal: heat condition Purple: stagnant qi Tongue fur reveals state of digestive system. -Thin: can be normal, but can indicate deficiency -Thick: a sign of some sort of excess -Dry, like sandpaper: excess yang or fire, or excess fluids -White fur: sign of cold

What are the indigenous treatments in the U.S. for physical illnesses?

Drugs, physical therapy

Honeymoon phase

First few days of your move, feeling like a tourist with everything looking new, interesting, and exciting. -Feelings towards host culture would be primarily positive.

Ethic of autonomy

Focuses on individual freedoms and rights--especially choice and individual liberty. -Concerned with whether one was harmed, denied their rights, acted unfairly, tried to dominate someone else.

Cultural distance

How similar or different the two cultures are. -The more similar one's heritage culture is to the host culture, the less acculturative stress. Examples: -Language: Latin America -> Spain -Friendship, relationships, etc.

Morita therapy

Japanese indigenous therapy -Source of psychological problems is nonacceptance of one's own reality (based on Buddhist principles). -lasts between 4 and 8 weeks is divided into 4 stages. Goal: acceptance of a person's reality on secondary control

People who have distinctly different physical characteristics from the host culture are more prone to pursue ______________ or ____________.

Marginalization; separation

Positive and negative behaviors r/t purity/sanctity

Positive: abstain from drinking and smoking; remain chaste Negative: cook & eat your dog if it dies from natural causes; have sex with a lot of people

Positive and negative behaviors r/t fairness/reciprocity

Positive: give money back to a cashier who made a mistake in counting. Negative: cheat in a game of cards played for money with some people you don't know well.

Positive and negative behaviors r/t harm/care

Positive: give money to a charity. Negative: hit a person; kick a dog hard

Positive and negative behaviors r/t authority

Positive: run an errand for your favorite professor if requested. Negative: make a disrespectful hand gesture to your professor or boss

Positive and negative behaviors r/t loyalty

Positive: sacrifice for one's family; be loyal to country. Negative: burn your country's flag in private; neglect to visit sick mother in hospital

Three principles used to define fairness

Principle of *need* Principle of *equality* Principle of *equity*

What are some experiences Western individuals with depression report?

Psychologization--experiencing symptoms in your *mind* (guilt, suicidal thoughts, feeling "down").

What are the indigenous treatments in the U.S. for mental illnesses?

Psychotherapy, counseling, drugs, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Secondary control

Tendency to adjust yourself to accept the circumstances as they are. -Common in collectivistic cultures. -I.e. your parents say that they need your help this weekend in the house. Instead of saying no to your parents, you don't join your friends and you adjust your behavior and emotions accordingly. -Assumption that a trusted decision maker will have your best interest at heart: more motivated to choose own game if ingroup member made the choice for them.

Primary control

Tendency to change the circumstances to fit your desires. -Common in individualistic cultures. -I.e. you and your friends are going to hang out this weekend and you try to convince them to see a particular movie.

Confirmation bias

Tendency to notice information that supports our views and beliefs and to ignore contrary information.

Beliefs about the priority of marriage in the U.S.

a) Emphasize separation and a boundary with the family-of-origin. b) Value marriage relationship over parent-adult child relationship

Beliefs about the priority of marriage in Taiwan

a) Marriage is strongly integrated with the extended family. -join each other's family of origin, and will be in close proximity and contact with them. b) Value filial piety over marriage relationship. -Filila piety: gratitude, respect, and obligation to one's parents

self-fulfilling prophecy

an expectation that causes you to act in ways that make that expectation come true.

Dhat

belief that they are leaking semen, which is considered to be the most important essential element. mainly observed among South Asian young men -especially common among conservative Hindu communities who believe that celibacy is a source of strength.

Traditional prejudice

believing in biological inferiority of certain groups, openly express negative attitude toward group blatant racism: "I don't like people from X background."

Microaggression

brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to those who belong to a minority groups. -types: questions, comments, assumptions, jokes. -i.e. "You speak English well!"; "Where are you REALLY from?"

Why does Asian culture feel symptoms more physically?

due to dialecticism, especially the principle of holism (everything is connected) also due to display rules that suppress the expression of negative emotions in public, so they may not feel comfortable talking about negative emotions.

Acculturation curve

honeymoon, culture shock, adjustment

Assimilation

individual attempts to fit in a fully participate in host culture and rejects one's heritage culture. -Occurs if people feel positively towards host culture but negatively towards heritage culture.

Discrimination

negative treatment perpetrated against a group of people based on their membership. -hate crimes, abuse, assault, slurs -hiring and promotion decisions (10% of CEO's being non-white in US). -subtle and ambiguous

Modern prejudice

outwardly acting unprejudiced but inwardly maintaining negative attitude modern (symbolic; aversive; implicit) racism: beliefs about minorities or immigrants that appear positive/neutral, but racism is revealed in subtle, indirect ways.

Sojourners

people who move into new cultural contexts for a limited period of time and for a specific purpose, such as for study or business

Acculturation

process by which people migrate to and learn a culture that's different from their heritage culture.

Acupuncture

putting very fine needles into points along the meridians that can rebalance bodily disharmonies. pain relief: -carpal tunnel syndrome: appears promising -headaches/migraines: data are mixed -low back pain: may be useful when conventional tx isn't helpful -neck pain: may be helpful -knee pain: may be helpful

Social support

receiving information from others that you are being loved, valued, and cared for. universal clear psychological and physical health benefits: -reduces likeliness of illness -speeds up recovery culturally variable: -likelihood of seeking social support -method of seeking social support

Principle of need

resources are directed toward those who need them the most

Principle of equity

resources are distributed based on an individual's contributions

Principle of equality

resources should be shared equally among members of a group

Culture shock

the start of struggling in new place, and feelings towards host culture may become negative. -inadequacy, anxiety, confusion, depression, etc.

Analysis paralysis

too many choices can delay or prevent choosing all together. -More prone to make mistakes or bad choices. -Less satisfied with a choice; think about alternatives -> post-decisional dissonance: the unpleasant feeling after making a decision between two or more options.

If person is involved in melting pot strategy, they are expected to endorse the ________ strategy. But if the host culture has prejudice against one's heritage culture, the person is more likely to choose _____________ or ____________ strategies.

Assimilation; marginalization; separation.

What are the binding foundations?

Authority, loyalty, purity -Focus more on the need for groups to promote order and cohesion.

Recognition of change in East Asian collectivistic view

Believe that people are malleable and can change to fit into a situation. -Called the *incremental theory*. Relationships succeed bc the two partners are willing to change and adjust to fit tg with each other. -Consequently, may be less motivated to look for partners as similar to themselves.

Who are the clinicians in China and how do they diagnose?

Both modern and traditional medicine doctors, counselors... Tongue examination, touching pulse

Bulimia & anorexia

Bulimia: involves binge eating and induced vomiting Anorexia: self-starvation, refusing to maintain normal weight, and being intensely fearful of gaining weight. Mainly Western disorders bc of thin body image promoted in media. -If seen in others, it's from greatest Western influence. -Moreover, if seen in others, they report lack of appetite or feeling bloated as main reasons for not eating, not for fear of gaining weight.

Morality at preconventional level

Calculating what provides the best overall return, mostly having to do with fulfilling one's own needs and desires (internal standards).

Extended family systems

Collectivistic cultures value • Social roles and pressures are the binding force • Arranged marriages • People are defined and act mostly as a member of a long-term group, such as the family, kin group, or a village among others.

How do you acknowledge cultural diversity w/o engaging in micro aggressions?

1. Situation matters -At a cultural event/class vs "out of the blue" -Friend vs stranger 2. Let the other person guide the convo, especially if u don't know them. 3. Avoid questions that make assumptions.

How we can reduce intergroup bias and conflict?

1. Stereotype suppression -Some studies say not effective, as it can backfire and make people think about them even more. -Others say effective if sufficient motivation, norms, and cognitive resources. 2. Perspective taking (e.g. non-Black individuals writing an easy on "day in the life" of a Black individual) -More effective than suppression, no rebound effects. 3. Contact hypothesis: contact with outgroup members can reduce prejudice -We come to see similarities btwn ourselves and members of the group.

What are the challenges of acculturation?

1. Stereotypes (cognitive) 2. Prejudice (affective) 3. Discrimination (behavioral)

Chinese dialecticism

1. Tolerance of contradiction -The world is composed of opposites that work tg in harmony/ 2. Expectation of change -the world is constantly changing, and the change in bidirectional--both good and bad, forward and backward, and so on. 3. Holism -all parts of the world are connected, and people or events cannot be understood in isolation from their context.

Ethic of community

Conforming to the roles and duties of a community or social hierarchy. -Concerned with whether someone showed a lack of loyalty, betrayed their group, or failed to fulfill the duties of their role.

Morality at postconventional level

Considering abstract, universal ethic principles that emphasize justice and individual rights by logically extending these principles.

Which moral ethic(s) is/are emphasized in individualistic cultures?

Ethic of autonomy. -Focuses on individual freedoms and rights.

Which moral ethic(s) is/are emphasized in collectivistic cultures.

Ethics of community and divinity -Focus on interpersonal obligations (e.g., being loyal to ones family and friends) and on transcendent authority.

Homogeneity of the host culture

Ethnic and racial makeup of the host culture. -For some people, they can never adjust to the host culture if host culture is ethically homogenous and the person's background is very different from dominant ethnic identity.

Perception of one's partner in U.S.

Expected to endorse positive attributes highly and negative attributes weakly. -I.e. "My spouse is a very good person; he/she has few weaknesses."

Stereotype threat

Fear of confirming a negative stereotype about one's group. -Letting down or failing your group. -I.e. being a women and aware of stereotype about women being bad at math, then going into a math test and impairing performance.

Adjustment period

Feeling more adjusted and more positive towards the host culture, as u become more comfortable with the language and more knowledgeable of the cultural practices in your new country.

What are the individualizing foundations?

Harm/care, fairness/reciprocity -Focus on the individual!

What are the traditional Chinese medicine treatments?

Herbal medicine, massage, coping, acupuncture, moxybustion

Prejudice

Hostile or negative attitude towards a group of people based on their membership.

Who are the clinicians in the US and how do they diagnose?

Physicians, psychiatrists, clinical/counseling psychologists Blood tests, X-rays...

Decision making dilemma

If given the opportunity to only be able to help your mother or spouse, who would you choose? -In U.S.: most people would choose spouse. -In Taiwan: most people would choose mother.

People from collectivistic cultures prefer and benefit from __________ social support.

Implicit. -receive the benefits of social support -no relational risks.

Integration

Individual attempts to fit in and fully participate in host culture, while also maintaining heritage culture; most common. -If people feel positively towards their heritage and host culture, they may choose this strategy.

Separation

Individual maintains heritage culture and does not try to fit in with host culture. -Endorsed by those who feel positively towards their heritage culture but negatively towards the host culture.

Nuclear family systems

Individualistic cultures value • Love is the main binding force of the relationship • Love marriages • People expected to develop and display their individual personalities and to choose their own affiliations.

A culture that values cultural diversity and multiculturalism is more likely to encourage _________.

Integration

Stereotypes can influence how the same events are ____________.

Interpreted. -Once we try to prove that there is a correlation, we start interpreting things differently. -I.e. when we see two little kids being rough with each other, we may have different conclusions about each kid depending on their race.

Kohlberg's stage theory of morality

Most influential model of moral reasoning that proposes universal progression through three levels: preconventional, conventional, postconventional. -Progression is assumed to be sequential and universal, meaning that no one around the world can jump from the preconventional lvl to the postconventional level.

People from collectivistic cultures are ______ willing to directly ask for social support.

Less. -More unsolicited social support -Believe that personal problems should be resolved personally. -More concerned about the potentially negative consequences of social seeking. -Relationship concerns about losing face, disrupting group harmony, and receiving criticism

Perception of one's partner in China

More likely to acknowledge both the positive and negative aspects of their partner.

Marginalization

Negative attitudes toward both host and heritage cultures; relatively rare.

Stereotypes

Overgeneralization about a group of people, where certain traits are assigned to all groups members. -Can be positive (i.e. women are nurturing) or negative (i.e. women are irrational). Categorizing people quickly is something that helped our ancestors with determining who is friend or foe, but acting on these is problematic.

Illusory correlation

Perception that two variables are related when in reality, no/minor relationship exists. -Process that leads to formation of stereotypes. -Want to prove that relationship exists, leading to confirmation bias.

Ethic of divinity

Sanctity of things, involving the preservation of the natural order established by some transcendent authority (e.g., God). -One is obligated to preserve the standards mandated by a transcendent authority; usually involves a belief that God has created a sacred world, which one must respect and preserve.

Morality

Sets of values, practices, institutions, and evolved psychological mechanisms that work together to suppress or regulate selfishness and make social life possible.

What are some experiences Asian individuals with depression report?

Somatization--experiencing *physical* symptoms (headaches, insomnia, dizziness, fatigue, pain).

Cultural fit

The degree to which one's personality is similar to the dominant cultural values in the host culture. -Extraverts fare well in a largely extraverted culture, such as the US, but have more problems fitting in in less extraverted cultures, such as Singapore. -People with more independent self-concepts suffer less distress in acculturating to the U.S. than those with more interdependent self-concepts.

Morality and political affiliation

The extent to which one holds onto these different foundations can be predicted by political affiliation. Universally supported. I.e. people who are very liberal tend to emphasize harm and fairness more than the three binding foundations, whereas conservatives think all five are important.

Naikan therapy

Treatment from Japan focusing on introspection and gratitude. -Suggest that being ungrateful is the reason of our mental issues. Goals: -The discovery of gratitude towards individuals who have extended themselves on behalf of the client at some time in the past. -The discovery of personal, authentic guilt for having been ungrateful and troublesome to others in the past.

Morality at conventional level

Trying to maintain and facilitate social order by following rules, and not questioning where the rules come from (external standards).

Hikikimori

Typical response to drop out of social world, often barricading oneself in a room for years as a result of failing to succeed in a social world where there are few options for those who don't fit in. -Primarily observed in Japan; more common among eldest sons of families bc of pressure of them to carry on family name and concerns about being successful.

Universal or cultural variability in preconventional level

Universal: no adult reasons only at this level, but children reason at this level.

Universal or cultural variability in conventional level

Universal: there are adults that reason at this level in all cultural groups.

Universal or culturally variability in postconventional level

Variable: no one from tribal societies reason at this level. -Mostly seen among the Western urban populations.

Recognition of change in Western individualistic view

View individuals as relatively stable and unchangeable. -Called the *entity theory*. Consequently, they tend to look for a mate who is similar to them or who fits them, bc it is thought that people cannot change themselves in a relationship. -In this viewpoint, relationships succeed bc a person has found the "right" person.