PSYC 380 Chapter 11 Goals

Which goal type is more precise and less dependent on others?

performance and process goals

Which goal types help during performance as well as before performance?

performance and process goals

What are six common problems in goal-setting?

· Convincing students, athletes, and exercisers to set goals · Failing to set specific goals · Setting too many goals too soon · Failing to adjust goals · Failure to recognize individual differences · Not providing goal follow-up and evaluation

How does goal-setting have both direct and indirect mechanisms of influencing performance?

· Indirect thought process view: o Goals influence performance indirectly by affecting psychological factors, such as anxiety, confidence, and satisfaction · Mechanistic Theory (Direct view) o Direct attention to the important elements of the skill o Mobilize performer's efforts o Prolong performer's persistence, and o Foster the development of new learning strategies

Define, explain, compare subjective goals

· Subjective goals: o General statements of intent § E.g. having fun or doing your best

How does experience with goal setting affect one's ability to set goals?

· The more experience athletes have with goal setting, the better they are at developing effective goal-setting strategies

How does hope relate to goal setting and goal attainment?

· The thinking process whereby people have an overall perception that goals can be met and the skills to go about achieving those goals · High in hope have a sense of goal-directed determination or agency and planning of ways to meet goals or labeled pathways

What are the top three goals for athletes? What level of difficulty do athletes prefer when setting goals?

· Top three goals for athletes: o Improving performance o Winning o Enjoyment · Athletes prefer moderately difficult, difficult, and very difficult goals

What is the 4W system? What does each W stand for?

· Wish power o Identifying dream goals · Want power o Realistic short- and long-term goals that lead to one's dream goal · Way power o Developing multiple plans and strategies for achieving one's goals · Will power o The determination and discipline required for working toward goals and overcoming obstacles that arise while achieving them

Which goal type(s) leads to anxiety? How?

too much focus on a performance and process goals (e.g. running a personal best)

What are SMARTS goals? What does each letter stand for?

· Characteristics of effective goals o Specific o Measurable o Action oriented o Realistic o Timely o Self-determined

Principles of Goal Setting Be able to recognize how to effectively use the principal to set good goals

1. Set specific goals. 2. Set moderately difficult but realistic goals. 3. Set long- and short-term goals (staircase) 4. Set performance and process goals as well as outcome goals. (several performance for every outcome goal) 5. Set practice and competition goals. 6. Record goals. 7. Develop goal achievement strategies. 8. Consider participants' personalities and motivations. 9. Foster an individual's goal commitment. 10. Provide goal support. 11. Provide evaluation of and feedback about goals.

what barriers to college athletes report?

o Lack of time, stress, fatigue, academic pressure, and social relationships

Do males or females set more goals?

females

Do athletes typically write down their goals?

no

Define, explain, compare objective goals

o Attaining a specific standard of proficiency on a task, usually in a specified time § Outcome, performance, process

When coaches set group goals, what are the six things they should do?

o Establish long term goals first o Establish clear paths of short-term goals en route to the long term goals o Involve all members of the team in establishing team goals o Monitor progress toward team goals o Reward progress made toward team goals o Foster collective team confidence or efficacy concerning team goals

Define, explain, compare outcome goals

o Focus on a competitive result of an event (e.g. beating someone) o Can facilitate short-term motivation but often lead to anxiety before and during competition

Define, explain, compare performance goals

o Focus on achieving standards of performance or objectives independently of other competitors- usually making comparisons with one's own previous performance

Define, explain, compare process goals

o Focus on the actions an individual must engage in during performance to execute or perform well

What goal barriers do Olympians report?

o Lack of confidence, lack of goal feedback, too many goals or conflicting goals, lack of time, work commitments, and family and personal relationships