PSYC 405-- Exam #2
Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of _____ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units.
error back propagation-
Information remains in sensory memory for
seconds or a fraction of a second.
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of
short-term memory.
The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when
the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.
The dramatic case of patient H.M. clearly illustrates that ____ is crucial for the formation of LTMs.
the hippocampus
The word-length effect reveals that
the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.
Transfer-appropriate processing is likely to occur if
the type of encoding task matches the type of retrieval task.
Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called
transfer-appropriate processing.
One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that
we are not conscious we are using it.
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that
working memory is concerned with both holding and processing information.
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?
MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words?
Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned
According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on the depth at which information is
encoded
The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
15-20 Seconds
Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird.
583: 653: 518 msec
Which of the following sets of results shows evidence of proactive interference with a three-trial recall task? (Note: Read the selections as percent correct for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3)
80% : 40% : 30% correct
Lamar has just gotten a new job and is attending a company party where he will meet his colleagues for the first time. His boss escorts him around to small groups to introduce him. At the first group, Lamar meets four people and is told only their first names. The same thing happens with a second group and a third group. At the fourth group, Lamar is told their names and that one of the women in the group is the company accountant. A little while later, Lamar realizes that he only remembers the names of the people in the first group, though he also remembers the profession of the last woman he met (the accountant). Lamar's experience demonstrates
A build-up and release of proactive interference
Which of the following is the most accurate statement regarding post-event information and the misinformation effect?
Even when participants are told that the post-event information is incorrect, the misinformation effect can still occur.
Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?
It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.
Which approach to categorization involves forming a standard representation based on an average of category members that a person has encountered in the past?
Prototype
Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" or "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the _____ approach to categorization.
Prototype If the stated color is more like the prototype for that color, and the subsequent perceptual experience matches the prototype, the task is easier to perform
Which of the following is NOT an example of an implicit memory?
Semantic memory (explicit memory)
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned This has to do with the phonological loop, not the visual-spatial
Compared to the whole-report technique, the partial-report procedure involves
a smaller response set. Same amount of stimuli, just have to report less
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for
adolescence and young adulthood
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented
after the event.
Neuropsychological evidence indicates that STM and LTM probably
are caused by different mechanisms that act independently
A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying
articulatory suppression.
Participants saw a film in which a hammer was shown. Later, they heard a description of the film that substituted a screwdriver for the hammer. Participants were tested later by being asked whether they saw a hammer or a wrench in the original film. The result of this experiment
argued against the hypothesis that original memories are lost as they are replaced by later false information.
In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the word sleep, false memory occurs because of
constructive memory processes.
How is cognitive economy represented in the following example? The property _____ is stored at the _____ node.
can fly; bird
Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the
cognitive hypothesis this is the idea that we remember best the periods of rapid change followed by rapid stability, which is the case described.
Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network
connection weights.
The process of back propagation is most closely associated with
connectionist networks.
Bartlett's experiment in which English participants were asked to recall the "War of the Ghosts" story that was taken from the French Indian culture illustrated the
constructive nature of memory. People from different cultures remembered different things based on their own cultures' myths
Connectionist neural network models are said to show the property of graceful degradation. If a system has this property, this means that
damage to the system doesn't completely disrupt its operation
Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to _____, but later research showed that it was actually due to _____.
decay; interference
When investigating the serial position curve, delaying the memory test for 30 seconds
decreases the recency effect information is still in STM; if you delay the memory test it's no longer in the 15-20 second duration of STM
Cohen and Squire ran a study in which they showed that amnesiac patients could improve their speed of reading mirror-reversed words with practice, even though the same patients could not remember any word they had just read. This supports a distinction between:
implicit and explicit memory while these patients couldn't necessarily successfully store implicit memories, it appears they were capable of encoding and remembering explicit memories
Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that
information in sensory memory fades within 1 or 2 seconds
Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants
make more errors in their recollections.
The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is
manipulated
A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they
may differ from one task to another
STM's capacity is best estimated as seven (plus or minus two)
meaningful units
Donald Hebb proposed that memory is represented in the brain by structural changes in all of the following EXCEPT the
neurotransmitters everything involving the synapse is involved in memory, and undergoes structural changes.
Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND
pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?
Spreading activation in the Semantic Network model
primes associated concepts spreading activation is a method for searching semantic networks
Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill's memory is declining over the course of the week because other information she encounters is "competing" with that which she memorized on Monday. This process is called
proactive interference. refers to how information from earlier days makes it more difficult to remember info from newer days
Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because
saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.
You've learned about the serial position curve. Much of the relevant research we discussed describes this curve using a free recall task (participants are free to recall words in any order they choose). Imagine that you conducted a "remembering a list" experiment using a serial recall task (participants must recall words in the same order they were presented). What would you predict for the results?
a diminished recency effect, relative to free recall
According to the S-F (Sensory Function) hypothesis, the brain stores living things concepts and non-living things concepts
in overlapping networks consisting of sensory and functional attributes.
When Keppel and Underwood tested Peterson and Peterson's claim that forgetting in short term memory is only due to decay they looked at the data from only 3 trials and discovered that the longer they waited to ask the subject to recall the information
the worse the subject performed but only on the second and third trials, thus showing an interference effect.