PSYC 602 Exam 1

EEA refers to: a) The environment humans live in today b) The most prominent evolutionary research association c) The period that hunters and gatherers lived in d) The universality of the human environment in terms of the adaptations seen

C

2. The genetic code of all living things is the same. a) True b) False

A

According to Gardner, many of our fears are ____ when compared w the actual dangers we face. A. Irrational B Rational

A

According to evol psych, why do women generally have more empathy than men? A. the offspring of women who felt little or no empathy did not survive, thus their genes didn't survive. Vice-versa B. Women must be empathetic to be gatherers while men did not need this trait to be hunters C. Women are not more empathetic than men. Opposite is true D. None

A

According to the Pagel article, what needs to be present for social learning to take place? A. The ability to copy and imitate B. The ability to speak C.Interaction between two humans D. The ability to listen E. None of the above

A

Dewaal suggests that the ability to inflict pain on another comes from understanding how another will feel as a result of the pain. This thought process uses... A. theory of mind B. hierarchy of structure C. Natural selection D. costly signaling

A

For natural selection to occur, there must be at least... a) two varieties of a species. b) two species in competition. c) three variations of the same species. d) one or more natural disaster like a drought or famine. e) human influence on a small scale.

A

What are the two forms of sexual selection? A. Competition for a mate B. Short-term mating C. Preferences for a mate D. Both A and C

A

What is an example of another species equivalent to "conspicuous consumption", which is seen in humans? A. a peacock's feathers B. a spider's 8th eye C. dog's tail D. crab's claw

A

What is one of Tinbergen's Levels of Explanation A. Ultimate B. Proximal C. Naturalistic Fallacy D. Explanations

A

What is one proposed reason for males being more violent across species? a. Intrasexual competition b. Throughout history, males in any given species have had to be more violent in order to provide c. Being violence increases their appeal to possible mates d. They aren't actually violent across species.

A

What is the theory that states that those organisms best adapt to their environment have a better chance of surviving and reproducing? A. Natural Selection B. Evolution C. Common Ancestry D. Homologous Structures

A

Which is the best definition of Evolution? A. The theory that organisms today developed from more simple life forms and have changed over time. B. Genetic variations are passed on through reproduction C. The theory that states that organisms best adapted to their environment have a better chance of surviving and reproducing. D. The theory that organisms can change their traits during their lifetime by use or disuse.

A

Which of the following are tenants of the Standard Social Science Model (SSSM) that evolutionary psychologists take issue with? i. The mind is a blank slate and humans have very few innate instincts. ii. Behavior can be thought of as the result of an interaction between nature and nurture. iii. The mind functions as a general-purpose problem solver that enables us to take in many different types of input and produce many variations in behavioral output. iv. The SSSM overemphasizes the importance of biology in producing human behavioral differences. a. i., iii. b. i., ii., iv. c. i., iv. d. ii., iii.

A

Which of the following is absolutely necessary in order for natural selection to occur? A. At least 2 varieties of a species. B. Different ecosystems on a planet. C. A very humid and hot climate in the jungle. D. Predators

A

Which of the following is not one of Darwin's arguments? A. Natural populations can grow linearly. B. Natural populations are relatively stable. C. Those best suited to their environment will have the most offspring. D. Over many generations, natural selection builds individuals that are adapted to their environment.

A

Which of these is an example of intersexual selection? A. a male peacock attracting a female peacock with his brightly colored feathers. B. two lions fighting for access to viable females C. a boy wearing blue bc it's his crush's favorite color D. A & C

A

Which of the following is true of pre-Darwin beliefs about evolution? A. Organisms could modify features over their lifetime and these acquired traits could be passed genetically to offspring B. Organisms could modify features over their lifetime but these traits would not be passed genetically to their offspring. C. The ideas that perpetuated before Darwin's concept of evolution have been completely discredited. D. Both A and C E. Both B and C

A.

According to Gardner, we have 2 systems of thinking. What are they and how do they work? A. Reasoning system works fast and the gut/feeling also works fast B. Reasoning - slow and Gut/feeling - fast C. Reasoning - fast and Gut/feeling slow D. Reasoning - slow and gut/feeling slow

B

All of the following are results of this paper's study (one and two) except D, which is a direct contradiction to the findings of the study. There was no main effect of power on women's conspicuous consumption, but there were interaction effects, which are described above (a., b., and c.). 3. Which pair of comparisons most closely matches Gardner's description of System One and System Two a. System One: Feeling as System Two: Instinct b. System One: Feeling as System Two: Logic c. System One: Instinct as System Two: Fear d. System One: Feeling as System Two: Intuition

B

Evolution is the theory that... a) organisms today developed from more complex life forms and have changed over time b) organisms today developed from more simple life forms and have changed over time c) organisms today have always been the exact same throughout time d) modern humans used to be monkeys e) organisms today can change their traits during their lifetime by use or disuse

B

It was originally theorized that evolutionary changes took place of periods of hundreds of years, now there's evidence it happens _______ A. much slower B. much quicker C. originally expected D. constant rate

B

Jean Pierre Lamar believed which of the following? a) Natural selection leads to evolution b) Animals can change their traits throughout their lifetime c) The changes animals undergo throughout their life do not get passed onto offspring d) Humans are done evolving

B

Natural selection can also be described as "survival of the fittest" but this phrase is often misunderstood. "survival of the fittest" when properly interpreted, means ____ A. survival of the biggest and strongest of a species B. survival of those best fit to their environment C. survival of those best matching the others in their species D. none of the above

B

Researchers in the 1990s asked people about their concern for nine risks. What did the researchers find about people's perception of risk compared to actual risk? A. When considering actual risk, people are accurate judges of perceived risk. B. People's perceived risk was unrelated to actual risk. C. People's perceived risk was strongly correlated to actual risk. D. People's perceived risk had a strong inverse relationship to actual risk.

B

There are two types of peppered moths: a lightly colored and a darkly colored. Due to the environment changing during the Industrial Revolution, all the trees' bark became dark. According to natural selection, which type of peppered moth would be more likely to survive and pass their genes? A. Light-colored moths B. Dark-colored moths C. Both would have an equal likelihood of surviving and mating. D. Both are unlikely to survive.

B

What is the main purpose of perception according to evolutionary psychology? a. to gain knowledge of our surroundings b. to guide action c. to see other people d. to make up for other senses that aren't as keen

B

Which of the following has to do the most with consciousness? a. Sensation b. Perception c. Both A & B d. None of the above

B

Which of the following is NOT a factor that prevents selection from reducing to a single favorable allele? A. Environmental Variation - diff environments making different features favorable B. Selective Mating - specific traits being more attractive to the opposite gender c. Heterozygote Superiority - heterozygotes sometimes having more advantages than homozygotes D. Frequency dependent selection - fitness depending on how common a phenotype is in the population E. Mutation - new alleles arising through random mutation

B

Which of the following is not one of the key human traits we want to signal to people? A.) Health B.) Style C.) Attractiveness D.) Intelligence

B

Which of the following would speed up the rate of evolution if increased? (best answer) A) rainfall B) reproductive rates C) environmental research D) cross-species breeding

B

Which of the tasted are suggested to be the most important occurring to the Chapter 4 reading? A. Vision B. The chemical senses (taste and smell) C. Hearing D. Pain

B

Which of these is an example of Intrasexual selection? A. a male peacock attracting a female peacock with his brightly colored feathers. B. two lions fighting for access to viable females C. a boy wearing blue bc it's his crush's favorite color D. none

B

Which of these is the correct reason that Darwin hypothesized that organisms were different from one another? A. Climate change. B. Different microclimates. C. Every single animal on earth is a separate species from one another. D. All of the above.

B

Which of these was not a type of Darwin's finches? A.) Large ground finch B.) Dull-beaked ground finch C.) Woodpecker finch D.) Medium ground finch

B

Which one of these is an example of costly signaling? A. eating an apple for breakfast B. wearing high heels to impress others C. painting alone D. going to doctor

B

Why is it so challenging to find something that makes humans unique from all other species? A. it isn't. we are completely different from all other species B. all species began from one single ancestor, so we each have very similar characteristics C. it is difficult bc humans are much more complex than every other species D. humans developed from a diff ancestor than every other species

B

Why is it that some humans are lactose intolerant? A. milk was unsafe for us to drink for a long time, so some of us developed a defense mechanism to combat it B. actually it's strange for us to drink milk so late in life, and lactose intolerance is pretty normal C. Random coincidence D. None

B

Why would we have allergies? a. Allergies help to clean out the air pollution that results from industrialization b. Our immune systems haven't need to adjust because we have adapted to environments that are too clean c. Allergies continue to be beneficial to the human population d. Having allergies is actually an adaptation to our changes environment

B

Which of the following traits of adaptation describes a trait that would increase the fitness of neighbors but decrease fitness of yourself? A. selfish trait B. altruistic trait C. Cooperative trait D. spiteful trait E. none of the above

B Selfish- increase your own fitness while decreasing neighbors, altruistic- increase neighbor's fitness while decreasing your own, cooperative- increase both your own and your neighbor's fitness, spiteful- decreasing both your own and your neighbor's fitness. Traits explained more in G&McB chapter 2

According to Jean Pierre Lamarck, organisms ____ A. never changed B. evolved via natural selection C. changed during their lifetime by using or neglecting traits D. none of the above

C

According to evolutionary psychology, the research of _____ is incorrect. A) Darwin B) Freud C) Skinner D) Zimbardo

C

According to the Miller article ("Spent"), humans spend money to signal to others information about themselves. What are some possible reasons to explain why humans do this? A. Much of what people do is for other people (possibly not even consciously). B. Status is a big deal to people, especially if others are aware of their status. C. Both statements are possible reasons. D. Neither statements are possible reasons.

C

According to the article, "Mating Goals Moderate Power's Effect on Conspicuous Consumption Among Women," the researchers found which of the following to be true A. Women do not associate conspicuous brands with higher success in mating goals compared to ordinary brands. B. Women believe that ordinary brands will maximize their attractiveness and signal their partner's loyalty. C. High power appears to increase conspicuous consumption among mate-guarding women. D. Low power appears to increase conspicuous consumption among mate-guarding women.

C

Coevolution refers to _______, and an example of how it impacts the senses is ______? A. Two species following a similar evolutionary path ; whales and dolphins evolving from land dwelling mammals to water dwelling mammals. B. A species that needs the help of another species in order to survive ; hyena's relying on lions to kill prey, so they can scavenge. C. Two species impacting each other's course of evolution ; bats using sonar to track moths and moths having the ability to hear the ultrasound waves to avoid the bats. D. None of the above

C

Darwin used the finches of the Galapagos Island to show his theory of natural selection. How did the finches help film come to some key conclusions? A. they had offspring that different in species B. each bird on the island had a different color coat C. depending on which area of the islands that the finches resided in, they would begin to naturally select which birds were more successful where. thus, many species of finch developed D. the finches were extinct due to their inability to survive the harsh temps of the Galapagos Islands

C

For natural selection to occur there must be A. two separate organisms B. a costly expenditure C. at least two varieties of a species D. a shared environment

C

In 3047 AD, an alien species called Glitterbeasts have been found and brought back to Earth. The male Glitterbeasts are distinctive for having asses which shimmer during mating season. In a scientific test, a male glitterbeast's ass was covered in yellow paint. Given what we know about mate selection, what is the most likely outcome of this action? A - The glitterbeast will be attacked more often by competing mates B - The glitterbeast will experience greater attention from females C - The glitterbeast will be less likely to reproduce that mating season D - The glitterbeast will produce offspring with yellow asses

C

Mendel's model of heredity did NOT posit which of the following? A) Each normal adult carries a pair of genes for each trait. B) Pairs of genes can influence each other's expression. C) Genes can dilute or be reduced when combined with particles (genes) of the mate. D) Only 1 of a parent's pair of genes, for each trait, are passed on when breeding. E) All of the above are true

C

Ron is very excited for his first day at his new school. His goal is to make new friends and even ~hopefully~ attract a love interest. Ron takes all of his lunch money that his mom gave him for the next month and buys some fancy clothes with it instead. Ron shows up to school in his fresh outfits and gets tons of friends because they all love this super fancy clothes. However, poor Ron has to eat granola bars all month because he can't actually buy any food. What idea in evolutionary psychology does this situation demonstrate? a. Ron is not a smart man b. This demonstrates the social learning theory, in which Ron got the that idea wearing nice clothes will help him make friends c. This is the costly signaling theory at it's best d. This is an example of intrasexual competition in which Ron must compete for a love interest

C

What is an example of intrasexual competition? A. Songbird attracting a female with his song. B. Man courting a female through dating app. C. Two male elk fighting for dominance to win over female. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

C

What is an real world example of a vestigial organ... a) Fish with wing muscles b) Monkey with fin bones c) Whale with hind leg bones d) Humans with opposable thumbs e) Birds with wings

C

Which of the following best describes the hygiene hypothesis as discussed in class? A. A very increased amount of bathing is now being considered necessary in order to find a mate to reproduce with. B. Humans are now the best versions of Homo sapiens because we utilize the best hygiene. C. Allergies are becoming more prominent because our immune systems aren't as robust due to our obsession with cleanliness. D. Our current society is bad because we love hygiene so much; instead, we should cut down the amount of baths we take and how much we brush our teeth and avoid any kind of added scents

C

Which of the following is NOT an example of costly signaling theory? a) A woman wearing a tank top and skirt out in 40 degree weather b) A person installing subwoofers in their car c) Someone picking flowers for their loved one d) Someone buying Gucci sunglasses

C

Which of the following is an example of vestigial organs? A. A human hand is similar to a bat wing B. The leg of a dog and flipper of a dolphin have similar structure C. Some flightless birds still have wings D. The embryos of animals look similar

C

Which of the following is not evidence for evolution? A.) Vestigial Organs B.) Homologous Structures C.) Theory of Mind D.) Common Ancestry

C

Which of the following is not true about genes? A. Genes contain the information that codes for proteins. B. Some genes come in variant forms called alleles. C. Mendel's experiments showed that genes blend together when they are passed down to offspring. D. Genes are organized onto chains called chromosomes.

C

Which of the following statements is correct regarding lactose intolerance? A) All humans are lactose intolerant B) After infancy, humans are no longer able to tolerate and digest lactose. C) Up until a few thousand years ago, as a human grew from a child into an adult, the enzyme that breaks down and digests lactase would "turn off," and cause them to be lactose intolerant. D) Lactose intolerance has proven to be unfavorable, and humans that cannot digest lactose are dying off at alarming rates due to lack of nutrition.

C

Which of the following was evidence that Darwin found in the Galapagos Islands that support his ideas about natural selection? a. The tortoise on each island of the Galapagos had different types of shells b. The finches on each island of the Galapagos had different beaks c. Bothe a and b d. None of the above

C

Which of these adaptations is not considered to be costly? A. human brain B. male peacock feathers C. opposable thumbs D. none

C

Which of these is an example of coevolution? A. white peppered moth dying out after the Industrial Revolution B. finches on the Galapagos Islands developing different beaks C. prey species growing larger in response to predation pressures and predators in turn getting larger D. a peacock's bright feathers attracting a mate

C

Which of these is correct about our understanding of the timing of evolution currently? A. Evolutionary changes are occurring at the rate of over thousands of years. B. Evolutionary changes are occurring every single day. C. Evolutionary changes are dependent on the rate of reproduction and environmental adaptation. D. None of the above.

C

Why is an eye a good example of cumulative evolution? A. The eye must have taken little adaptation and evolved quickly over time. B. The eye allows for sight; the most important sense. C. The eye must have been built on many adaptations and evolved slowly over time. D. None of the above.

C

f we breed two heterozygous tall pea plants, how many generations of breeding would it take before a batch of all short offspring would be possible? a. one b. two c. three d. four

C

What was the primary cause behind Darwin's finches developing into different subspecies? A. droughts B. competition for resources C. different microclimates of each island D. selective mating E. None of the above

C.

According to research performed by Zhao et al., which condition was predicted to be most successful by the women participating in the study? A) Women attempting to attract a mate wearing an ordinary brand coat B) Women attempting to attract a mate wearing a conspicuous brand coat C) Women attempting to mate guard wearing an ordinary brand coat D) Women attempting to mate guard wearing a conspicuous brand coat

D

Compare and contrast pre-Darwin beliefs to our current knowledge thanks to Darwin. A. There are no differences, Darwin is fake. B. Our pre-Darwin beliefs included that the earth was millions of years old, and we now know that it is only thousands of years old. C. Our pre-Darwin beliefs included that the earth was thousands of years old, and we now know that it is millions of years old. D. Our pre-Darwin beliefs included that the earth was thousands of years old, and we now know that it is billions of years old.

D

Darwin proposed that the finches on the Galapagos Island came from one original species and diverged bc of different environmental pressures. This is the idea of ____ A. sexual selection B. costly signaling C. coevolution D. common ancestry

D

In the article studying existence of conspicuous consumption, what did the term "power" represent? A. how high up you were in your job B. an individual's superpowers C. they used power to equate the numbers that resulted from their study D. power refers to the ability of a person to influence or prevent influence from others

D

Order these events of human evolution from earliest to latest: Tools first being used, development of agriculture, transition to bipedalism, evolution of opposable thumbs A - Tools, agriculture, bipedalism, thumbs B - Agriculture, thumbs, tools, bipedalism C - Thumbs, bipedalism, agriculture, tools D - Thumbs, bipedalism, tools, agriculture

D

The idea of "Survival of the fittest" requires what important modifications? A) Reproduction, not just survival, is what makes a difference in evolution. B) "Fittest" refers to the fit between the organism and the environment. C) Life forms can be ordered in a ladder of complexity and sophistication. D) A & B E) B & C

D

What animal and in which location did Darwin most notably notice evolution? a) Flamingos, Aruba b) Sloths, Costa Rica c) Peacocks, Croatia d) Finches, Galapagos e) Fish, off the coast of Florida

D

What are some factors that come into play for mate selection? A. Can provide abundant resources B. Can protect offspring C. Can devote, time, energy, and money in us D. All of the above

D

What does it mean when scientists use the term "blank slate"? A. the Earth began as a blank slate and humans were the first to inhabit it B. the human mind remains a blank slate throughout their whole life C. when a new species develops, they are a 'blank slate' w/o any influence from other species D. the human mind is a 'blank slate' at birth, experience writes on the slate, and association extracts and adds onto whatever trends there are in the record that experience leaves

D

What does sexual selection favor in the "fast sex" and "slow sex"? A) It favors quality of matings in both the fast sex and slow sex. B) It favors quantity of matings in the slow sex and quality of matings in the fast sex. C) It favors quantity of matings in both the fast sex and slow sex. D) It favors quantity of matings in the fast sex and quality of matings in the slow sex.

D

What is an example of the costly signaling theory? A. Bright feathers on a peacock B. Larger sized claw on fiddler crab. C. Young men engaging in risky and dangerous behaviors to impress women. D. All of the above. E. None of the above.

D

What is biological evidence that evolution is real? A. people speak different languages B. the existence of vestigial organs C. embryos from different creatures look really similar D. B and C

D

What purpose does Theory of Mind serve with regards to language? A.) It helps you learn language B.) It's universal like language is C.) Language evolved through Theory of Mind D.) Without Theory of Mind, language would make no sense

D

What trait seems to reveal humans to be the more superior animal species? a. Humans can copy and imitate the actions of others, otherwise referred to as social learning b. Human embryos are far different and more complex than that of other animals c. Human brains are larger in size than other animals d. Humans have complex language

D

What were some of the findings from the article on conspicuous consumption? A. Participants in the high power condition had increased conspicuous consumption for women engaging in mate-guarding. B. More expensive brands were viewed as having a higher likelihood of success in mating goals than other, ordinary brands. C. Power did not have a direct effect on conspicuous consumption. D. Both A and B

D

Which of the following is an other-oriented reason for changing yourself? A.) Dying your hair because you've always wanted purple hair B.) Buying a better snowboard in order to get down the mountain faster and have more fun C.) Working out because you like how the endorphins make you feel D.) Buying a new bathing suit because everyone has a certain kind, and your friends won't let you go to the beach with them if you don't have it.

D

Which of the following is evidence for evolution? A. embryo development B. fossils C. vestigial organs D all E none

D

Which of the following is not a criticism of the Standard Social Science Model? A. The blank slate theory of the SSSM demonstrates the idea that the human mind lacks innate tendencies or inclinations. B. The SSSM states that there are only one or few mechanisms for learning to explain human behavior. C. The SSSM mistakenly creates a divide between nature and nurture. D. There are no researchers who support the SSSM.

D

Which of the following is not an example of a vestigial organ/structure? A. Wings on a Kiwi bird B. Hind leg bones on a whale C. Appendix in a human D. Ears of a dog

D

Which of the following is not categorized as evidence for evolution? a. Common ancestry b. Vestigial organs c. Fossils d. Opposable thumbs e. Embryo development

D

Which of the following is true about homology: a) It refers to the fact that many animals have all the same muscle groups b) It explains the biological basis for the existence of homosexual animals c) It refers to the fact that the same structural elements are found in very different types of animals, all of which have the same function d) It refers to the fact that the same structural elements are found in very different types of animals, some of which have different functions

D

Which of these is NOT a discovery that Charles Darwin made on his Voyage of the Beagle to the Galapagos Islands? A) The finches on each different island in the Galapagos had different types of beaks. B) The tortoises had different shaped shells. C) All the finches shared a common ancestor. D) The differences in beak thickness in finches was a direct result of the acidity of the water source the finches were drinking from.

D

Which of these options would be the most likely long-term evolutionary effect of modern medicine's practice of c-section births? A - Larger cranial size B - Greater umbilical nutrition efficiency C - Smaller female hip width D - A and C

D

Which of these statements is not supported by the findings in reading group one's study on mating goals and power? a. Women rated probability of success in mate-attracting and mate-guarding as higher when the conspicuous brand of clothing was worn. b. Low power stimulates self-comparison among mate-attracting women. c. High power stimulates other-comparison among mate-guarding women. d. The main effect of power was significant such that the mating goals of the women did not matter.

D

Why are vestigial organs evidence for evolution? A. Vestigial organs only exist in species that have changed drastically overtime. B. Vestigial organs are always more archaic than other organs found in the body. C. Vestigial organs are consistent organs between organism's, which shows all organisms are ultimately related. D. Vestigial organs are organs that organism's no longer need to function, so they must only exist now after being useful for an organism at a previous time in that organism's history.

D

Before Charles Darwin people's views of evolution consisted of the belief that... a) Earth was only a few thousand years old. b) The planet had been the exact same throughout time. c) All the species had been the same throughout time. d) Organisms change traits via use or disuse. e) All the above.

E

Humans evolved in a different environment than that in which we currently live. (Evironment of Evolu. Adaptedness) What does this mean for humans today? A. Humans are adapted to an envinronment that no longer exists. Some of our current adaptations, such as our pref for fatty/sweet hoods, have led to things that hard us. B. This means nothing for humans bc we still have all of the adaptations that we acquired in the EEA, so we are well suited to survive anything. C. Humans are still adapting to our environment changes. Future generations will have diff traits than we do, but they may also face prob bc the traits they develop will also be matched to an outdated D. A and B E. A and C

E

What is an example of homologous structures? A. arms/wings B. embryos C. tailbones/tails D. A and B E. all

E

Which of the following is an example of a vestigial organ? A. a kiwi's wings B. a whale's hind leg bones C. human tailbone D. both B and C E. all of the above

E

Which of the following, about "The Great Chain of Being", is true? A) The idea that life forms can be ordered in a ladder of complexity and sophistication. B) Sequence that rises from inanimate objects, to God C) Humans are placed between animals and angels D) A & B E) All of the above

E

Which of these homo species originated in Africa? A - Homo habilis B - Homo ergaster C - Homo sapien D - B and C E - All of the above

E

Why is the "The Great Chain of Being" a mistaken idea? A) It implies that evolution proceeds in a linear fashion. B) It implies that "higher" creatures are directly related to "lower" animals. C) It implies progress. D) It implies that "higher" creatures are better and more sophisticated than those below. E) All of the above

E

T or F: According to Zhao et al., women who are low-power partake in mate-guarding in mate-guarding more than mate-attraction.

False

True or False: Homologous structures arise from animals that evolved from a common ancestor

T