PSYC CH 6

Samantha tells her roommate that negative reinforcement and negative punishment are similar because they

remove a stimulus.

Sampson is a dolphin trainer who trains his dolphins to perform tasks by blowing a high-pitched whistle immediately after the dolphins do the task. The dolphins enjoy the sound of the whistle because it had previously been paired with the fish they were given to eat. Based on this, you know that Sampson is using the whistle as a ________ reinforcer to train the dolphins.

secondary

Ralph ate sushi for lunch, and an hour later he felt sick to his stomach. In this situation, classical conditioning might occur. In other words, Ralph might learn an association between sushi and feeling sick because the two events

are paired closely in timing.

Alanna knows that a startling noise will always make people blink their eyes. Alanna has learned to associate a blue light with a startling noise, causing her to blink when she sees the blue light. When she blinks after seeing the blue light, she is showing a an

conditioned response.

Lenny needs to quickly train his cows to use one specific field when they graze. The reinforcement that will allow the cows to learn most quickly is ________ reinforcement

continuous

Positive punishment causes a an ________ in behavior through the ________ of a stimulus

decrease; addition

Every day after class, Jerome smells delicious pizza from Steel's Pizza House on his walk home and his mouth starts to water. One day, Jerome is riding the bus home from class and sees the Steel's Pizza House sign, and even this makes his mouth start to water. Jerome has most likely experienced all of the following EXCEPT

habituation.

Katie is afraid of clowns. She has been trying to overcome this fear by getting into a relaxed state and then looking at pictures of clowns. After months of this exposure, she is no longer afraid when she sees a clown. Katie has been using ________ to overcome her fear

systematic desensitization

Dr. Wolfgang would like to conduct a study examining how children learn to use slang words based on listening to their peers. Dr. Wolfgang's research would benefit if he read the work of ________, a psychologist who investigated observational learning

Alfred Bandura

Professor McCready wants to study animal learning by putting birds in a cage where they have to figure out how to peck a button to receive food. Professor McCready is using ________ to modify animal behavior

a Skinner box

A main outcome of Ivan Pavlov's research is that a neutral stimulus can become a conditioned stimulus

after pairing it with a stimulus that triggers a reflexive response.

If Pavlov repeatedly presented the conditioned stimulus, the metronome, without the unconditioned stimulus, the food, the dogs would stop salivating to the sound of the metronome. In classical conditioning, this process is called

extinction.

The Acme Chemical Company has some employees who work in a production plant and some who work in a sales office. The plant workers get paid every Friday; however, the office workers get paid for every fifth sale that they make. The plant workers are paid on a ________ schedule, whereas the office workers are paid on a ________ schedule

fixed interval; fixed ratio

Sunil wants to classically condition his dog to fear skunks so he does not get sprayed again. This task should be much easier than teaching him to fear a house plant because a dog

is biologically prepared to fear animals that might cause it harm.

Mason has spent many hours studying to learn the exact order of the first hundred digits of number pi, which has resulted in strengthened synaptic connections in his brain. Mason's ability to learn the numbers is most likely a result of

long-term potentiation.

During the famous experiment with "Little Albert," Albert learned to fear rats when researchers used classical conditioning and presented a

loud sound as the unconditioned stimulus.

In operant conditioning, removing a stimulus to increase a behavior in the future is called

negative reinforcement.

If you are trying to use classical conditioning to train your pet mouse to be afraid of a flashing light, you will most likely be successful if you

pair the light with an electric shock.

When wild Arctic wolves hunt, their efforts are only sometimes reinforced because finding food is difficult. The fact that the wolves are only sometimes reinforced for hunting is an example of ________ reinforcement

partial

A conditioned stimulus is

something that causes a response after learning takes place.

After repeated studying, Cressida is able to remember all of the state capitals. Now when she hears the word Michigan, she quickly thinks of the word Lansing. Cressida's learning is most likely due to long-term potentiation, which

strengthens synaptic connections.

In Pavlov's research, classical conditioning occurred when the dogs learned the metronome predicted the arrival of food because this process began with an animals' instinctive response to the ________ stimulus

unconditioned

In Pavlov's research, dogs learned that the sound of a metronome predicted the arrival of food, so the dogs salivated at the sound of the metronome. In this research, classical conditioning occurred in part because the ________ elicited a ________.

unconditioned stimulus (food); unconditioned response (salivation)

A perfume advertisement uses classical conditioning to increase product appeal. To do this, it pairs the attractive face of the actor Brad Pitt with its perfume Chanel No 5. If Brad Pitt elicits an innate response from you, he is being used as a an

unconditioned stimulus.

Professor Jackson periodically gives his students pop quizzes on the reading assignments. To encourage students to complete the reading assignments, the schedule of reinforcement he should use for the pop quizzes is a ________ schedule

variable interval