psyc ch. 7

Every time Martin opens the cabinet where he stores his dog's treats, his dog begins to bark in anticipation. This is an example of:

associative learning

Through direct experience with animals, we anticipate that dogs will bark and that birds will chirp. This best illustrates:

associative learning

In Watson and Rayner's experiment with Little Albert, the _____ was a white rat, which after conditioning, became the conditioned stimulus.

neutral stimulus

People and animals learn about the consequences of behavior through _____ conditioning.

operant

Children observing violent and destructive behavior and then modeling that behavior is an example of:

the antisocial effect.

You are conducting a research study with a group of men on the effects of movies and sexual violence. You will have the men watch three violent films over the next two days and then assess their attitudes toward women and violent sexual acts by reading actual cases of rape victims. You find that the men expressed _____ sympathy for the rape victims

less

The law of effect most clearly influenced:

Skinner's experiments on reinforcement.

A 5-year-old girl observes a stranger in a store pretending to discipline a stuffed dog. When the stranger moves on to the next aisle, the girl picks up another stuffed animal and does the same thing. Her behavior is similar to findings in studies conducted by:

bandura

Many businesses, schools and other organizations use _____ to help train new employees or to improve communication or customer service skills. These trainees that observe others skilled in these areas model the behaviors needed by these organizations.

behavior modeling

Repeated exposure to graphic violence in movies, television, and violent video games tends to:

cause desensitization to observed violence

Dana had a frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound. Her fear is aroused when she hears that sound again. This best illustrates:

classical conditioning

In an experiment, people formed negative attitudes toward Pokémon characters that were repeatedly shown with negative words and images next to them. This best illustrates the impact of:

classical conditioning

Marshall ate a hamburger he purchased from his favorite fast food restaurant. An hour later he became ill and spent the rest of the evening vomiting. A month later he entered the restaurant and immediately became nauseous when he saw a hamburger. Marshall's nausea when he saw the hamburger is an example of:

classical conditioning

Taste aversion is a real-life example of which type of learning?

classical conditioning

Elaine had cancer as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseous. As she underwent a year of treatment, just walking into the hospital started to make her nauseous. The nausea from the hospital is the classical conditioning principle called the _____.

conditioned response

Dr. Goldstein is known for her difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before she springs a pop quiz on her students, she typically goes to the classroom door and closes it. Her students begin to feel anxious and tense. Students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz and feel anxious whenever Dr. Goldstein closes the classroom door. Closing the door has become a(n) _____.

conditioned stimulus

Ramon takes his young son, Marvin, outside. Marvin touches a red flower and is stung by a bee. The next day, Marvin's mother brings home some red roses. She takes it over for her baby to smell. Marvin cries loudly. According to the principles of classical conditioning, the conditioned response is the _____.

crying

In operant conditioning, _____ refers to organisms learning that certain responses, but not others, will be reinforced.

discrimination

_____ is the ability to differentiate between the conditioned stimulus (CS) and other stimuli that have not been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (US)

discrimination

Studies using fMRI showed brain activity related to actual pain is mirrored in the brain of a subject observing a loved one's suffering. Empathy in the brain shows up in the _____ areas of the brain, but not in the somatosensory cortex, which receives the physical pain input.

emotional

Parinita drinks several cups of coffee a day. Often Parinita experiences an almost immediate sense of alertness when she smells a fresh cup of coffee, even though it takes about twenty minutes after the first sip for the caffeine in the coffee to reach significant levels in her bloodstream. She decides, with the encouragement of her doctor, to quit drinking coffee. At first she still experiences the alertness when she smells coffee, but after about 10 days she no longer experiences the effect. The lack of alertness when she smells coffee is an example of _____.

extinction

Classical and operant conditioning are similar in many ways. Which process does NOT apply to both types of learning?

extinction Correct: involuntary responses to stimuli discrimination associative learning

Ten-year-old Maggie continually interrupts her teacher with jokes that make her fellow students laugh. The attention from the other students is an example of a(n) _____ reward.

extrinsic

During a typical morning, Colin will check the clock more frequently as the time for his regularly scheduled lunch break approaches. In this case, Colin's clock-checking behavior is reinforced on a _____ schedule.

fixed-interval

Nupura receives a money-saving credit card offer in the mail complete with a frequent-flyer reward program. Nupura is excited until she reads the fine print and realizes that the one mile for every dollar spent may not be such a great offer after all. She'll get a $500 airline ticket only after she acquires 25,000 miles or spends $25,000. This offer is a _____ schedule

fixed-ratio

Four-year-old Tommy developed a fear of going up steps after falling down the steps in his house several times. When he was at his grandmother's house, he was fearful of climbing the steps to her front door. Much like Little Albert's fear of white rats and other white furry things, Tommy was demonstrating;

generalization

One main difference between punishment and reinforcement is that the goal of reinforcement is to _____ a behavior

increase

Morton is taking advanced placement chemistry in High School because he loves science and is fascinated by chemistry experimentation. Wade is taking advanced placement chemistry because his guidance counselor told him he had to if he intended to apply to a pre-med program at a competitive university. Morton is motivated by _____, while Wade is motivated by _____.

intrinsic motivation; extrinsic motivation

While classical conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior, operant conditioning involves the conditioning of _____ behavior

involuntary; voluntary

Diana takes her 1-year-old daughter, Lucille, for a walk. Lucille reaches out to touch an orange flower and is stung by a bumblebee. The next day, Lucille's dad brings home some orange flowers. He takes a flower from the arrangement over to the baby to smell. Lucille cries loudly when she sees it. According to the principles of classical conditioning, what is the conditioned response in this example?

lucille's crying

An empathic husband who observes his wife in pain will exhibit some of the same brain activity she is showing. This best illustrates the functioning of:

mirror neurons

_____ help to develop children's empathy and their ability to infer another's mental state, which is known as the theory of mind.

mirror neurons

Four-year-old Mia watched her mother sing while she was brushing her hair. The next day Mia's mother saw Mia singing while brushing her stuffed dog. Mia was _____ her mother's behavior that she acquired through observational learning.

modeling

Both Watson and Pavlov believed that psychology should study only _____ and _____ psychological phenomenon.

objective; observable

anine's Uncle comes to visit for a few days. He is a yoga instructor and practices yoga in Janine's living room. Near the end of his visit, Janine suddenly flops to the ground and does her best imitation of one of her Uncle's poses. Clearly she has learned via _____.

observation

Lana is in dental school and is learning the correct way to take an X-ray of the mouth. Her instructor first shows the class a video that demonstrates the proper procedures for taking an X-ray and then demonstrates these same procedures using Lana as a patient. Lana and her classmates are learning how to take an X-ray of patients' teeth through the use of:

observational learning

Catherine has been working nights and weekends to get a project completed at work. She succeeds, and a couple of weeks later her boss presents her with a bonus check. This best illustrates the value of _____ reinforcement

positive

To reduce the disruptive behavior of a child, a teacher might slap the desk with a ruler to startle her. The sound of the slap is a(n) _____ punishment.

positive

According to Ader and Cohen (1985), classical conditioning even works on the body's disease-fighting immune system. According to their research, which stimulus would be the most likely to produce this response?

repeated pairing of coffee with the immune-enhancing drug

_____ behavior occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus.

respondent

Malina owns a landscaping company and employs several college students during the summer. She would like to improve the productivity of her employees. According to research on improving job performance through operant conditioning, Malina should:

reward specific, achievable behaviors rather than vaguely defined "merit."

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. She associated the waiting room with nausea. Now 35 years old, she had to take her mother to the same hospital for breast cancer treatment. She became nauseous while in the waiting room with her mother. Her nausea best illustrates:

spontaneous recovery

In Pavlov's original experiments, dogs were classically conditioned to associate a bell with the presentation of food and responded with increased salivation. According to Robert Rescorla, what had the dogs learned?

that the bell was a signal that reliably predicted that food would follow

Four-year-old Katie observed Ginny, two years younger, cry when she fell down. Katie immediately ran over to Ginny and patted her on the back and told her everything would be okay. She even began to cry herself. Katie's ability to infer Ginny's mental and emotional state is an example of:

theory of mind

You are walking down the hall when you see another student sitting on a bench and crying. You immediately stop and ask if you can help and begin to empathize with her situation. Your ability to infer this student's mental and emotional state is an example of the _____ which may be attributed in part to your mirror neurons.

theory of mind

Eduardo drinks two energy drinks every afternoon. Often Eduardo experiences an almost immediate sense of alertness when he take the first sip of his energy drink, even though it takes about twenty minutes for the caffeine in the drink to reach significant levels in his bloodstream. After being repeatedly paired with the drug caffeine, the taste of the energy drink has become a(n) _____ that elicits the _____ of alertness.

unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus