Psyc chapter 6 & 7

Define heuristics

A problem-solving strategy that seems reasonable given ones past experience with solving problems

Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are ______ responsive to their children and communicate ______ with their children. a) less; well b) more; well c) less; poorly d) more; poorly

more; well

The average correlation between intelligence scores is greater for identical twins than fraternal twins, supporting the ______ explanation of intelligence. The average correlation between intelligence scores for identical twins decreases when the twins are adopted and raised apart in different environments, supporting the ______ explanation of intelligence. a) nurture; nurture b) nurture; nature c) nature; nature d) nature; nurture

nature; nurture

Extremely different scores result when a group of people takes the same intelligence test twice. This demonstrates that the intelligence test is ______. a) reliable b) not valid c) not reliable d) valid

not reliable

Extremely different scores result when a group of people takes the same intelligence test twice. This demonstrates that the intelligence test is ______. a) valid b) reliable c) not valid d) not reliable

not reliable

After several highly publicized instances of deadly shark attacks, many people stopped swimming in the ocean. It appears that vivid media coverage prompted people to use ______ to judge the probability of death by shark attack. a) means-end analysis b) a mental set c) the availability heuristic d) the representativeness heuristic

the availability heuristic

Define validity

the extent to which a test measures what it is supposed to measures or predicts what it is supposed to predict

Define reliability

the extent which the scores for the test are consistent

In a longitudinal study, ______ participants are studied at ______ in time. a) different; one point b) different; multiple points c) the same; one point d) the same; multiple points

the same; multiple points

In the clip shown in class with the monkey why was the lady wearing a welding mask?

to avoid lip-reading

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, in which stage do infants begin their lives? a) integrity versus despair b) trust versus mistrust c) autonomy versus shame and doubt d) initiative versus guilt

trust versus mistrust

According to Erikson, the first crisis of psychosocial development is ______. a) autonomy versus shame and doubt b) trust versus mistrust c) industry versus inferiority d) intimacy versus isolation

trust versus mistrust

Harlow's studies that involved monkeys' reactions to ______ were similar to the ______ procedure used by Mary Ainsworth with human mothers and children. a) lights of unusual colors; strange situation b) unfamiliar rooms with various toys; strange situation c) unfamiliar rooms with various toys; habituation d) lights of unusual colors; habituation

unfamiliar rooms with various toys; strange situation

College students incorrectly judge that death by plane crash is more frequent than death from asthma. In fact, asthma is 20 times more likely to cause death. Which of the following explains this error in judgment? a) use of the means-ends analysis heuristic b) use of the availability heuristic c) use of the conjunction rule d) use of the representativeness heuristic

use of the availability heuristic

A test that measures or predicts what it is supposed to is said to have a high degree of _____. a) standardization b) validity c) symmetry d) reliability

validity

Define conservation

when the pennies were spread out on one of the lanes the little girl thought she had more even though they were the same amount of pennies.

Define theuputic touch

when you move your hands around the patient without touching them

Vygotsky's term for the difference between what a child can actually do and what the child can do with the help of others is ______. a) cohort effect b) erogenous zone c) scaffolding d) zone of proximal development

zone of proximal development

Define availability heuristic

Judging the probability of an event by how available examples of the event are in memory

The availability heuristic leads us to make incorrect estimates regarding the risk of different causes of death because we ______ the risk of more publicized causes and ______ the risk of less publicized causes. a) underestimate; overestimate b) overestimate; underestimate c) overestimate; overestimate d) underestimate; underestimate

overestimate; underestimate

A test in which the test scores are consistent is said to have a high degree of ______. a) validity b) symmetry c) reliability d) standardization

reliability

In the strange situation, Carolyn responds by crying vehemently when her mother leaves and then responding joyfully when she returns. It is likely that Carolyn has a(n) ______ attachment to her mother. a) secure b) insecure-avoidant c) insecure d) insecure-ambivalent

secure

Which of the following statements about teratogens is FALSE? a) The risks to prenatal development associated with alcohol increase with consumption. b) Age of the mother (too young or too old) can exert teratogenic effects. c) The effects of teratogens vary depending on the time of exposure during development. d) Teratogens can be environmental agents, diseases, or physical conditions that impair prenatal development.

Age of the mother (too young or too old) can exert teratogenic effects.

In the false-beliefs task, children observe Big Bird leave a toy in one location and Cookie Monster move the toy to a different location while Big Bird is somewhere else. When asked where Big Bird will think the toy is located, children with a fully developed theory of mind are likely to say that ______. a) Big Bird will think the toy is in the new location b) Big Bird will know Cookie Monster moved his toy to a different location c) they do not know where Big Bird will think his toy is now d) Big Bird will think the toy is where he left it

Big Bird will think the toy is where he left it

In the game of roulette, a wheel spins and a ball lands at random in one of an equal number of black and red slots. Because the ball landed in a red slot four times in a row, Cal believes it will land in a black slot on the next spin. Which of the following most accurately describes the validity of Cal's belief? a) Cal is incorrect in believing that random outcomes alternate more than they really do. b) Cal is most likely correct because the law of averages should apply. c) Cal is incorrect because the ball would need to land in the red slot several more times in a row before increasing its likelihood of landing in a black slot. d) Cal is most likely correct because the probability of a ball landing in a red slot increases for any spin that immediately follows a black outcome.

Cal is incorrect in believing that random outcomes alternate more than they really do.

______ is concerned with consistency whereas ______ is concerned with predictability. a) Validity; validity b) Reliability; validity c) Reliability; reliability d) Validity; reliability

Reliability; validity

______ is used to guide learning to the upper level of the zone of ______. a) Scaffolding; proximal development b) Empowering; optimal potential c) Scaffolding; optimal potential d) Empowering; proximal development

Scaffolding; proximal development

The teaching style of scaffolding is based on the ideas of ______. a) Kohlberg b) Piaget c) Erikson d) Vygotsky

Vygotsky

Why might the anchoring and adjustment heuristic lead us to make errors in estimation? a) We fail to adjust our initial anchor properly. b) After focusing on an anchor, we completely forget to adjust it. c) We have difficulty finding an anchor. d) We tend to use an incorrect anchor, even though our adjustment is typically accurate.

We fail to adjust our initial anchor properly.

Because Tim is likely to notice when it rains after he washes his car, he believes there is a relationship between washing his car and the occurrence of rain. This perceived relationship best illustrates which of the following? a) confirmation bias b) an illusory correlation c) person-who reasoning d) belief perseverance

an illusory correlation

Which types of parents demand unquestioned obedience from their children? a) uninvolved b) permissive c) authoritarian d) authoritative

authoritarian

When Aaron asks his parents to extend his curfew, they engage in a discussion about the pros and cons of doing so before coming to a decision that is best for both Aaron and other family members. When Bob makes the same request to his parents, they want to please him so they agree to his later curfew. Aaron's parents exhibit a(n) ______ parenting style, and Bob's parents exhibit a(n) ______ parenting style. a) authoritative; uninvolved b) authoritarian; uninvolved c) authoritative; permissive d) authoritarian; permissive

authoritative; permissive

Overestimating the probability of dying in an airplane crash is likely the result of using the ______. a) availability heuristic b) conjunction rule c) anchoring heuristic d) representativeness heuristic

availability heuristic

How will a securely attached child behave during Ainsworth's strange situation? a) The infant shows distress upon the mother's departure and alternately clings to and pushes away from her when she returns. b) The infant is confused upon the mother's departure and return. c) The infant shows distress upon the mother's departure and is enthusiastic when she returns. d) The infant shows little distress upon the mother's departure and avoids her when she returns.

c) The infant shows distress upon the mother's departure and is enthusiastic when she returns.

People often test hypotheses about the way the world works by seeking evidence that supports their beliefs. This tendency is known as ______. a) mental sets b) illusory correlations c) confirmation bias d) conjunction fallacy

confirmation bias

Susan clearly understands that the number of pennies on the table remains the same when they are all clustered together and when they are all spread out. Her understanding best illustrates the meaning of ______. Incorrect Response a) object permanence b) conservation c) reversibility d) egocentrism

conservation

Jill's mother offers her a choice of one whole cookie or a cookie of the same size broken into three pieces. Jill's preference for the cookie broken into three pieces suggests that she has not yet achieved the principle of ______ and has not yet reached Piaget's ______ stage of cognitive development. a) object permanence; preoperational b) conservation; concrete operational c) conservation; preoperational d) object permanence; concrete operational

conservation; concrete operational

Harlow's study of attachment in infant monkeys revealed that ______. a) contact comfort and nourishment were equally important to attachment formation b) contact comfort was more important than nourishment to attachment formation c) nourishment was more important than contact comfort to attachment formation d) attachment formation was derived from nourishment only among infant monkeys separated immediately following birth rather than at 3 weeks of age

contact comfort was more important than nourishment to attachment formation

In a ______ study, people of different ages are studied at one point in time and compared to one another. a) cross-sectional b) cross-sequential c) scaffolding d) longitudinal

cross-sectional

In nursery school, Stanley thinks that because he can see out the window behind his teacher, his teacher can see out the window also, even though she is facing away from the window. Stanley's misperception best illustrates the meaning of ______. a) reversibility b) conservation c) egocentrism d) centration

egocentrism

Johnny, who is only 4 years of age, stands in front of you blocking your view of the television screen, and he does not realize that he is doing so. He thinks that his view is the same as yours. Johnny is displaying ______ and is in Piaget's ______ stage of cognitive development. a) egocentrism; concrete b) egocentrism; preoperational c) centration; concrete d) centration; preoperational

egocentrism; preoperational

Which intelligence theorist has shown that average intelligence scores have steadily increased in the United States over the last century? a) Spearman b) Sternberg c) Gardner d) Flynn

flynn

Who is Jean piaget ?

he put cognitive development on the map, he kind of created/discover it.

The intelligence test scores for ______ are most strongly correlated. a) unrelated people reared apart b) siblings reared together c) fraternal twins reared together d) identical twins reared apart

identical twins reared apart

According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, ______ is the issue that a person faces during adolescence. a) intimacy versus isolation b) identity versus role confusion c) initiative versus guilt d) industry versus inferiority

identity versus role confusion

According to Erikson, the primary crisis during adolescence is ______. a) trust versus mistrust b) identity versus role confusion c) intimacy versus isolation d) autonomy versus shame and doubt

identity versus role confusion

Mistakenly believing that two events are related is called ______. a) the Flynn effect b) the conjunction fallacy c) functional fixedness d) illusory correlation

illusory correlation

The Flynn effect refers to the observation that average intelligence test scores in the United States and other Western industrialized nations have ______ over the past century. a) stayed the same b) decreased c) first increased but then decreased d) increased

increased

Why do orphans kids tend not to grow as much as a regular kid in a regular home ?

lack of contact comfort

The average correlation between fraternal twins raised together is ______ than that for identical twins reared apart, indicating the influence of ______ factors. a) greater; environmental b) less; environmental c) less; hereditary d) greater; hereditary

less; hereditary

Fetal alcohol syndrome contributes to which of the following teratogenic effects? a) mental retardation b) limb abnormalities c) speech impairments d) All of these.

mental retardation