PSYC final exam

Which pioneer in psychology helped develop the school of thought called structuralism? a. Titchener b. James c. Wertheimer d. Maslow

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"I don't believe that a person can really be hypnotized," Dr. Pilar says. "I think they just act the way they think they are supposed to act when in a hypnotic state." Dr. Pilar is sharing a view that is consistent with the __________ theory of hypnosis. Select one: a. sociocognitive b. dissociative c. hidden observer d. meditative

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According to Costa and McCrae, __________ are traits determined primarily by biological processes, and __________ are adjustments to situational demands. Select one: a. basic tendencies; characteristic adaptations b. characteristic adaptations; basic tendencies c. temperaments; actions d. actions; temperaments

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According to filter theory, having limited __________ helps us to function in the world, because otherwise we would be swamped with irrelevant sensory information. Select one: a. attention b. memory c. perception d. storage

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After a large balloon burst loudly and suddenly at her birthday party, Cindy showed a fear of balloons. In terms of the acquisition phase of classical conditioning, the balloon is the __________ and her fear is the __________. Select one: a. CS; CR b. US; UR c. CR; CS d. CS; US

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After a series of semiserious intimate relationships, 25-year-old Stacy is seriously considering finding a life partner. According to Erikson's theory, we would expect her to be at the __________ stage of psychosocial development. Select one: a. intimacy versus isolation b. generativity versus stagnation c. industry versus inferiority d. integrity versus despair

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After suffering a traumatic brain injury, Garland appeared to be unconscious. However, when he was told to imagine playing soccer or driving to his office, Garland's brain activity looked like that of healthy volunteers. Which term best describes Garland's mental state? Select one: a. Garland is experiencing altered consciousness. b. Garland is in a flow state. c. Garland is in a state of hypnosis. d. Garland is experiencing somnambulism.

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Although your friend is much more outgoing and boisterous than you are, at your college graduation you were both somber and quiet. Graduation was probably an example of a __________ situation. Select one: a. strong b. weak c. basic d. characteristic

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Amaya has been diagnosed with major depression and is not responding to conventional treatments. Which of the following might be an effective alternative therapeutic approach? Select one: a. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) b. group therapy c. rebirthing d. rational-emotive therapy

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Antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic personality disorders are grouped together in the DSM-5 because they share this set of characteristics. Select one: a. dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior b. odd or eccentric behavior c. anxious or fearful behavior d. confused and withdrawn behavior

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Antoinetta has just developed a skill called object permanence. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Antoinetta is most likely about to progress to the __________ stage of cognitive development. Select one: a. preoperational b. concrete operational c. sensorimotor d. formal operational

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As she begins the process of going through puberty, which of the following physical changes will occur in Ardella's brain? Select one: a. an increase in gray matter b. reduced activation in the limbic system c. an increase in the number of neurons d. completion of frontal lobe development

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Bliss is hooked on a horror television series about serial killers. Based on the number of programs that she has watched, she decides that she is likely to be victimized by a serial killer and purchases an expensive home security system. Bliss is demonstrating Select one: a. the availability heuristic. b. the representativeness heuristic. c. the illusory correlation. d. counterfactual thinking.

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Bowen has been stuck in traffic all morning, and she's late for an important appointment. Then a man in a blue car has the nerve to cut her off. Bowen honks her horn, pounds her steering wheel, and yells out the window. Which of these explains why Bowen has begun to display road rage? Select one: a. frustration-aggression hypothesis b. social and cultural factors c. door in the face strategy d. normative influence

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Brenda and Dan both drink beer and smoke cigarettes. Since they want to eventually start a family, Brenda tells Dan that they both need to stop drinking and smoking now to avoid potential drug-related birth defects. Dan argues that since Brenda is the one who will carry the child, he can keep drinking and smoking as long as he doesn't expose her to either substance. Which of the following arguments would best support Brenda's point of view? Select one: a. Alcohol consumption and smoking can affect men's sperm and are associated with known birth defects. b. Alcohol consumption and smoking do not affect men's sperm but are otherwise indirectly associated with birth defects. c. Alcohol consumption and smoking affect men's sperm, so continuing to indulge in substances might lessen the chance of getting pregnant. d. Parental alcohol consumption and smoking will set a bad example for their child, so they both should quit now.

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Cardelia is visiting the National Aquarium in Washington, D.C., and is watching the seahorses swim with various fish. She begins thinking about the human brain, and remembers that one major structure, which is important in the formation of new memories, gets its name because it is shaped like a sea horse. Which brain structure is Cardelia thinking about? a. hippocampus b. amygdala c. hypothalamus d. cerebellum

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Cari often has temper tantrums, and she pouts when she can't have her way. She often behaves impulsively and becomes extremely impatient if she can't have the things that she wants immediately. According to Freud's view of the personality, Cari's personality appears to be dominated by her Select one: a. id. b. superego. c. ego. d. instincts.

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Cassie is seeing Dr. Bullock, a therapist who is helping her reduce her tendency to procrastinate by developing a system of rewards and punishments associated with her behavior. Dr. Bullock most likely is a proponent of which kind of psychotherapy? Select one: a. behavior therapy b. cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) c. humanistic therapy d. group therapy

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Cedric walks into his boss's office and says, "I have a conflict next Thursday. Can I please have the day off?" His boss thinks it over for a minute and then agrees to give Cedric the day off. The boss's willingness to agree to a specific request is an example of Select one: a. compliance. b. conformity. c. obedience. d. attribution.

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Cheryll's baby is born blind and deaf and has both heart defects and brain damage. Which type of teratogen did Cheryll most likely experience during the pregnancy? Select one: a. German measles (Rubella) b. syphilis c. alcohol d. mercury

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Coleman has an IQ of 130 and tends to do very well in school. This suggests that which of the following is true about IQ tests as measures of intelligence? Select one: a. IQ tests are valid. b. IQ tests are reliable. c. IQ tests are consistent. d. IQ tests are unbiased.

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Courtney is a highly intelligent person and also a successful attorney. She is thankful that both of her parents not only had very high IQs but also gave her an experience-filled and educationally rich childhood. Generally speaking, Courtney's high intelligence can be attributed to the Select one: a. contributions of nature and nurture. b. impact of affluence on IQ and on occupational success. c. benefits of having involved parents. d. quality of her childhood teachers.

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Deano, a high school senior, is attracted to novelty and risk taking, has a lousy relationship with his parents, and generally feels invincible. He may be at risk for Select one: a. experimenting with alcohol and illegal drugs. b. developing sleep apnea later in life. c. engaging in escapist activities. d. being in a permanent vegetative state.

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Devonte experiences a disorder that involves shifts from mildly elevated moods to extremely depressed moods. The elevated moods often last for several days, while the depressed states tend to last for 2 weeks or more. Which diagnosis is most appropriate for Devonte's symptoms? Select one: a. bipolar II disorder b. persistent depressive disorder c. major depressive disorder d. bipolar I disorder

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Domenica hates that she blushes at the slightest sign of embarrassment. However, blushing may serve which of the following purposes? Select one: a. offering a type of biological, nonverbal apology b. making embarrassment feel even worse, which reaffirms wrongdoing c. bringing blood flow to the head, which increases arousal and helps the blusher avoid future mistakes d. making the blusher look more like a child and thus easier to forgive

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Dr. Tucker is a developmental psychologist. Which of the following research questions is she LEAST likely to pursue? a. How do brain chemicals influence sexual behavior in young adults? b. How do children learn to speak? c. When do infants learn that objects out of sight still exist? d. Do video games help older adults maintain mental abilities as they age?

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Imani is about 4 miles away from her office when her car gets a flat tire and she has to pull to the side of the road. She now starts thinking of how she can get her car fixed and get to work on time. Imani is engaged in the process of Select one: a. problem solving. b. decision making. c. using an algorithm. d. using a heuristic.

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It is a Thursday night and Clarice has to make a difficult decision: will she go with her friends to a concert in the city, or will she stay in the dorm and study for tomorrow's chemistry quiz? If she chooses to study, she is showing which ability? Select one: a. delay of gratification b. intrinsic motivation c. drive reduction d. self-efficacy

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It is generally considered to be a bad idea to text while driving. A bit of knowledge such as this that can be passed from one person to another is known as a Select one: a. meme. b. cognitive map. c. schema. d. conditioned stimulus.

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Jake just turned 25 and Joseph just turned 30. Jake teases Joseph about being an "old man" and tells him that since he's 30, "it's all downhill" for him. Evidently, 25-year-old Jake feels that he is presently exempt from the mental and physical decline associated with aging and that, for Joseph, it has already started. Which of the following statements could Joseph correctly employ in his defense? Select one: a. "Between the ages of 20 and 40, we all begin to experience a steady decline, so you're probably already headed downhill right along with me." b. "Between the ages of 30 and 40, we all begin to experience a steady decline, but more so for some than for others." c. "Between the ages of 25 and 40, we all begin to experience a steady decline, but a positive attitude tends to slow the decline." d. "Between the ages of 30 and 40, we all begin to experience a steady decline. Fortunately, men age more slowly than women."

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Janay is at a movie with her girlfriend, and the two are enjoying the rich visual scenes on the screen. As the visual information enters Janay's nervous system it is changed into a neural code that her brain can understand. As this occurs, Janay starts to create a memory of the movie through the process of Select one: a. encoding. b. attention. c. filtering. d. storage.

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Janelle's college adviser discouraged her from taking computer science because those classes tend to be difficult. Even though Janelle had an interest in programming, she began to doubt herself and worried that she would be unable to succeed in difficult, analytical courses. Her adviser's expectations had the potential to turn into which type of outcome? Select one: a. self-fulfilling prophecy b. discrimination c. prejudice d. subtyping

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Jess has quit smoking, and she's trying very hard not to even think about cigarettes or how much she wants one. However, she feels like this plan has backfired as she thinks about cigarettes every waking moment. What phenomenon has Jess encountered? Select one: a. rebound effect b. rumination c. reappraisal d. excitation transfer

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Jessie suffered damage to her brain and had difficulty forming new memories. Jessie's injury was most likely to the __________, which is a structure located in the brain region called the __________. Select one: a. hippocampus; forebrain b. amygdala; parietal lobe c. basal ganglia; midbrain d. thalamus; hindbrain

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Jonah is trying to solve a new word problem in his math class. Instead of using words, he draws a picture to represent the different parts of the problem and then he is able to solve it using the graphic information. Jonah overcame obstacles by __________ to solve this problem. Select one: a. using restructuring b. using insight c. overcoming functional fixedness d. overcoming a mental set

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Jordan and his girlfriend had a bad breakup, but that was 6 months ago, and Jordan is still unable to pay attention in class. He has also stopped attending parties and often appears to have been crying. Which disorder might he have? Select one: a. adjustment disorder b. anxiety disorder c. depressive disorder d. obsessive-compulsive disorder

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Krista's best friend has a huge crush on a guy in their physics class. When Krista hears he is now single, she immediately tells her friend. A few days later, though, her friend tells her the same news, as if she hadn't heard it from Krista in the first place! What type of distortion error has Krista's friend made? Select one: a. misattribution b. flashbulb c. memory bias d. suggestibility

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Lawrence is watching a video in his psychology class that talks about how Little Albert was conditioned to fear a specific item. What was the source of Albert's fear? Select one: a. a white rat b. a green snake c. a brown hamster d. a black cat

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Lucy's parents are worried about the fact that she regularly gets up in the middle of the night and walks around the house while she is still asleep. They take her to the pediatrician, who tells them that they should gently wake Lucy up and take her back to bed when she experiences this Select one: a. somnambulism. b. narcolepsy. c. sleep apnea. d. insomnia.

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Marni has been diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Which of the following is an example of a compulsion that Marni might have? Select one: a. repeatedly washing her hands b. intensely fearing germs c. intrusively thinking about disturbing mental images d. experiencing constant worry about accidents

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Marwan has been shy his whole life, and he is not sure what underlies this trait. Which subfield of psychology might hold some answers for Marwan? a. personality psychology b. cultural psychology c. clinical psychology d. social psychology

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Maura has been a real handful for her 3rd grade teacher. She is constantly getting up out of her seat, even during quiet study time. She tends to blurt out answers without raising her hand, and does not pay attention to the lessons that are being presented. Based on this information, Maura will most likely be diagnosed with Select one: a. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. b. autism spectrum disorder. c. a specific learning disability. d. Asperger's syndrome.

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Maurice is taking a class in which he is tested every 2 weeks. He decides to "cram" for the first test and receives a poor grade. According to the "Law of Effect," the probability of Maurice cramming before the second test has likely been Select one: a. reduced. b. increased, but only temporarily. c. unchanged. d. increased.

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Minnie has signed up to take a class in developmental psychology. She can expect that the course will study the changes that occur between __________ and __________. Select one: a. conception; death b. birth; death c. birth; adolescence d. conception; adolescence

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The sound of the word "cow" is aNo __________ for a cow, whereas the sound of the word "moo" is aNo __________ for the sound a cow makes. Select one: a. symbolic representation; analogical representation b. analogical representation; symbolic representation c. exemplar; prototype d. prototype; exemplar

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Mr. Wong, a high school teacher, tells his class that he thinks boys tend to be less anxious and thus make better speeches than girls do. Afterward, the girls in his class become apprehensive when preparing and giving speeches in his class. The girls are experiencing a Select one: a. stereotype threat. b. mental set. c. schema. d. confirmation bias.

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Mrs. Nieto always takes the time to make lessons meaningful for her students. She doesn't ask them to memorize lists of information without giving her students background and context for each item. She is hoping that __________ encoding based on semantics will allow her students to remember the information better in the future. Select one: a. deep b. visual c. auditory d. maintenance

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Nikki is in middle school and she loves to read and write short stories, which means that she usually gets very good grades in her English class. Nikki's parents start to pay her $5 for every book that she reads and $10 for every A that she gets on the stories that she writes for English class. According to self-determination theory, the impact of this reward system is likely to be Select one: a. a decrease in Nikki's intrinsic motivation to read books and write stories. b. an increase in Nikki's intrinsic motivation to read books and write stories. c. that Nikki will believe that she does this work in order to get the rewards. d. that Nikki will believe that she does this work because she loves to read and write.

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On a regular basis, Minerva says that she can actually feel bugs crawling beneath her skin. She is certain that she feels the bugs, and intensely scratches the skin on her arm to get the bugs out. However, the reality is that there are no bugs under Minerva's skin at all. It is most likely that Minerva, who has been diagnosed with schizophrenia, was experiencing __________, a symptom of schizophrenia. Select one: a. a hallucination b. disorganized behavior c. disorganized speech d. a delusion

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On the first day of Jake's summer job at the fish market, he was so overwhelmed by the smell that he was concerned about being able to stay on at the job. What form of non-associative learning would lead us to predict that Jake will not have to quit due to the smell? Select one: a. habituation b. classical conditioning c. sensitization d. vicarious conditioning

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Once Neal left home for college, he found that the street names of his childhood neighborhood, and even the names of his old classmates, became difficult to recall. What type of forgetting has affected Neal? Select one: a. retroactive interference b. proactive interference c. blocking d. absentmindedness

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One treatment of choice for children with autism spectrum disorder is a behavioral approach called applied behavior analysis. The technique notes that behaviors that are reinforced should increase in frequency, while those that are not reinforced should diminish. Which learning theory is the foundation for this approach? Select one: a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. cognitive restructuring d. unconditional positive regard

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Peter goes to see a psychotherapist because he has been slacking off on the job in recent weeks. He wants help getting more focused and productive. His therapist, Dr. Swanson, helps Peter enter a relaxed state and then begins to give him ideas that might help alter Peter's behavior when he is at work in the future. In this situation, Peter is being exposed to __________ suggestions. Select one: a. posthypnotic b. prehypnotic c. meditative d. preconscious

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Punit is an excellent trumpeter who plays any new music he is given without errors. Punit most likely has exceptional musical intelligence according to which theory of intelligence? Select one: a. multiple intelligences b. general intelligence c. practical intelligence d. fluid intelligence

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Roberto has just moved to a new address. When he is filling out an information page on a website he automatically starts to type in his old address and then has trouble remembering his new address. What memory process explains why Roberto forgot his new address? Select one: a. proactive interference b. memory bias c. retroactive interference d. absentmindedness

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Sarah and Imani strike up a conversation while sitting next to each other on an airplane. Imani thinks Sarah is very intelligent and knowledgeable. When Sarah tells Imani that she works at an elementary school, Imani assumes that Sarah is a teacher, but Sarah is actually the secretary. Imani used which of the following to form her incorrect conclusion? Select one: a. the representativeness heuristic b. the availability heuristic c. an algorithm d. framing

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Sydney has been drinking during her pregnancy. By doing so, she is putting her baby at risk of a severe disorder called Select one: a. fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). b. embryonic alcohol syndrome (EAS). c. germinal alcohol syndrome (GAS). d. infant alcohol syndrome (IAS).

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Teenager #1 returned home late from a date and his parents grounded him for a month. Teenager #2 also arrived home late, but his parents told him that if he is home on time on subsequent dates, he will get an increase in his allowance. Which teen should we expect to return on time on later dates? Select one: a. Teen #2 b. Teen #1, but only for the short term c. Teen #2, but only for the short term d. Teen #1

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The current version of the DSM uses this term to describe a group of disorders that are most common among children. Select one: a. neurodevelopmental disorders b. dissociative disorders c. mood disorders d. communication disorders

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The lower parts of the brain function primarily in __________, whereas the outer layer of the brain functions mainly in __________. Select one: a. survival; thought b. emotion; cognition c. complex behavior; complex thought d. complex thought; complex behavior

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The more specific an attitude is, the more predictive of a behavior it is. Which scenario best exemplifies this? Select one: a. Sean's attitude toward spanking is more predictive of whether he will spank his children than his attitude toward parenthood in general. b. Sean's attitude toward parenthood in general predicts whether he will spank his children more accurately than does any specific attitude. c. Sean's attitude toward spanking will not be very meaningful until Sean has his own children. d. Sean's past experience with being spanked as a child is more predictive of whether he will spank his own children than his own attitudes toward spanking.

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The most successful approach to treating borderline personality disorder is Select one: a. dialectical behavior therapy. b. cognitive therapy. c. mood stabilizing medication. d. ECT.

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These four patients have been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (APD). Which patient is most likely to show improvement? Select one: a. Brandon, who lives in a correctional institution and attends therapy sessions with other patients b. Andre, who lives in a correctional institution and meets one-on-one with a therapist c. Taylor, who lives at home and attends therapy sessions with other patients d. Chuck, who lives at home and meets one-on-one with a therapist

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Think about the research of Nisbett and Wilson (1977) into the effects of subliminal perception. If you were a participant in that study and saw the words "ocean" and "moon" as a pair and then you were asked to name a brand of laundry detergent, which answer would you be most likely to give? Select one: a. Tide b. Purex c. Gain d. All

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Three-year-old Emily spends every day with a therapist. Her therapist helps her learn language and social skills by reinforcing positive behaviors. Emily's therapist is using which type of therapy to treat which condition? Select one: a. applied behavior analysis; autism b. applied behavior analysis; ADHD c. dialectical behavior therapy; autism d. dialectical behavior therapy; ADHD

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To help Charlie overcome his phobia of heights, his therapist trains him to relax and then has him imagine climbing a ladder. After Charlie visualizes climbing a ladder without anxiety, he attempts to imagine standing at the top of a tall building without feeling anxious. Charlie's therapist is using a technique known as Select one: a. systematic desensitization. b. phototherapy. c. client-centered therapy. d. a systems approach.

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What is empiricism? a. an approach to gaining knowledge about behavior and mental processes by observation and measurement only b. observing and measuring phenomena relying largely on intuition c. a model of interconnected ideas or concepts that explains observations d. an early school of psychology concerned with the adaptive purpose of mind and behavior

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What is the difference between a person who has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (APD) and a person who demonstrates psychopathic tendencies? Select one: a. A person with psychopathic tendencies displays more extreme behaviors than a person with APD. b. A person with psychopathic tendencies would typically be much younger than a person with APD. c. A person with psychopathic tendencies is more likely to seek out psychotherapy than a person with APD. d. A person with psychopathic tendencies can be helped more with psychotropic medication than a person with APD.

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When 3-year-old Matthew does not get his way, he tends to launch right into a tantrum. He does not just get a little upset but experiences intense anger very quickly. Which aspect of temperament does this refer to? Select one: a. emotionality b. activity level c. sociability d. anxiety

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When Cody arrived at the gym, it was relatively empty. She started riding a stationary bike at a leisurely pace. After a few other people sat down on nearby bikes, however, she began to speed up her pace and push herself a bit more. What is this phenomenon called? Select one: a. social facilitation b. social loafing c. deindividuation d. group decision making

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When he falls on the sidewalk during the winter, Jeremiah thinks, "This ice is brutal!" When he sees his friend Ed fall on the same icy sidewalk a few hours later, he laughs and says, "You are really clumsy!" Ed's attitudes in these cases reflect the impact of the Select one: a. actor/observer bias. b. out-group bias. c. in-group bias. d. fundamental attribution error.

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When he first meets the people at his new job, Jared tries hard to impress them with his experience and achievement. The fact that he attempts to build and maintain others' positive impressions of him demonstrates that he is motivated by Select one: a. egosystem goals. b. ecosystem goals. c. self-determination theory. d. self-perception theory.

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Whereas the hormone __________ is involved in fat regulation, __________ originates in the stomach and triggers hunger. Select one: a. leptin; ghrelin b. ghrelin; leptin c. androgen; estrogen d. estrogen; androgen

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Which of the following is NOT one of the top five qualities that college students rate as the most positive characteristic in people they would want to be friends or romantically involved with? Select one: a. intelligent b. loyal c. sincere d. honest

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Which of the following is an example of Piaget's concept of assimilation? Select one: a. Fourteen-month-old Noreen's first word was "ball." Now she calls anything round that rolls a "ball." b. Two-year-old Susie was told that horses don't have stripes, so she concluded that zebras were different from horses. c. Fourteen-month-old Albert starts to say "bunny. . . bad . . ." about the white stuffed rabbit in his bed. d. Eight-month-old Jose lies in his bed and says "ba-ba-we-we-boo."

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Which of the following is an example of a complex attitude? Select one: a. Ricardo tells people that he believes in being honest, yet he regularly steals small things from the grocery store. b. Samuel believes that the government should have less say in people's lives and tells others to vote for candidates who believe in a smaller government. c. Tito's opinions of rock bands tends to be very consistent with those of his friends, and he enjoys knowing that they have something in common. d. Victoria dresses in conservative outfits even though her sister likes to dress in skimpy and revealing clothing.

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Which of the following is part of the central nervous system? Select one: a. the spinal cord b. muscles c. organs d. glands

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Which of the following traits is considered attractive across all cultures? Select one: a. good hygiene b. slim body c. tan skin d. tall height

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Which of these children is most likely to have autism spectrum disorder? Select one: a. Cliff seemed to be developing normally until about age 2, when he stopped making eye contact and responding to his name. b. Cathy gets bad grades, can't focus on her homework, and is always in trouble with the teacher for talking during class. c. Now that his class is learning multiplication, Ramon is struggling with math more than ever, although he performs at grade level in reading and writing. d. All these children fit the description of autism spectrum disorder.

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Which part of the brain is responsible for processing the emotional importance of a stimulus, as well as generating immediate emotional and behavioral responses? Select one: a. amygdala b. the corpus callosum c. hippocampus d. thalmus

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Which region of the brain regulates basic bodily functions, such as heart rate and breathing, and in which division is it located? Select one: a. medulla, located in the hindbrain b. basal ganglia, located in the hindbrain c. hippocampus, located in the midbrain d. cerebellum, located in the midbrain

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Which term concerns the characteristic thoughts, emotional responses, and behaviors that are relatively stable in an individual across time and circumstances? Select one: a. personality b. self-schema c. self-concept d. self-esteem

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While being put to bed, 2-year-old Tommy says to his mother, "go potty . . . drink water . . ." which is his way of saying he needs to go to the bathroom after drinking water. Tommy's statement best demonstrates Select one: a. telegraphic speech. b. babbling. c. universal grammar. d. overregularization.

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While he was excited and trying to tell his mother what happened, 4-year old Connor yelled, "Mommy, I just, over that hill, jumped!" Which of the following is lacking in this sentence? Select one: a. proper syntax b. accurate semantics c. correct phonemes d. proper morphemes

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While on spring break in Acapulco, May decided to do some cliff diving. As she stood at the edge of a 50-foot cliff, her heart raced, her respiration increased, and she sweated profusely. Which of the following divisions of May's autonomic nervous system had been activated by this experience? Select one: a. sympathetic b. parasympathetic c. peripheral d. somatic

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While studying the different types of long-term memory, Mary finds it helps if she starts by thinking about how each kind of memory is defined. Which of the following would be the best way for her to think about the definition of procedural memory? Select one: a. motor skills and habits b. associating two stimuli to produce a response c. facts and general knowledge d. personally experienced events

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Yasmine has been taking a psychotropic medication that is classified as a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). Her side effects have included some weight gain and an interruption of her normal sexual functioning. What class of medication is this? Select one: a. antidepressant b. neuromodulator c. mood stabilizer d. anti-anxiety drug

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You are doing an experiment to test whether exercise improves self-control in children. Half of the children will jump rope for five minutes before being left alone in a room with a bowl of candy. The other half of the children will color for five minutes before being left alone in the room with the candy. You plan to measure how long it takes for each child to begin eating the candy as well as how much candy the children consume. Which statement about your research is true? a. Your dependent variable has two operational definitions. b. Your independent variable has two operational definitions. c. Your study does not have a control group. d. Your study has the advantage of taking place in a real-world setting.

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Your dad has a bad habit of texting while he drives. You've reminded him how dangerous this can be, but he wants to know why texting poses such a hazard. Which of the following is the most scientifically informed response? Select one: a. There is a limit to how much attention is available for our conscious experience, which is what helps us respond quickly to new information-an important ability when driving a car. b. Texting and cell phone use in general can induce an altered state of consciousness called hypnosis, which is dangerous while driving. c. Texting is something most people do automatically and effortlessly, which is the opposite of the mindset required to drive a car. This contrast can lead to accidents. d. Texting takes one hand off the steering wheel, which is the main reason it is so dangerous.

A

A child has learned to avoid his father in the morning because his father is always grouchy at that time. Generally, being able to learn what stimuli predict pleasure or pain is consistent with Pavlov's belief that Select one: a. some types of learning are more important than others. b. conditioning is how we adapt to our environments. c. conditioning is how we modify our environments. d. behavior is modified by others.

B

Aaron has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder, and the main symptom he experiences is that he always feels hostile. This leads to inappropriate lashing out at others, and it has cost him relationships and jobs. Which type of medication might be helpful in reducing his hostility levels? Select one: a. antipsychotics b. anti-anxiety drugs c. stimulants d. mood stabilizers

B

Abraham has been working hard to reach his full potential, both in his relationship with his family and at work. He wants to become all that he is capable of. According to Maslow's hierarchy, Abraham is working to satisfy a need for Select one: a. esteem. b. self-actualization. c. self-efficacy. d. belonging and love.

B

Abraham is at a club with some friends when he sees an attractive woman at another table. He strikes up a friendly conversation with her, and after a while she gives him her email address. Abraham repeats the email address to himself over and over again while he signals to a friend that he needs a pen so he can write it down. Abraham is using __________ to keep the information active in his working memory. Select one: a. elaborative rehearsal b. maintenance rehearsal c. spreading activation d. chunking processes

B

According to one model of memory, seeing a hammer might also partially activate memories for related items, such as nails, screwdrivers, and wrenches. The model of memory that best accounts for this phenomenon is Select one: a. schema theory. b. spreading activation models. c. filter theory. d. selective attention models.

B

According to one study, parental warmth is associated with greater feelings of guilt in children. This finding suggests which of the following? Select one: a. Warm parenting is not effective parenting. b. Guilt arises in healthy and happy relationships. c. Guilt can be a tool for manipulation. d. Guilt is a genetic trait.

B

According to the global workspace model, which of the following would Angelina be most likely to say if the temporal lobe of her cerebral cortex were stimulated? Select one: a. "I can plan things." b. "I hear things." c. "I feel something touching me." d. "I see things."

B

According to the text, what is the most important prenatal phase of development for organ formation? Select one: a. germinal period b. embryonic period c. fetal period d. zygote period

B

After Chris was diagnosed with testicular cancer, he opted to have both testicles surgically removed. In terms of his ability to engage in sexual activity after surgery, we can reasonably expect that a. there is nothing Chris can do to regain the ability to achieve an erection. b. if Chris receives an injection of testosterone, he will be able to perform sexually. c. if Chris receives an injection of estradiol, he will be able to perform sexually. d. the more testosterone Chris receives, the more sexual behavior he will exhibit.

B

After Theo turned 13, he noticed that his voice deepened, and the hair on his arms and legs grew thicker and darker. Both of these physical changes are considered to be typical changes in boys' _________that occur during puberty. Select one: a. primary sex characteristics b. secondary sex characteristics c. limbic systems d. maturation processes

B

After she gets a speeding ticket, Susan's parents take her driver's license away for a month. This is an example of Select one: a. negative reinforcement. b. negative punishment. c. modeling. d. extinction.

B

Alexandra and her best friend had a fight, after which they didn't speak for months. Then Alexandra came across a ticket stub from a concert the two girls had attended together, and suddenly she recalled happy memories of times she spent with her friend. She then decided it was time to call her friend and try to make up. How did the ticket stub help Alexandra access these memories? Select one: a. It provided context to produce a sense of familiarity. b. It served as a retrieval cue that was encoded with the other happy memories. c. It served as a mnemonic device to facilitate memory. d. It provided a method of loci that helped Alexandra remember other happy times.

B

Alphonse watches the way his brother shovels the driveway in order to clear a spot for their grandmother's car. Alphonse then goes outside, takes another shovel, and starts shoveling the snow off of the walkway from the driveway to the front door. Alphonse uses the same technique as his brother. This demonstrates learning through Select one: a. shaping. b. modeling. c. classical conditioning. d. vicarious reinforcement.

B

Among the following people, who is likely to experience the greatest life satisfaction and the best health? Select one: a. Timothy, who is divorced b. Moses, who is happily married c. Margaret, who has never married d. Maxine, who cohabitates with her boyfriend

B

Anika is an Olympic athlete. She is at a loud party where she can hardly hear the person standing next to her, but when someone across the room makes a mention of the Olympics, she hears it and looks to see who might have said it. Anika hears the comment about the Olympics because being an Olympian is part of which of the following? Select one: a. her self-concept b. her self-schema c. her sense of self-esteem d. her self-image

B

Austin and Hallie just witnessed a serious accident where a cyclist crashed while riding through the park. The couple was shocked that none of the nearby people in the crowded park rushed over to help. According to the psychologists who first described the phenomenon of bystander apathy, which factor should increase the chances of the victim receiving help from others? Select one: a. If the victim is female, she is more likely to receive help from bystanders. b. If there are fewer bystanders, someone is more likely to help the victim. c. If the members of the crowd are able to remain anonymous, they are more likely to try to help the victim. d. If the victim is a priest or a nun, he or she is more likely to receive help from bystanders.

B

Benton hears voices when no one is present. His psychiatrist prescribes an antipsychotic, which is a type of __________ that works by __________. Select one: a. biological therapy; producing a seizure b. psychotropic medication; changing brain neurochemistry c. alternative therapy; changing brain neurochemistry d. psychological therapy; restructuring delusional thinking

B

Bonnie is protective of her friend Jamie, especially after Jamie's surgery to remove part of her brain to prevent seizures. Bonnie has noticed that Jamie seems too willing to trust strangers, and she also seems undisturbed by sudden noises that signal danger. Which part of Jamie's brain was probably removed? Select one: a. prefrontal cortex b. amygdala c. visual cortex d. thalamus

B

Bronte is participating in a research study to determine how effectively she encodes noises that she hears in her surroundings. She wears headphones and is asked to pay attention to and repeat the message in one ear while hearing a different message in the other ear. Bronte is participating in a __________ task. Select one: a. storage b. selective listening c. change blindness d. retrieval

B

Carlos is in a particularly bad mood because his sister failed to repay a loan he gave her and she refuses to talk to him about it. Carlos then decides to watch some football on TV because his favorite football team is playing. Given Carlos' emotions, which of the following is he likely to think about as he watches the game? Select one: a. "This is going to be a great game. I'm looking forward to watching it." b. "I'm sure my team is going to lose today." c. "I bet we win today. That would really cheer me up." d. "Maybe I shouldn't even watch this game."

B

Charles Darwin and William James both understood the importance of a. environmental stimuli on behavior. b. the adaptive purpose of specific traits and characteristics. c. childhood and parenting on future behavior. d. the connection between physical and psychological problems.

B

Charles Spearman viewed intelligence as having one underlying factor, which he called which kind of intelligence? Select one: a. fluid b. general c. crystallized d. practical

B

Christopher's therapist is treating him for obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Which of the following methods is likely to be most effective over the long term? Select one: a. antidepressants. b. CBT. c. psychosurgery. d. group therapy.

B

Cindi wants to start practicing daily meditation, but she is trying to decide which approach is most appealing to her. She can't decide between __________, where you focus attention on one specific thing or phrase, and __________, where you let your thoughts flow freely without examining them or reacting to them. Select one: a. mindfulness meditation; transcendental meditation b. concentrative meditation; mindfulness meditation c. transcendental meditation; concentrative meditation d. mindfulness meditation; concentrative meditation

B

Damian is a new driver and likes to speed, but he usually abides by the posted speed limit because he doesn't want to get a ticket or lose his driving privileges. What level of moral reasoning is Damian working from? Select one: a. preconventional b. conventional c. postconventional d. nonconventional

B

Danielle is placed into a remedial mathematics class in her school even though she is sure that her skills should have qualified her for a regular math course. Her new remedial math teacher communicates that he does not expect Danielle to perform well in class. As a result, she does not try very hard and gets very low grades in the class. Danielle's performance in her math class most likely has been affected by a Select one: a. in-group bias. b. self-fulfilling prophecy. c. fundamental attribution error. d. actor/observer bias.

B

Dave observed that after returning from the vet, whenever he took his dog, Smooches, near his car, she began to shake and whine. Which of the following types of learned response was Smooches exhibiting? Select one: a. long-term potentiation b. classical conditioning c. operant conditioning d. vicarious conditioning

B

David is taking a class about learning and motivation and he has to work in the laboratory two times a week teaching a rat to press a bar. The cage that he uses allows David to control the reinforcement and punishment that the rat receives. The name for this device used for investigating learning in animals is called a Select one: a. Pavlov terrarium. b. Skinner box. c. Watson chamber. d. Thorndike aquarium.

B

Doris works in a factory where she is paid $10 for every toy she assembles. Given that she is on a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement, which pattern of behavior can we generally expect from her? Select one: a. She is likely to be equally as productive as someone paid by the hour. b. She is likely to be more productive than someone paid by the hour. c. She is likely to perform sporadically, sometimes being more productive and sometimes being less productive than someone paid by the hour. d. She is likely to be less productive than someone paid by the hour.

B

Dr. Janus is treating a patient who has been diagnosed with APD. Which of the following treatments would likely be most effective? Select one: a. exploring the patient's past trauma and unconscious conflicts b. using operant procedures to replace extreme and dysfunctional behaviors with more appropriate ones c. focusing on developing the patient's self-respect and independence d. stabilizing her patient's moods with lithium

B

Dr. Tucker incorporates principles from behaviorism into her therapy practice when she thinks it may be effective in helping her patients. Which of the following is an example of how Dr. Tucker might use her knowledge of behaviorism to help people with psychological problems? a. She uses new drugs that have been developed that operate on the behavior centers of the brain. b. She helps teach behavior modification techniques to patients with anxiety, so they can practice increase desired behaviors. c. She suggests that her patients with memory problems use computer games to practice memory-related tasks. d. She helps trauma victims improve their psychological health by discussing their childhood experiences in detail.

B

During a trip to the north, Rodrigo wrote to Larissa about the first time he saw snow falling. To do so, he pictured it in his mind to recall the experience. When he wrote to her, he used the word "snowfall" for the first time. Rodrigo picturing the snow is an example of aNo __________ representation. In Rodrigo's letter, the word "snowfall" is aNo __________ representation. Select one: a. symbolic; analogical b. analogical; symbolic c. abstract; concrete d. concrete; abstract

B

During the election for a new city mayor, Sheila, one of the candidates, held several news conferences to explain in detail how she would address the important issues that the city was facing. Another candidate, Novia, bought TV advertisements that showed local celebrities supporting her for mayor. According to the elaboration likelihood model, Sheila was attempting to use persuasion by the ________ route and Novia was using persuasion by the ________ route. Select one: a. secondary; primary b. central; peripheral c. primary; secondary d. peripheral; central

B

During which decade of life are most people in their peak physical condition? Select one: a. their teens b. their 20s c. their 30s d. their 40s

B

Ecstasy has an energizing effect similar to that of other stimulants, but it also has the properties of __________, which may be why the drug has become popular at clubs and raves. Select one: a. depressants b. hallucinogens c. marijuana d. MDMA

B

Employing a process known as ____________, when Brice was first training his dog to do a "high five," he gave it a treat for any behavior, such as lifting its paw, that approximated the desired end-goal behavior of a "high five." Select one: a. extinction b. shaping c. classical conditioning d. modeling

B

Frank is studying the effects of concussion on memory. He wants to observe the brain activity of victims as they perform memory tasks in real time. Which of the following brain imaging methods is the most appropriate for the study? a. EEG b. fMRI c. CT scan d. transcranial magnetic stimulation

B

Group leaders should refrain from expressing strong opinions at the beginning of discussions. Leaders should also encourage their teams to consider alternative ideas and treat dissenters respectfully. In this way, leaders can prevent which of the following from happening? Select one: a. conformity b. groupthink c. risky-shift effect d. deindividuation

B

Huey is a very sociable and funny person. His sociability, but not his sense of humor, is probably influenced by his Select one: a. self-concept. b. genes. c. personality. d. self-esteem.

B

In high school, Theodore was diagnosed with dyslexia, a reading-based learning disability. Now that he is in his first semester of taking college classes, what should he do about this challenge? a. ask his teacher to excuse him from assignments that require reading b. get in touch with his college's disability support services c. hire a tutor who will help him study every night d. avoid academic accommodations, like extra time to read on exams, because that will weaken his skills

B

James is a painter who continuously must adjust the tension of his brush-holding hand to execute strokes. The ability to control his grip is supported by the __________ nervous system, a subdivision of his __________ nervous system. a. autonomic; central b. somatic; peripheral c. peripheral; somatic d. central; autonomic

B

Jenna knows that Johnny doesn't treat her right. She also knows she can find someone who will treat her better. But for some reason, she keeps dating Johnny anyway. Which of these is true about Jenna? Select one: a. Her attitude toward Johnny is simple. b. Her attitude toward Johnny is complex. c. Her attitude toward Johnny is accessible. d. Her attitude toward Johnny is inaccessible.

B

Jolie is writing a research paper that focuses on the physical development of the brain and body. She is emphasizing how these changes prepare the child for voluntary movement, such as rolling over, sitting, and walking. What would be the best title for this paper? Select one: a. "Cognitive Development: Infancy Through Adolescence" b. "Maturation in Infants" c. "Socialization in the First Five Years of Life" d. "The Influence of Teratogens on Prenatal Development"

B

Judy and Mike have just rated themselves on five-factor theory personality traits. According to research on sex differences in personality, which of the following statements correctly reflects the probable results? Select one: a. Mike will rate himself as more assertive and more neurotic than Judy. b. Judy will rate herself as more assertive and more neurotic than Mike. c. Mike will rate himself as more agreeable and more neurotic than Judy. d. Judy will rate herself as more agreeable and more neurotic than Mike.

B

Julie is depressed and sees a therapist for treatment. The therapist works with Julie to help her identify the automatic, negative thoughts she has about herself and her future that are contributing to her depression. Julie's therapist is likely using Select one: a. psychodynamic therapy. b. cognitive-behavioral therapy. c. client-centered therapy. d. a systems approach.

B

Karim likes to try new things. Recently he has gone skydiving, tried tango dancing, joined a soccer league, and started learning a new language. Karim may have been born with a gene that caused him to have low levels of which of the following? Select one: a. self-esteem b. dopamine c. stimulation d. neuroticism

B

Kayla's therapist first taught her mindfulness meditation so she could focus on the present. Then, Kayla and her therapist talked about events in Kayla's past that led to her current problems. Now her therapist is teaching her to have self-respect and to think for herself. Kayla is probably being treated for Select one: a. antisocial personality disorder. b. borderline personality disorder. c. depression. d. OCD.

B

Keisha had a memorable night at a close friend's wedding. Between the beautiful scenery, the touching vows, and the dancing, this wedding was epic. While the memories have already been encoded, these two phases of memory will allow Keisha to remember and talk about this night for years to come. Select one: a. visual attention and auditory attention b. storage and retrieval c. filter theory and change blindness d. sensory storage and long-term storage

B

Keoh is studying for a test tomorrow, and he knows the teacher will ask for the definition of "intelligence". Which of the following details should he NOT include in his definition? Select one: a. the ability to make sense of events b. the motivation to be successful in life c. the capacity to understand complex ideas d. the tendency to adapt to environmental challenges

B

Kim has an IQ of only 85 but can perform amazing feats of memory, such as memorizing the contents of over nine thousand books. A person like Kim, who has a low IQ but shows extraordinary ability in some intelligent process, is known as a Select one: a. genius. b. savant. c. prodigy. d. cognitive elite.

B

Larissa had absolutely no memory of violently beating her abusive husband with a baseball bat and leaving him for nearly dead. Psychologists diagnosed her with __________, and the courts found her not criminally responsible for her actions. Select one: a. dissociative fugue b. dissociative amnesia c. dissociative identity disorder d. antisocial personality disorder

B

Laura's mother died from Huntington's disease. Unfortunately, after opting to take a genetic test, it was determined that Laura's __________ predisposed her to Huntington's disease. Select one: a. endocrine system b. genotype c. behavioral genetics d. phenotype

B

Laurie has major depressive disorder. According to psychologist Aaron Beck, negative thinking may contribute to Laurie's depression. Specifically, Laurie may think negatively about herself, her situation, and her Select one: a. friends. b. future. c. psychologist. d. family.

B

Louise has been diagnosed with an anxiety disorder that involves sudden and overwhelming attacks of terror and worry about having these attacks in the future. The attacks are very unpredictable, and they seem to be getting worse the longer the condition lasts. Based on this it is most likely that Louise is experiencing Select one: a. obsessive-compulsive disorder. b. panic disorder. c. social anxiety disorder. d. generalized anxiety disorder.

B

Luther is preparing a presentation for his students that addresses the relationship between the reticular activating system in the brain and an individual's level of extroversion or introversion. Whose theory should Luther most likely reference in this talk? Select one: a. Allport b. Eysenck c. Rogers d. Mischel

B

Martavis is wondering whether extrasensory perception (ESP) really exists. If he is using the steps of critical thinking, what is the first thing he should ask himself? a. "What evidence is there that ESP actually exists?" b. "What am I being asked to accept or believe about ESP?" c. "What conclusions can I draw about the existence of ESP?" d. "How can I conduct research about the existence of ESP?"

B

Neil and Gretchen recently started dating, and they feel an overwhelming urge to be together all the time and to have sex as often as possible. Armando and Jenny have been married for several years, and they each feel lucky to be married to their best friend. Neil and Gretchen are experiencing __________ love, while Armando and Jenny's relationship has evolved into __________ love. Select one: a. companionate; passionate b. passionate; companionate c. egotistic; altruistic d. altruistic; egotistic

B

Neil appears to think quite highly of himself. He believes the world would be a better place if he were in charge of it, and he does not like to be challenged. He takes insults very seriously and will defend himself readily. According to what we know about the drawbacks of high self-esteem, we should be concerned about which of the following? Select one: a. He has low self-esteem that he is hiding from others. b. He may become violent if he thinks others are treating him disrespectfully. c. He may commit suicide. d. He will ultimately suffer a devastating blow to his self-image.

B

Nelson is seeing a psychotherapist whose approach to treatment involves addressing the "whole person." The therapy does not consider an isolated problem or behavior, but takes a larger view of the process of improvement. What type of therapy is this? Select one: a. behavioral b. humanistic c. psychodynamic d. biological

B

One-year-old Jerome is in the __________ stage of cognitive development. Thus, when his mother shows Jerome a ball and then hides it behind her back, we would expect him to __________. Select one: a. concrete operational; appear to lose interest in the ball and not look for it b. sensorimotor; appear to lose interest in the ball and not look for it c. formal operational; appear interested in the ball but not look for it d. preoperational; appear interested in the ball and attempt to look for it

B

Othello likes going to the casino and playing the slot machine. He realizes that he will not win very often and that he never knows how many times he has to put money in and pull the level before he will win. Othello is being reinforced on a __________ schedule of reinforcement. Select one: a. variable interval b. variable ratio c. fixed interval d. fixed ratio

B

Penelope experiences regular panic attacks, and her fear of them happening again has led her to be diagnosed with panic disorder. She is working with a therapist who helps her to change her thinking about the attacks and the hope is that the anxiety as well as the attacks will be reduced over time. What psychotherapy technique is the therapist using? Select one: a. systematic desensitization b. cognitive restructuring c. exposure and response prevention d. free association

B

Professor Jacobs conducts a lot of research. He always makes sure that his study records are stored in a locked cabinet inside of a locked office. Only he and his lab manager have both keys. Which ethical issue(s) does he wish to address through these protective measures? a. anonymity b. confidentiality c. risks d. informed consent

B

Professor Newton is planning a research study with human participants, who will have to wear a head-mounted eye-tracking device during data collection. While the device is not painful or dangerous, it can be a bit uncomfortable, and some participants may get a headache from wearing the device. In order to conduct the study ethically, Professor Newton must ensure that which of the following is favorable? a. random assignment b. risk/benefit ratio c. scientific standards d. privacy and confidentiality

B

Researchers found that adults who had been diagnosed with this disorder during childhood had reduced metabolism in brain regions involved in the self-regulation of motor functions and attention. Select one: a. autism spectrum disorder b. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder c. motor disorders d. specific learning disorder

B

Rhiannon wants to get a pet. She is considering several options, including a dog, cat, rabbit, ferret, and guinea pig, all of which she thinks would be good pets. Rhiannon's thinking shows that she is categorizing the concept of "pet" in a way that is consistent with the __________ model. Select one: a. stereotype b. exemplar c. framing d. prototype

B

Richard and Kathy have been best friends for years. When it comes to predicting what each other will do in certain situations, which of the following statements is most correct? Select one: a. Richard will not be able to predict Kathy's behavior more accurately than an acquaintance can. b. Richard will not be able to predict Kathy's behavior more accurately than she can. c. Richard may be able to predict Kathy's behavior more accurately than she can. d. Richard will know how Kathy feels about something, but will not be able to predict her response to a given situation.

B

Ricky accidentally backed into another car in a parking lot, leaving a small dent in the door. Because he did not have the money to pay for the damage, he quickly drove away before anyone saw him. Later Ricky felt anxiety, tension, and agitation over the incident. Psychologists refer to this emotion as Select one: a. surprise. b. guilt. c. shame. d. embarrassment.

B

Roisin is investigating of how humans think about groups of people and form negative attitudes, stereotypes, and prejudices. Which level of analysis does her work most likely involve? a. the biological level b. the social level c. the individual level d. the cultural level

B

Sandra is currently struggling with an anxiety disorder. According to the diathesis-stress model, which of these could reasonably be Sandra's diathesis? Select one: a. She is currently going through a divorce. b. She experienced a traumatic accident as a child. c. She is struggling to pay her bills each month. d. She is being bullied by a coworker.

B

Sixteen-year-old Ashley is seeing a therapist for depression. Her therapist suggests getting a prescription for an SSRI from her physician. The therapist explains several benefits to Ashley's parents, but the therapist makes one mistake. Which of the following statements by the therapist is NOT correct? Select one: a. Overall, suicide rates decrease when adolescents take SSRIs. b. The medication has no risks or side effects. c. The number of suicides among adolescents taking SSRIs is very low. d. Adolescents show the greatest benefit from a combination of therapy and medication.

B

When he thinks about his new boyfriend, Trevor experiences a rush of happiness and pleasure. In his brain, such thoughts activate the nucleus accumbens, which is part of the forebrain structure called the Select one: a. thalamus. b. basal ganglia. c. hippocampus. d. hypothalamus.

B

Split-brain patient G.C. is in line at a coffee shop when he witnesses a woman in his right visual field about to trip over an electrical cord on the floor. What happens next? Select one: a. Although G.C. knows what is happening, he cannot verbalize information about his right visual field, so the woman trips on the wire. b. Luckily, because the incident is taking place in his right visual field, G.C. is able to warn the woman about the cord before she trips. c. G.C. is unable to recognize the hazard that is taking place in his right visual field, so he makes no attempt to warn the woman, who trips. d. G.C. sees the hazard and is able to verbalize it, but because he has a split brain, he no longer feels a social impulse to help the woman avoid tripping.

B

Stephanie struggles with false beliefs that she is under constant government surveillance. Which type of delusion is she experiencing? Select one: a. grandiose b. persecution c. identity d. control

B

The cognitive triad, identified by Dr. Aaron Beck, is a combination of negative thoughts that are believed to be related to the symptoms of depression. Which is NOT a part of the cognitive triad? Select one: a. negative thoughts about one's self b. negative thoughts about one's family c. negative thoughts about one's future d. negative thoughts about one's situation

B

The communication system that uses hormones to influence thoughts and actions is called the __________ system. Select one: a. neurological b. endocrine c. peripheral nervous d. central nervous

B

The goal of CBT in treating panic disorder is to Select one: a. uncover the unconscious conflicts leading to the panic. b. break the connection between the trigger symptom and the resulting panic. c. treat the disorder at its biological source. d. boost self-esteem so the client may realize his or her human potential.

B

The systematic, objective study of our mental activity and behavior is called a. psychoanalysis. b. psychology. c. behaviorism. d. the scientific method.

B

The units of heredity, which partially determine an organism's characteristics, are called Select one: a. alleles. b. genes. c. telomeres. d. chromosomes.

B

The use of antidepressants with children and adolescents is associated with an increased risk of potentially dangerous outcomes. This prompted the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to require warning labels on the packaging of these medications. What was one potentially dangerous impact? Select one: a. the development of pancreatitis and diabetes symptoms b. an increased risk of becoming suicidal c. a white blood cell disease called agranulocytosis d. the development of an irreversible series of muscle tics and tremors

B

The word "oboe" refers to a woodwind instrument that is played in a band or an orchestra. The letters o-b-o-e, however, do not specifically tell you what an oboe is. The word "oboe" is an example of aNo __________ representation of this musical instrument. Select one: a. heuristic b. symbolic c. algorithmic d. analogical

B

Todd put a tiny light on one spoke of each of his bike wheels. When Todd rides at night, other people see the lights as circles, and not just as a single point, until Todd comes to a stop. Which memory system allows for this visual effect? Select one: a. selective attention b. sensory storage c. change blindness d. chunking

B

Tracy learned to keep her tent from sagging by strengthening connections between its support poles. For Tracy to learn, changes in her brain that involved the strengthening of connections between neurons likely occurred. This process is known as Select one: a. associative learning. b. long-term potentiation. c. acquisition. d. latent learning.

B

Under which of the following circumstances will a psychological problem most likely be considered a disorder? Select one: a. if it deviates from the norms of society b. if it disrupts a person's life and causes significant distress over a long period of time c. if it puts a person at slightly increased risk of injury d. if it is not consistent with the expectations of one's culture

B

Using only a few seconds of security camera footage, Detective Mata observes thin slices of __________ and uses them as powerful cues for forming impressions of suspects. Select one: a. expressions b. behavior c. judgments d. attitudes

B

Vidhya takes her 1-year-old son, Venkat, to visit a day care center where she plans to enroll him. Venkat eagerly explores the playroom as long as Vidhya is present. When his mom leaves the room, Venkat becomes distressed and appears to look for her. When Vidhya returns, he quickly calms down and returns to playing. This is the type of interaction you might observe between a child and a parent who Select one: a. have not yet developed an attachment relationship. b. share a secure attachment relationship. c. share an avoidant attachment relationship. d. share an ambivalent attachment relationship.

B

Vivianna knew that if she saved a little bit of money each week, she would be able to afford to go with her friends to Las Vegas over spring break. The trip to Vegas served as __________ to keep Vivianna motivated. Select one: a. a drive b. an incentive c. arousal d. a pleasure principle

B

What is the most widely used and abused depressant in the world? Select one: a. benzodiazepines b. alcohol c. opiates d. barbiturates

B

When Ibrahim was 6 years old, he was terrified by the family's parrot, which flew at him and bit him on the nose. Since then, he's been afraid of all birds. Ibrahim's bird phobia illustrates the classical conditioning process of Select one: a. discrimination. b. generalization c. spontaneous recovery. d. extinction.

B

When Lauren visits her grandfather she loves walking with him because he names all of the species of trees and plants that they see. When Lauren's grandfather recalls these facts he is demonstrating __________ intelligence. Select one: a. intrapersonal b. crystallized c. fluid d. analytical

B

When Martin first drives his new car home, he notices that there is a lot of road noise coming in through the windows. After a few weeks of driving, however, he barely notices that noise. Martin is most likely experiencing non-associative learning through __________. Select one: a. sensitization b. habituation c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning

B

When walking home from work, Eric noticed a group of men standing near the intersection. Eric decided to take a different route home either instinctively or because of which of the following? Select one: a. prejudice b. snap judgment c. observer bias d. situational attribution

B

Which of the following is an example of a secondary emotion? Select one: a. anger b. guilt c. fear d. disgust

B

Which of the following is likely to contribute to a person's sense of self in a collectivist culture? Select one: a. feelings of being unique b. personal relationships c. one's sense of self-reliance d. personal successes

B

Which of the following is true about the functions of dendrites and axons? Select one: a. Dendrites transmit information from neighboring neurons, whereas axons detect information. b. Dendrites detect information from neighboring neurons, whereas axons transmit information. c. Dendrites integrate information from neighboring neurons, whereas axons detect information. d. Dendrites transmit information from neighboring neurons, whereas axons integrate information.

B

Which of the following pairs of variables would be an example of a negative correlation? a. amount of hours spent studying and chances of getting a good grade on a test b. number of times a person brushes his teeth and likelihood of getting cavities c. number of children a person has and the likelihood that it will be a snowy winter d. the amount of money a person makes and the size of the home she is likely to own

B

Which of these statements about contemporary psychology is NOT accurate? a. Few psychologists today describe themselves as strict behaviorists. b. Few cognitive psychologists recognize the importance that the brain plays in cognition. c. Most doctoral degrees in psychology are awarded to students in the clinical subfield. d. The atrocities committed during World War II helped prompt psychologists to understand how people are shaped by interactions with others.

B

Which story most strongly suggests that emotions have a biological basis? Select one: a. Little Lily cries every time she skins her knee or bumps her head, but her twin brother Ty is stoic, even when his mom pours peroxide on his cuts and scrapes. b. Nolan grins widely and pumps his fist in the air after winning a chess tournament, even though he is blind and has never seen what a winner's body language looks like. c. Even at her father's funeral, Karen can't help laughing at a funny story about her dad wearing a gorilla suit to work. d. As soon as the wine glass slipped from his hand, Mike felt guilty about the stain he was about to make on Becca's couch.

B

While hiking in the mountains in Alaska, Pete encountered a giant grizzly bear. He immediately felt his heart rate increase, his breathing become rapid, and sweat drip down his back. These events were most likely due to effects of the neurotransmitter called Select one: a. serotonin. b. epinephrine. c. GABA. d. dopamine.

B

You go to the hospital to visit Patient N.L., who has had memory problems following a sports injury three weeks ago. Patient N.L. recognizes his team of doctors, is able to speak, and is able to remember who has visited him that day, but he did not recognize his girlfriend or parents, and he did not remember where he lived or went to school. You're not surprised to learn that he has been diagnosed with Select one: a. anterograde amnesia. b. retrograde amnesia. c. Alzheimer's disease. d. absentmindedness.

B

Your friend Dave has concluded that the rock band U2 is the greatest band of all time. If you carefully consider the information that would test the validity of this claim, you are engaging in a form of thought called Select one: a. decision making. b. reasoning. c. logic. d. problem solving.

B

A 5-year-old observes his father yelling at his older brother after he dropped and broke his dinner plate while removing it from the table. Thereafter, due to __________, the 5-year-old is very cautious when removing his own plate. Select one: a. classical conditioning b. extinction c. vicarious conditioning d. generalization

C

According to Erikson, what is the primary task of adolescence? Select one: a. initiative b. industry c. identity d. intimacy

C

According to the consolidated theory of why sleep is important, which of these activities would be a bad idea? Select one: a. Ryan's plan to stay up all night after competing in a tough wrestling match b. Clarice's plan to go hiking in the woods at night c. Meredith's plan to pull an all-nighter studying for her Chinese exam d. Pedro's plan to go on a late-night pizza run

C

According to the notion of general intelligence, if Cici is very good at math, how would you expect her to do in other subjects, such as writing? Select one: a. She will perform worse at writing than math. b. She will perform better at writing than math. c. She will perform relatively as well in writing as she does in math. d. Since they are two completely different subjects, it is not possible to say.

C

According to the text, the interaction of what three developmental domains shapes human development? Select one: a. social, physical, moral b. mental, physical, environmental c. physical, cognitive, socio-emotional d. environmental, genetic, perceptual

C

Aditya is talking with a woman he wants to ask on a date. He wants to make sure that she likes him before he asks, so he watches the way that she smiles. Aditya figures that if she displays a genuine smile, not a fake one, it is more likely that she feels positively towards him and will agree to go out with him. Aditya is happy when he finally sees a genuine smile, where Select one: a. she showed her teeth. b. the muscles on her face made her cheeks move up. c. there were small crinkles at the corners of her eyes. d. the corners of her mouth moved up.

C

After a bad fall while rock climbing, Charisa experienced profound alterations in her ability to initiate voluntary movements, such as moving her eyes or reaching for a cup of water. Which brain structure did Charisa's injuries most likely affect? a. thalamus b. amygdala c. substantia nigra d. hippocampus

C

After getting a bad sunburn, before heading out for a day at the beach, Stanley slathers on sunscreen to avoid getting sunburned. In this case, Stanley's habit of using sunscreen has likely been acquired by way of Select one: a. positive reinforcement. b. vicarious conditioning. c. negative reinforcement. d. punishment.

C

After his stroke, Brian slowly recovered function in his right arm. The property of the brain that supports learning and recovery of functions lost after brain trauma and that reflects the interactive nature of biological and environmental influences is called a. an action potential. b. neurotransmission. c. plasticity. d. gray matter.

C

Akiva tends to worry a lot, even about things that are out of his control. He is very insecure about the decisions that he makes in his life, and when things don't go his way he tends to pity himself instead of looking for ways to improve the situations. According to the five-factor theory of personality, Akiva would be Select one: a. high in extraversion. b. low in conscientiousness. c. high in neuroticism. d. low in openness to experience.

C

Alexis was diagnosed with OCD because she has to check the locks on her house and car many times before she can leave them. Her therapist asks her to lock a door then takes away the keys so Alexis cannot lock the door again. Taking away the keys is __________ and locking the door is __________. Select one: a. systematic desensitization; exposure b. exposure; response prevention c. response prevention; exposure d. response prevention; systematic desensitization

C

At a meeting of the American Association of Knitting Enthusiasts, five people are elected to a committee to create a mission statement. Devin spends the entire committee meeting looking at her cell phone and texting and contributes nothing to the work. She is sure the other four will get the work done fine without her. Devin's behavior is most likely the result of Select one: a. social facilitation. b. in-group bias. c. social loafing. d. deindividuation.

C

Bee was asked to write a paper comparing her personality with her brother's personality using the trait approach. In her paper, Bee might have explained which of the following? Select one: a. She is more influenced by her environment than her brother is. b. Her brother is less self-actualized than she is. c. She demonstrates more neuroticism than her brother. d. Her brother's personality traits change when he is stressed.

C

Brian is an American traveling abroad. He is shocked by the extent to which the people in the country he's visiting seem to follow group norms and emphasize family connection and group cohesiveness. Brian is traveling in a country that has aNo __________ culture. Select one: a. extraverted b. individualist c. collectivist d. introverted

C

Butch was recently rear-ended by a woman in a parking lot. Later his best friend tells him that he, too, was recently in an accident in which a woman driver was at fault. Based on these experiences, Butch develops a __________ about female drivers that includes the belief that __________. Select one: a. prototype; most women are bad drivers b. concept; these two women are bad drivers c. stereotype; all women are bad drivers d. category; all women are bad drivers

C

Carol's daughter Desiree has been disrupting her kindergarten class recently, and she is also struggling to stay on task when doing homework or chores. A school psychologist plans to assess Desiree for psychological disorders, first by sitting in on Desiree's class to conduct __________ and then by having Desiree perform specific cognitive tasks. Select one: a. an interview b. a self-report c. an observation d. psychological testing

C

Casey is jealous of his sister Yvette, who seems to get special treatment because she is very physically attractive. Yvette always breezes through airport security, and whenever she gets pulled over for speeding, she is able to talk her way out of getting a ticket. From which stereotype does Yvette benefit? Select one: a. birds of a feather b. reciprocal helping c. What is beautiful is good. d. eye of the beholder

C

Charlie is a 16-year-old boy who has always been a straight A student. Recently Charlie has started to struggle in his math and science classes so his teachers assign him to a special study hall for students who need academic help. Even though Charlie has thought of himself as academically gifted he wonders whether he is actually academically challenged. Given this information, Charlie is most likely experiencing a crisis of Select one: a. initiative versus guilt. b. industry versus inferiority. c. identity versus role confusion. d. intimacy versus isolation.

C

Craig said he had forgiven Josh for a past disagreement, but whenever Josh goes out with the group, Craig seems to stay at home. Which of Craig's attitudes toward Josh likely remains negative? Select one: a. simple b. complex c. implicit d. explicit

C

Dana's professor has been in a good mood all month, ever since a shiny engagement ring appeared on her hand. Dana is hoping that this good mood influences how the professor grades her latest essay. According to the __________ theory, Dana may be in luck. Select one: a. two-factor b. Cannon-Bard c. affect-as-information d. sexual strategies

C

Denzel has been assigned a research paper by his psychology instructor. They are studying the memory chapter, and Denzel is to find information about the filter theory. Which founder of this approach should he look up in the library? Select one: a. Treisman b. Cherry c. Broadbent d. Atkinson

C

Dr. Grodner is conducting an experiment on age-related changes in memory. He is comparing how well retirees and high school students perform on a memory task. In order to conveniently schedule research participants, he has the older adults come to the lab during the day, since they are retired. The students come to the lab in the evening, after they are finished with school and other activities. What is the problematic confound in this study? a. It is unfair to compare older adults to younger adults, because older adults sometimes experience memory problems. b. Dr. Grodner has not operationally defined memory for the purposes of his study. c. If memory turns out to be something that varies by time of day, it is problematic that the older adults all do the study in the morning and the younger adults do the study at night. d. Older adults have a lot more memories than younger adults, which confound the study.

C

Dr. Kopelski is an expert in the treatment of schizophrenia, and he regularly prescribes medications for patients with this condition. He prefers to use the atypical antipsychotics, but he knows that there are some serious side effects that his patients must be monitored for. These side effects include all but which of the following? Select one: a. a potentially fatal drop in white blood cells b. seizures c. tardive dyskinesia d. substantial weight gain

C

Dr. Rickles adheres to the humanistic perspective on personality. Which of the following correctly states what his general view of people might be? Select one: a. basically bad and generally incapable of growth b. basically good but generally incapable of growth c. basically good and capable of growth d. basically bad but capable of growth

C

During the winter Olympics, a skier had a terrible fall. The observers all cringed. It was as if they had fallen themselves and were able to feel the pain of the fallen athlete. According to the biological basis of observational learning, the action of __________ might underpin the observers' behavior. Select one: a. instincts b. memes c. mirror neurons d. dopamine

C

Emilio practices with the wrestling team every day after school because he knows his father wants him to be a star athlete. He has no real interest in wrestling; in fact, he hates it. But he does it to try to win his father's approval. Emilio's motivation to continue wrestling appears to be best explained by Select one: a. intrinsic motivation. b. self-determination theory. c. extrinsic motivation. d. self-perception theory.

C

Even though she earned a failing grade on her 2nd grade spelling test, DeeDee's father gave her a hug and said, "I love you sweetheart. We're going to work hard on that spelling list tonight, okay?" Carl Rogers would call this a demonstration of Select one: a. internal locus of control. b. external locus of control. c. unconditional positive regard. d. conditions of worth.

C

Gabriella is very emotional and always seems to need to be the center of attention. When she goes to weddings she frequently gets drunk and flirts with all the men there (even those who are clearly married or with a date). At work events she always has to make a speech and disrupts others when they are talking. She has lost several friends and jobs over these drama-seeking behaviors. Based on this, Gabriella will most likely be diagnosed with __________ personality disorder. Select one: a. borderline b. narcissistic c. histrionic d. dependent

C

Gregory has had epilepsy his whole life, and recently it has become very severe. Medications have not helped and his doctors are worried that the ongoing seizures could cause brain damage if they move from one side of his brain to the other. To prevent this, doctors will perform a medical procedure to disconnect Gregory's two cerebral hemispheres from each other by cutting his Select one: a. primary motor cortices. b. parietal lobes. c. corpus callosum. d. suprachiasmatic nucleus.

C

Hank has been diagnosed with APD and is getting treatment. Which of the following factors that are common to his disorder will likely make it difficult for him to develop a therapeutic relationship with his psychologist? Select one: a. diminished cortical arousal; self-injurious behavior b. intense unstable moods; depression c. excessive lying; little concern for others' feelings d. hallucinations; delusions

C

In a study on the biological bases of learning, lab rat A is given a drug that blocks dopamine activity in its brain. Thereafter, the rat is placed in an operant chamber where a lever-pressing task is shaped through positive reinforcement. We should expect that the rat will have Select one: a. less difficulty learning the task than a normal rat. b. the same amount of difficulty learning the task as a normal rat. c. more difficulty learning the task than a normal rat. d. more difficulty learning the task than a rat that is being negatively reinforced.

C

In the cycle of the scientific method, statistics help you a. determine whether your theory is supported. b. define a hypothesis. c. determine whether your hypothesis is supported. d. analyze your results after they are published in a research journal.

C

Jamie wants to persuade her parents to let her go to Europe with her school choir. Which statement about persuasion is most accurate? Select one: a. Jamie will be more persuasive if she delivers a strictly one-sided argument. b. Jamie will be more persuasive if she addresses her parents when they are unable to pay attention to her arguments. c. Jamie will be more successful if her arguments are memorable. d. Jamie will be more successful if she prevents her parents from thinking too deeply about her arguments.

C

Jason was very stressed out and decided to get a massage. In order to fully experience the stress-relieving benefits of touch, the three functions of Jason's nervous system had to be intact. That is, his nervous system had to be able to do which three things (in the order listed)? Select one: a. receive sensory information, integrate it, and then transmit it b. process sensory information, transmit it, and then respond to it c. receive sensory information, process it, and then respond to it d. process sensory information, integrate it, and then transmit it

C

Joaquin worked really hard to write his first history paper. He went to the library and took thorough notes about everything he read. But later he mistakenly thought that some of his notes represented his own original ideas rather than those of other scholars, so without realizing it, Joaquin plagiarized the work of others by making a source attribution error called Select one: a. memory bias. b. suggestibility. c. cryptomnesia. d. distortion.

C

Joy and Shawn have a good marriage, but they disagree about food. They buy two different loaves of bread each week, one white and one wheat, so that they each have the bread they like best. Which of these choices is the most likely cause of their different preferences? Select one: a. Shawn and Joy's bodies produce different amounts of leptin and ghrelin, which influence specific cravings. b. Shawn and Joy have different levels of glucose in their bloodstream, which can influence what type of bread they crave. c. Shawn and Joy ate different types of bread as children, and they still each prefer to eat the bread most familiar to them. d. All the answer options are correct.

C

Kelvin is pitching for his high school baseball team. He has mastered the art of the curveball, and knows just how to twist his fingers around the seam of the baseball to make the pitch work. The part of the nervous system that helps him feel the seams on the baseball and control his fingers to throw the curveball properly is the __________ nervous system. Select one: a. parasympathetic b. sympathetic c. somatic d. autonomic

C

Lewis completes a test that assesses his current skills and knowledge. Alice completes a test that assesses her ability to learn in the future. In these examples, Lewis has probably completed an __________ test and Alice has completed an __________ test. Select one: a. aptitude; achievement b. aptitude; ability c. achievement; aptitude d. intelligence; ability

C

Marie kept trying to recall the name of the new movie she wanted to see. Although she'd seen the preview several times, she kept drawing a blank on the title. She had the sense that she knew the title, but she could not produce it at that moment. Which type of forgetting was she experiencing? Select one: a. retroactive interference b. proactive interference c. tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon d. absentmindedness

C

Maurice is taking a personality test in which he is shown an ambiguous picture and asked to tell a story about what is happening in the image. He is taking which of the following tests? Select one: a. EAR b. Rorschach c. TAT d. NEO

C

Melia's company has offered her the chance to move from Philadelphia to North Carolina. She does not really want to relocate, but the company has offered her a promotion, moving expenses, and a big pay raise if she agrees. These external rewards that are designed to motivate Melia to relocate are best described as Select one: a. ways to increase grit. b. ways to increase self-efficacy. c. incentives. d. drives.

C

Mindy had watched her favorite movie nearly a dozen times before she noticed that, in one scene, the color of the leading lady's cardigan changes abruptly. Mindy realized she had not noticed this in the past because of Select one: a. filter theory. b. selective attention. c. change blindness. d. sensory storage.

C

Mollie was born totally deaf. She has never been able to hear a sound. Her physicians note that the structures of her ears are all fine, as are the auditory nerves that send sound information to the brain. "There must be a problem with the ________ lobes, which contain the auditory cortex," the physicians report to Mollie's parents. Select one: a. parietal b. frontal c. temporal d. occipital

C

Morris is 85 years old. Which of the following tasks would you expect him to have the most difficulty with? Select one: a. recalling his own birth date b. using new information c. driving while listening to the radio d. practicing a well-learned skill

C

Mr. Craven lacks imagination and is a complete conformist. With respect to the Big Five personality traits, Mr. Craven probably would score low on which of the following? Select one: a. agreeableness b. extraversion c. openness to experience d. conscientiousness

C

Natural selection is a. based on the idea that conscious experience can be broken down into underlying thoughts. b. the idea that the observable environment affects behavior in predictable ways. c. the mechanism of evolution. d. how systems of rewards increase desired behaviors.

C

Nichella likes to take psychoactive drugs that impact her perceptual experiences. When she is using these drugs, she has sensory experiences that were not caused by any actual event or stimulus. Nichella is most likely using Select one: a. stimulants. b. opiates. c. hallucinogens. d. depressants.

C

Nicola has been playing roller derby for several months now, but she hasn't seen many improvements in her skills lately. She is at the rink three nights a week, but she's starting to feel that there's no point to practicing so hard as it isn't paying off. Given what you know, which of these statements applies to Nicola? Select one: a. She has extrinsic motivation. b. She has intrinsic motivation. c. She has low self-efficacy. d. She has low self-actualization.

C

Nine-year-old Mario has been given a prescription for Ritalin. He is probably being treated for Select one: a. obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). b. depression. c. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). d. autism.

C

Nora met Greg at the scene of her recent bike accident. She remembers the way her heart fluttered and her palms became sweaty as he helped her pick up her bent bicycle and load it into the back of his truck. It could have been love at first sight, or maybe it was simply Select one: a. the amygdala. b. estradiol. c. misattribution of arousal. d. the excitement phase.

C

Not one, but both, of Daniel's parents have schizophrenia. What is the approximate lifetime risk that Daniel himself will develop the disorder? Select one: a. 0 percent b. 25 percent c. 50 percent d. 75 percent

C

Pam and Jaquan are going to drive from New York to Los Angeles, where they will attend college, and they have decided to break the trip up into several shorter days of driving instead of trying to drive all the way without stopping. They plan to stop in Chicago, Denver, and Las Vegas, before reaching Los Angeles on the fourth day. If they are successful then Pam and Jaquan will reach their goal by having used the problem solving method of Select one: a. analogies. b. sudden insight. c. subgoals. d. working backward.

C

Raj is interested in how religious beliefs influence political engagement. Which level of analysis best fits Raj's research questions? a. social b. individual c. cultural d. biological

C

Religious ecstasy and meditation both can lead to experiences of altered consciousness. Why? Select one: a. Both practices involve posthypnotic suggestion. b. Both are escapist activities. c. Both practices allow practitioners to direct attention away from the self. d. Both practices involve a spiritual component.

C

Research has shown that even infants can display empathy, or the ability to feel the emotions of another person. For example, when an infant sees another baby crying and soon begins crying herself. This type of learning is most likely a result of Select one: a. decreases in hormones. b. increases in dopamine. c. activation of mirror neurons. d. processing in the frontal lobes.

C

Researcher Stanley Milgram wanted to understand why normal citizens would follow orders to injure or kill innocent people during World War II. He wanted to know what factors influence people to follow orders given by an authority figure. In other words, he wanted to understand which phenomenon? Select one: a. discrimination b. prejudice c. obedience d. situational attributions

C

Sammy is doing research that involves placing objects in the visual fields of visually impaired elderly men. He wants to discover what specific neurons fire in response to the features of the objects. The study requires electrodes to be implanted in the men's brains. In which part of the brain would you suggest Sammy place the electrodes? Select one: a. frontal lobe b. parietal lobe c. occipital lobe d. temporal lobe

C

Sarah was shocked by the news of her neighbor being sexually assaulted. She was even more shocked, though, that so many people, including Sarah's own mother, assumed her neighbor had provoked the attack somehow. According to this perspective, Sarah's mother is making an attribution that seems to make the world seem safer and saner. Select one: a. fundamental attribution error b. actor/observer bias c. just world hypothesis d. self-fulfilling prophecy

C

Since he was 3 years old, Milton has had a stutter. It has gotten worse as he's gotten older, and now at 8 years of age he is reluctant to talk in public. He feels embarrassed when he gets "stuck" on words, and this is impacting his ability to make friends in school. What type of neurodevelopmental disorder is Milton most likely experiencing? Select one: a. autism spectrum disorder b. intellectual disability c. communication disorder d. motor disorder

C

Susan has an alcohol addiction that encompasses __________, in that she needs more and more alcohol to feel high, and __________, in that she feels she needs to drink to maintain her social life. Select one: a. psychological dependence; physical dependence b. tolerance; withdrawal c. physical dependence; psychological dependence d. withdrawal; tolerance

C

Tawny has had a strong desire for a Dr Pepper all day. She isn't sure why, because she rarely drinks this beverage. But her roommate, Abigail, reminded her that last night several of the people they were out with were drinking Dr Pepper. Which of the following has Tawny experienced? Select one: a. the global workspace model b. sleep-related memory consolidation c. subliminal perception d. a non-REM dream

C

This disorder, which literally means "splitting of the mind," affects less than 1 percent of the population; people who are affected have trouble distinguishing whether their thoughts, perceptions, and experiences are real or imagined. Select one: a. autism spectrum disorder b. dissociative amnesia c. schizophrenia d. borderline personality disorder

C

This disorder, which was formerly called multiple personality disorder, is most common among women who report being severely abused as children, and according to some researchers, it may not exist at all. Select one: a. borderline personality disorder b. dissociative amnesia c. dissociative identity disorder d. dissociative fugue

C

This popular drug alters consciousness by blocking the reuptake of dopamine and increases its release, and in the long term, it can cause considerable damage throughout the brain and body. Select one: a. marijuana b. MDMA c. methamphetamine d. heroin

C

Valerie snores so loudly during the night that her son, Kevin, can hear her all the way down the hall. Valerie is also frequently tired during the day and struggles to maintain a healthy weight. Kevin suspects his mother has which sleep disorder? Select one: a. somnambulism b. narcolepsy c. sleep apnea d. REM behavior disorder

C

Vikranth takes pride in being able to memorize long strings of letters very quickly. His trick is to see each group of letters as the initials of people he knows. That way, instead of remembering 20 letters, he only has to remember a group of seven friends. What is the name for Vikranth's technique? Select one: a. scheming b. filtering c. chunking d. lumping

C

Wesley is walking to the kitchen in his house when he suddenly sees a mouse run across the floor. Wesley's brain first processes the information about the mouse. Then at the same time he feels the emotional response of fear and the physical response of increased heart rate. In this case, Wesley's experience is consistent with the __________ of emotion. Select one: a. drive reduction theory b. Schachter-Singer two-factor theory c. Cannon-Bard theory d. James-Lange theory

C

When Joseph was a child in the 1950s, he lived through an outbreak of a specific type of sickness in the United States. The medication used to treat this condition was also found to increase mood and led to the development of antidepressant drugs. What was this epidemic that Joseph remembers? Select one: a. the measles b. polio c. tuberculosis d. pertussis

C

When applying the biopsychosocial approach to understanding a friend's eating disorder, which of these possible contributors is best categorized as a sociocultural factor? Select one: a. Eating disorders run in your friend's family. b. Your friend is a perfectionist who is extremely self-critical. c. Your friend is from a privileged background. d. Your friend experiences depression.

C

When asked a question about information processed in his right hemisphere, split-brain patient J.W.'s left brain could not verbalize an accurate reply. However, he still came up with an answer that showed a logical attempt to construct a world that made sense. In this way, the left hemisphere is often called the Select one: a. executor. b. logician. c. interpreter. d. artist.

C

When attempting to understand the connection between psychological and physical problems, Freud concluded that a. individuals with adaptations best suited to their environment will be more likely to survive and reproduce, thereby passing along their genes. b. when interviewed by a professional, individuals are able to use introspection to describe their perceptions and cognitive processes. c. to a large extent, behavior is directed by mental processes that operate at a subconscious level. d. the human experience cannot be broken down into component processes.

C

When researchers assessed several identical twins to assess their similarity on each dimension in the five-factor theory of personality, the lowest similarity was found on which trait? Select one: a. openness b. extraversion c. conscientiousness d. agreeableness

C

When she was little, Melanie ate corn nuts right before riding a roller coaster. The ride gave her motion sickness and she threw up. Since then, Melanie has never wanted to eat corn nuts, even though the corn nuts did not cause her to be sick. Which type of implicit memory is at play? Select one: a. episodic memory b. semantic memory c. classical conditioning d. procedural memory

C

Which of the following gives psychologists the best confidence that the conclusions they draw from research are accurate? a. getting their research results published in a major academic journal b. making sure not to repeat studies that have already been conducted c. using the scientific method in their research d. ensuring that their hypotheses are confirmed by their research

C

Which of the following is an example of a primary emotion? Select one: a. shame b. guilt c. fear d. embarrassment

C

Which of the following people is most likely experiencing altered consciousness due to "zoning out"? Select one: a. Donte, who is practicing a new tap dancing routine and is frustrated because he keeps repeating the same mistake b. Ta-Keya, who is studying for an exam and has decided not to answer her cell phone even though she hears it ring c. Harry, who is watching television and is not aware that his wife is speaking to him d. Jessica, who has been asleep for 2 hours and is just starting to dream

C

Which of the following scenarios does NOT describe someone with an anxiety disorder? Select one: a. Jared is terrified of clowns. Even a photograph of a clown makes his heart pound loudly in his chest. b. Rod has had several panic attacks recently, and each time he feels extremely fearful. c. For the past week, Sly has been operating on very little sleep, although he is in a great mood. Just last night he went to the store and bought a new at-home theater and several new video games. d. Mandy is always alert for problems and hazards. Yesterday she was very concerned about a forecasted snowstorm, and today her upset stomach makes her worried that she has a terminal disease.

C

Which of the following steps can be taken to reduce the impact of stereotype threat on students who are taking a standardized test to determine what college to which they might be admitted to? Select one: a. making sure that difficult questions always come before easy questions b. making sure that easy questions always come before difficult questions c. removing questions that ask students for their race d. adding questions that ask students for their race

C

Which of these scenarios is an example of normative influence on behavior? Select one: a. Emily noticed a number of cars slowing down and pulling over to the side of the road, so she pulled over too, in case an emergency vehicle needed to pass. b. Outside her window, people walking on the street were all wearing coats and hats, so Emily made sure to dress warmly too. c. Nobody at Emily's new office wore sandals or denim, so she decided not to either. d. Emily pulled up to the mall parking lot late in the evening and saw a lot of people headed out of the doors. She assumed the mall was already closed, so she headed home.

C

While reading about George Sperling's research investigating visual sensory storage, Umar is surprised to find out that one particular factor caused a significant decline in participants' ability to remember what was seen. What was this factor? Select one: a. an increase in the amount of time participants could initially see the 3 rows of 4 letters b. a decrease in the number of items participants had to report, from 12 to 4 letters. c. a longer delay between when participants saw the 3 rows and when they had to report one of them. d. telling the participants which of 3 rows of letters they would be asked to remember before the experiment.

C

While studying for her final exam in an anatomy and physiology class, Fabienne tries to create a sentence where the first letter of each key term represents an important concept that she will need to know. Fabienne is using the retrieval cue of __________ to help her remember the key terms. Select one: a. state-dependent memory b. suggestibility c. mnemonics d. context-dependent memory

C

Why is REM sleep sometimes called paradoxical sleep? Select one: a. The paradox lies in the fact that no dreaming can occur during REM sleep. b. The paradox lies in the fact that REM sleep is known for its relation to dreaming, but when people are awakened during the REM stage, they are highly unlikely to be aware that they have been dreaming. c. The paradox lies in the fact that some parts of the brain are more active during REM sleep than they are during wakefulness. d. The paradox lies in the fact that the longer you sleep, the less frequent REM stages become.

C

Yasmeen and her girlfriend recently got into a major fight, and there was a lot of yelling and screaming before Yasmeen stormed out of the house and drove away. Now, thirty minutes later, she is calming down due to increased activity in her __________ nervous system. Select one: a. sympathetic b. somatic c. parasympathetic d. central

C

Your roommate tells you that he is planning to conduct an observational study for his senior thesis. Which of the following questions would you ask to demonstrate that you understand how observational studies are designed? a. What is your dependent variable? b. How did you identify the best case study to investigate? c. Will your research take place in the lab or in the natural environment? d. Are you concerned that self-report bias may affect your results?

C

Your younger daughter watches your older daughter mow the lawn. Later, your younger daughter attempts to mow the lawn. According to the principles of __________, your older daughter has acted as a __________. Select one: a. continuous reinforcement; model b. vicarious conditioning; guide c. observational learning; model d. preparedness; guide

C

A sudden puff of air in his left eye caused Bill to blink. In terms of classical conditioning, the air puff was a ______________ and the blink was a ______________. Select one: a. UR; US b. CR; CS c. CS; CR d. US; UR

D

A therapist has appointments with four patients who have different psychological disorders. Which patient is most likely to receive electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)? Select one: a. Luka, who has a severe case of anxiety and a history of panic attacks b. Megan, who has histrionic personality disorder c. Brittany, who has schizophrenia and whose hallucinations are well controlled with medication d. Zack, who has had severe depression for many years and has had limited success with drug treatments

D

According to the text, most contemporary personality psychologists focus on which approach to personality? Select one: a. psychodynamic b. humanistic c. cognitive d. trait

D

According to this school of thought, the whole of personal experience is different than the sum of its parts. a. structuralism b. behaviorism c. functionalism d. Gestalt theory

D

After Dustin broke up with him, Jordan sat around his apartment for weeks, doing nothing but thinking of Dustin and feeling sad. He would have been better off if, instead of ruminating on undesired thoughts or feelings, he had tried this strategy. Select one: a. thought suppression b. humor c. drinking d. distraction

D

After Suzi's purse was stolen, the police asked her to look at mug shots to try to identify the perpetrator. After looking at several images, Suzi felt that they became blurred together in her mind and she no longer felt confident that she would be able to identify the man who stole her purse. In fact, she could no longer recall even whether he had a moustache. The suggestibility of memory raises serious questions about using __________ for courtroom evidence. Select one: a. DNA b. handwriting analysis c. fingerprints d. eyewitness testimony

D

After World War II, a lack of psychotherapists resulted in the emergence of what type of therapy, which offers cost benefits and is available to more people? Select one: a. psychodynamic therapy b. cognitive-behavioral therapy c. humanistic therapy d. group therapy

D

After many years of working, Seton has decided to go back to college, and he feels nervous about taking his first exam. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, why is Seton's nervousness a good thing? Select one: a. Nervousness is correlated with intelligence, so the more nervous Seton feels, the better he will perform on the exam. b. Nervousness is a sign of extrinsic motivation, which signals that Seton is on a path to success. c. Wanting to stop the nervousness is a type of incentive that will drive Seton to study harder. d. A moderate level of anxiety is associated with optimal performance on exams.

D

After struggling with a complex math problem, Stacey takes a short break. While making herself a cup of tea, she suddenly comes up with a solution. "Aha!" moments such as this are a form of __________ learning that occurs in the apparent absence of reinforcement. Select one: a. associative b. observational c. non-associative d. insight

D

After years of false starts in disappointing career paths, Bruce feels happy. More than that, he feels that he is living up to his potential and doing what he is meant to do with his life. What state has Bruce reached? Select one: a. drive reduction b. satisfaction of needs c. optimal level of arousal d. self-actualization

D

Are researchers allowed to deceive participants in their studies? a. No, because an institutional review board would never approve of such methods in a proper study. b. No, deception of research participants is unethical according to the American Psychological Association's Code of Ethics. c. Yes, but the participants must be paid for their time and effort in a study where deception was used. d. Yes, but when the study is over the researcher has to reveal the study's real goals and explain why the deception was necessary.

D

As he is leaving the house in the morning, Jason's wife calls out to him, "Don't forget that we have a parent-teacher conference at 2:00 today!" Jason replies that he won't forget. This kind of memory, which involves remembering a future event is called __________ memory. Select one: a. anterograde b. procedural c. retrograde d. prospective

D

At her husband's funeral, Elaine noticed that her son did not talk much to the other mourners and did not show any outward signs of grief. Elaine knows that visible grief isn't always a sign that grief is more intense. She knows her son misses his father. Overall, the funeral demonstrated that some aspects of how people demonstrate emotions are dictated by society and have been learned from childhood. In this case, Elaine has been observing which of these? Select one: a. thought suppression b. facial expressions c. rumination d. display rules

D

At two years old Reynaldo seems to lack the ability to understand that other people have thoughts and intentions that are different from his own. Reynaldo has most likely not yet developed __________. Select one: a. accommodation b. assimilation c. metacognition d. theory of mind

D

Gloria does a lot of weight training between soccer games. As she strengthens her muscles, she is able to run harder and faster during games. In the same ways, when synaptic connections between neurons become strengthened, the activity between them increases. This biological mechanism that underlies learning is called Select one: a. habituation. b. associative learning. c. synaptic sensitization. d. long-term potentiation.

D

Ayelet is a research assistant in a lab at her university. Her lab studies the way sensory information is processed, and their latest results suggest that different neural processes are associated with different types of information, such as recognizing faces, understanding grammatical phrases, and so on. The results support the global workspace model, which posits that Select one: a. a specific area of the brain in the prefrontal cortex is responsible for general "awareness." b. a specific area of the brain located in the temporal lobe is responsible for general "awareness." c. distributed throughout the left hemisphere of the brain are areas that, together, are responsible for general "awareness." d. there is no one area of the brain that is responsible for general "awareness" on its own.

D

Beliefs, values, norms, rules, and customs that people learn from those who share a language or environment comprise a. religion. b. society. c. ethics. d. culture.

D

Bernice has just discovered that she is pregnant. She should expect to be able to feel her baby's movements in around Select one: a. 3 weeks. b. 3 months. c. 5 weeks. d. 5 months.

D

Connor has schizophrenia and experiences perceptual disturbances that have no actual source. For example, he sometimes hears voices mocking him. What type of symptom is Connor experiencing? Select one: a. a negative symptom b. delusions of persecution c. delusions of identity d. hallucinations

D

Damian noticed that a suspicious car had been circling his neighborhood, so the next time it drove past, he looked at the license plate number. Which type of memory allowed him to repeat the number to himself long enough to find a pen and paper and write it down? Select one: a. short-term memory b. long-term memory c. chunking d. working memory

D

Demetrius, a 10-year-old, is taking the original Stanford-Binet intelligence test. If he consistently answers questions correctly at the level of a 12-year-old, then according to Wilhelm Stern's original scoring method, Demetrius's intelligence quotient is Select one: a. 100. b. 110. c. 80. d. 120.

D

Devonte was in a terrible accident as a child. His mother was holding him when she lost her balance and fell down. Devonte's head struck the table, and his brain was injured. Over time, however, his brain was able to change itself to "make up" for the damage, and as an adolescent Devonte has no negative effects of the injury. What term describes the ability of Devonte's brain to change in this way? a. malleability b. hemispheric specialization c. synaptic pruning d. plasticity

D

Diane is taking a shower and when she hears her son flush the toilet she gets a rush of very hot water. This happens several times. One day when Diane is at a friend's house she hears someone flush a toilet and she twitches just a bit. Diane's twitching to the sound of a toilet flushing is an example of Select one: a. an unconditioned response. b. an unconditioned stimulus. c. a conditioned stimulus. d. a conditioned response.

D

Donna is madly in love with Harry. Whenever they are together she has a very strong sexual yearning for him, and when they're apart she longs to be with him. Brain imaging studies show that this sort of passionate love is associated with activity in the __________ reward system. Select one: a. norepinephrine b. acetylcholine c. serotonin d. dopamine

D

Dora scored high on an intelligence test. Further testing will possibly find all of the following except Select one: a. a larger-than-average brain. b. above-average working memory. c. fast reaction times. d. a short attention span.

D

Dr. Barker is an experienced medical professional, but he is also a smoker. In order to reduce the inevitable __________, he probably needs to change his behavior and quit smoking, because it will be very difficult for him to change his attitude and stop believing that smoking is bad for his health. Select one: a. social exposure b. justification of effort c. postdecisional dissonance d. cognitive dissonance

D

Dr. Martinez's patient has __________. The doctor wants to use an evidence-based treatment to reduce the symptoms; therefore, she will treat the patient with __________. Select one: a. schizophrenia; social skills training b. OCD; lithium c. panic disorder; ECT d. schizophrenia; an antipsychotic medication

D

Dr. Ryan teaches a first year experience class to new college students. He tells them that in order to reach their long-term goal of getting their college degrees they need to "Just keep working towards your goal every day, even if you experience a set-back, and eventually you will get there." Dr. Ryan is telling students that they will be better able to earn their college degrees if they Select one: a. set very challenging goals for their coursework. b. can delay self-gratification. c. believe that they will get good grades. d. have grit.

D

Dwayne loves going to Las Vegas. Even when he is inside the casinos, where there are no windows to give him light cues, he still feels sleepy by midnight, because his body still is influenced by __________ rhythms. Select one: a. pineal b. melatonin c. REM d. circadian

D

Emma is 53 years old, and now that her children are grown and out of the home she is focusing on other things. For example, she likes volunteering at the community center teaching art classes to teenagers to help them develop artistic interests and skills. According to Erikson, Emma is most likely in which psychosocial stage? Select one: a. identity versus role confusion b. integrity versus despair c. intimacy versus isolation d. generativity versus stagnation

D

Eriq has been diagnosed with diabetes, which means that his body does not release enough insulin to help manage the glucose levels in his blood. The part of the body responsible for producing insulin is the Select one: a. colon. b. liver. c. gall bladder. d. pancreas.

D

Flynn has been on the streets for several months since the cost of his drug habit made him unable to pay rent. Because of __________ he needs more to get high, and when he cannot afford the drugs, he experiences the severe nausea and chills of __________. Select one: a. withdrawal; tolerance b. psychological dependence; physical dependence c. physical dependence; psychological dependence d. tolerance; withdrawal

D

Gila has noticed that as the evening goes on she gets sleepier. She is in a room that has very little light, and as the sun goes down she gets more and more sleepy. Which hormone is being released in her body that impacts this feeling of being sleepy? Select one: a. serotonin b. growth hormone c. dopamine d. melatonin

D

Grace loves to gossip. She spends most of the time talking about people who are having financial, relationship, or health issues and who are generally doing worse than she is. Grace is engaging in __________ and probably has __________. Select one: a. temporal comparison; low self-esteem b. upward social comparison; high self-esteem c. individualist social comparison; low self-esteem d. downward social comparison; high self-esteem

D

Grayson is a young child with autism. Which of these symptoms is he LEAST likely to demonstrate? Select one: a. Grayson smells and tastes each of his toys repeatedly. b. Grayson vocalizes, but not usually because he wants to communicate. c. Grayson pinches himself repeatedly, which leaves bruises on his arms and legs. d. Grayson disrupts others by being overly talkative.

D

Hilda is 80 years old and finds herself spending more time looking back on her long life. According to Erikson's theory, we would expect her to be at the __________ stage of psychosocial development. Select one: a. intimacy versus isolation b. generativity versus stagnation c. industry versus inferiority d. integrity versus despair

D

In one study, hypnotized participants asked to drain color from colored images showed diminished activity in the visual cortex regions associated with color. This did not occur with participants who were not hypnotized. Which theory of hypnosis is supported by this result? Select one: a. sociocognitive theory b. analgesia theory c. theory of flow d. dissociation theory

D

Janna and Sarah are identical twins who were raised apart. Lisa and Shirley are nonrelated adopted siblings who were raised in the same home. Which pair would you expect to be more similar in personality traits like intelligence and shyness? a. Janna and Sarah b. Lisa and Shirley c. Both sibling pairs will have similar intelligence levels, but the degree of shyness cannot be predicted. d. This question cannot be answered without knowing how intelligent or shy the people who raised these siblings are.

D

Jasmine is very good at identifying and understanding the emotions of others. These skills make her very good at her job as a therapist. Jasmine is probably high in which kind of intelligence? Select one: a. fluid b. practical c. analytical d. emotional

D

Jason is stuck on a math problem that he can't seem to solve even after going over his computations multiple times. He decides to take a break and come back to it after dinner. While eating, the key to the solution suddenly comes to him. This is called aNo Select one: a. counterfactual conclusion. b. faulty heuristic. c. mental set. d. insight.

D

Joseph is studying the different types of learning presented in the textbook chapter. Which of the following is a type of learning about one simple stimulus? Select one: a. learning by watching others b. classical conditioning c. associative learning d. non-associative learning

D

Joseph suffers from a condition that is caused by Alzheimer's disease. His first symptom was a series of minor memory problems, but over time the condition got worse and now he has trouble performing daily routines, such as cooking, and can no longer live alone. Which term best describes Joseph's medical problem? Select one: a. senior moment b. despair c. delirium d. dementia

D

Julio and Antonio are monozygotic twins. Both of the boys have the same eye color, but Antonio is taller and better at sports. Based on this information we know that they Select one: a. are the result of a pregnancy where 2 eggs were each fertilized by different sperm b. are the result of a pregnancy where 2 eggs were both fertilized by the same sperm c. have different genotypes, but the same phenotype d. have the same genotype, but different phenotypes

D

Karina loves oranges and apples. Both are __________ for the category of __________. Select one: a. exemplars; plants b. prototypes; fruit c. prototypes; food d. exemplars; fruit

D

Kelly was evaluated by a developmental psychologist when she was 3 years old, and was described as being "undercontrolled." Based on research noted in your text, which two conditions is she at a higher risk for developing by the time she is 21 years old? Select one: a. anxiety disorder and drug addiction b. major depressive disorder and alcohol problems c. impulse control disorder and drug addiction d. antisocial personality disorder and alcohol problems

D

Kendra is studying abroad, and she realizes that, compared to the local students she has befriended, she sometimes remembers events differently. Perhaps her preexisting __________ are affecting the way she encodes experiences. Select one: a. networks b. prejudices c. models d. schemas

D

Leola is reading about the nature/nurture debate in psychology. She will find that most psychologists have reached what conclusion about this debate? a. Neither nature nor nurture have a major influence on psychological development. b. Nature, but not nurture, influences our psychological development. c. Nurture, but not nature, influences our psychological development. d. Both nature and nurture influence our psychological development.

D

Lisha has just finished her graduate work in a specific area of psychology. If her doctorate is in the area where the most doctoral degrees were awarded during the 2007-2008 academic year, what kind of program did Lisha just complete? a. counseling psychology b. school/educational psychology c. experimental psychology d. clinical psychology

D

Little does she know it, but while Ileana is having a great time at camp, making new friends and learning new skills, some of her neural connections, especially in her hippocampus, are growing stronger and new synapses have been constructed. What is the name of this process by which experiences become lasting memories? Select one: a. classical conditioning b. spreading activation c. dual coding d. consolidation

D

Marvin feels that all people who wear glasses are very smart and love to read. He does not stop to consider that some people may have medical conditions that contribute to needing glasses. It seems that Marvin's thinking about people with glasses is based on a Select one: a. category. b. concept. c. schema. d. stereotype.

D

Mary started menstruating six months earlier than all the other girls in her class. A possible explanation could be that Mary is Select one: a. a victim of sexual abuse. b. more promiscuous than other girls. c. shorter than other girls. d. in a high-stress environment.

D

Mia and Thalia are very similar to each other in the personality trait of openness. Esther and Hannah are less similar to one another in openness. One explanation is that Mia and Thalia are __________, whereas Esther and Hannah are __________. Select one: a. fraternal twins; identical twins b. sisters; fraternal twins c. fraternal twins; sisters d. identical twins; fraternal twins

D

Michelle is the department head of an African studies program at a local college. When Carmen, a Latina student, wants to enroll in the program, Michelle refuses to let her and tells her it was designed for African American students. Michelle's unwillingness to admit Carmen to the program is most likely the result of Select one: a. a self-fulfilling prophecy. b. making snap judgments. c. prejudice. d. discrimination.

D

Ming's computer crashed suddenly the other day. Ming kept trying the same solution that worked the last few times his computer crashed, even though it did not fix his computer. Ming's failure to solve this problem is most likely due to Select one: a. failure to develop an appropriate analogy. b. restructuring. c. functional fixedness. d. a mental set.

D

Patient B.F. has anterograde amnesia. Which of the following will he be able to do? Select one: a. recognize his wife and children b. learn to knit c. remember the days of the week and the months of the year d. All of the answer options are correct.

D

Peipei's mother brings her 2-year-old daughter to see a new doctor. Peipei's mother leaves the room and Peipei is momentarily left alone with the doctor. When Peipei's mother returns and hugs Peipei, Peipei looks at her mother and smiles, but at the same time she yells and pushes her mother away. Peipei has most likely formed aNo __________ attachment with her mother. Select one: a. conventional b. secure c. avoidant d. ambivalent

D

People with this personality disorder, like serial killer Ted Bundy, may not become anxious when subjected to aversive stimuli. Select one: a. borderline personality disorder b. obsessive-compulsive personality disorder c. narcissistic personality disorder d. antisocial personality disorder

D

Peter is studying clinical psychology, and he has noticed that the diagnostic criteria for all of the major disorder categories require which of these to be true? Select one: a. The thought, feeling, or behavior must deviate from cultural norms for what is acceptable. b. The thought, feeling, or behavior must cause discomfort and concern to others. c. The thought, feeling, or behavior must cause distress to the individual. d. The thought, feeling, or behavior must interfere with at least one aspect of the person's life.

D

Ralph loves his birthday, but he tends to eat too much throughout the day. At the __________ level, there may be hormonal reasons why Ralph is prone to overeating. At the __________ level, it is hard for Ralph to turn down second helpings when his friends keep buying him meals. a. individual; cultural b. individual; social c. biological; cultural d. biological; social

D

Sandy has a huge crush on Casey. When he is nearby, Sandy doesn't pay attention to anything or anyone else. Psychologist Donald Broadbent explained that we selectively attend to the most important information in this model, which he developed. Select one: a. change blindness b. chunking c. schemas d. filter theory

D

Seven-year-old Samantha suffered trauma to the language centers in the left hemisphere of her brain as a result of a bicycle accident. Although she did have some language deficits after the trauma, she eventually was able to recover much of what she'd lost because new growth in non-affected areas of the brain made up for the damage. The ability to recover from brain trauma in this fashion is an example of Select one: a. the impact of phenotypes. b. therapeutic effectiveness. c. a healthy genotype. d. brain reorganization.

D

Since Dr. Snodgrass is an interactionist, he likely believes that personality is determined more by __________ than by __________. Select one: a. genetics; environmental factors b. self-schemas; environmental factors c. traits; situations d. situations; traits

D

Stanley rewards his older son for cleaning up the garage by giving him $5. Later he is amused when his younger daughter, Lily, comes up to him and asks, "Daddy, can I clean the garage tomorrow?" Lily most likely learned about the benefits of cleaning the garage through __________ conditioning. Select one: a. classical b. operant c. modeled d. vicarious

D

Symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) include all but which of the following? Select one: a. being overly active b. inattentiveness c. impulsiveness d. language disturbances

D

Ten-year-old Isaac has been diagnosed with ADHD. In terms of treatment options, which of the following will have the best outcome in the long term? Select one: a. Ritalin b. antipsychotic medication c. DBT d. behavior therapy

D

The Sandersons have been married for over 40 years. They are a happy couple, and they tend to overlook each other's bad behavior or respond constructively. What is this process called? Select one: a. attribution b. persuasion c. altruism d. accommodation

D

The concept of biological __________ can partially explain why 2-year-old Jason quickly acquired a fear of fire but did not show any fear of his mother's shoes. Select one: a. adaptation b. evolution c. reinforcers d. preparedness

D

The probability of an action potential being propagated from neuron to neuron is increased when the __________ neuron's signal is __________. Select one: a. presynaptic; inhibitory b. presynaptic; excitatory c. postsynaptic; inhibitory d. postsynaptic; excitatory

D

Timothy was born without testes. With respect to hormone production and sexual behavior, which of the following is the most likely outcome? Select one: a. Timothy will have some testosterone, but he will probably be unable to achieve an erection. b. Timothy will lack testosterone, but he will probably be able to achieve an erection. c. Timothy will have some testosterone and will probably be able to achieve an erection. d. Timothy will lack testosterone and will probably be unable to achieve an erection.

D

Tom awoke from the strangest dream. He remembers vivid emotions, sights, and even smells, but the content was very scattered and illogical. Why might this be so? Select one: a. Frontal cortices are somewhat deactivated during sleep, which contributes to illogical aspects of dreaming. b. Neurons were randomly firing, and Tom's sleeping mind attempted to make sense of the chaotic neural activity. c. The limbic regions of the brain are active during sleep, which could be the source of the emotional content of Tom's dream. d. All the options are correct.

D

Tracy goes for an appointment with her therapist, who has a series of cards to show her. On each card is an ambiguous picture, for example one card shows a man and woman in a room together. The therapist asks Tracy to tell a story about what is happening in the picture. Tracy is most likely taking which personality assessment? Select one: a. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) b. NEO c. Rorschach Test d. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

D

Tyler loves socializing and is a thrill seeker, whereas Marco prefers to spend time alone and hates partaking in risky activities. According to Eysenck, how can we explain their different personalities? Select one: a. There is insufficient information to draw a conclusion. b. Marco is typically below his optimal level of arousal. c. Tyler would require less excitement to function at an optimal level. d. Tyler is generally less aroused than Marco.

D

Verdell has a test in his psychology class next week. If he remembers the tips that the psychology textbook gave him, which study approach will be the most effective? a. He should make sure that nothing is planned the night before the test, and should study for several hours in a row. b. He should remember that studying the same material too many times can lead to confusion, so he should read each topic in his book or notes only one time. c. He should focus on memorizing the facts and concepts that he will be tested on, since memorization leads to deep learning. d. He should space out his studying and leave time for active reviews.

D

When Amy stepped on a sharp nail, she felt pain. For her to feel pain, there must have been sufficient __________ of a neuron to create __________, which is the first step in neural communication. Select one: a. inhibition; a response b. suppression, propagation c. reception; transmission d. stimulation; an action potential

D

When Annaliese takes a job qualification exam to work in a science lab, she becomes aware that she is the ONLY woman in a room of 20 people who are taking the exam. She becomes anxious about women being regarded as less capable in sciences, and then she does not do as well on the test as she otherwise might have. In this situation it is most likely that Annaliese has been impacted by Select one: a. poor reliability of the exam. b. formal reasoning. c. discrimination bias. d. stereotype threat.

D

When Damon filed his 2013 tax return 3 months before it was due, he told his wife, "I just try to be very responsible and get things like this done ahead of time." When he filed his 2014 tax return 3 weeks late, he told her, "There was so much to do that I wasn't able to get to it in time." Damon is demonstrating the __________ bias. Select one: a. internalizing-externalizing b. actor/observer c. fundamental attribution d. self-serving

D

When Marlon is asked to describe himself, he says that he is a son, father, brother, friend, student, teacher, worker, nephew, and churchgoer. All these factors, and many others, make up Marlon's Select one: a. personality. b. reflected appraisal. c. self-esteem. d. self-schema.

D

When she goes to the grocery store, Mykaeya leaves her shopping list at home. She is able to remember the first few things on her list and the last few things on her list, but she can't remember the items in the middle of her list. Her memory for the start of her list demonstrates the __________ effect, while remembering things at the end of the list is an example of the __________ effect. Select one: a. chunking; maintenance b. recency; primacy c. maintenance; chunking d. primacy; recency

D

Whereas Chuck used to feel confident, alert, energetic, and sociable when using this drug, he now feels paranoid and has developed some violent and psychotic tendencies. Select one: a. ecstasy b. marijuana c. methamphetamine d. crack cocaine

D

Which approach to classifying mental illnesses focuses more on the degree to which a person is affected by symptoms rather than simply being labeled as "having" or "not having" a particular disorder? Select one: a. diathesis-stress approach b. multifactorial approach c. biopsychosocial approach d. dimensional approach

D

Which of the following is NOT a part of the textbook's definition of psychology? a. mental activity b. behavior c. brain processes d. social interactions

D

Which phenomenon may explain why some people want to join a fraternity or sorority badly enough that they will endure weeks of humiliation and physical discomfort to gain membership? Select one: a. cognitive dissonance b. insufficient justification c. conditioning d. justification of effort

D

Which researcher identified four interpersonal styles that lead to difficulties and, often, breakups between couples who are romantically involved? Select one: a. Sternberg b. Hatfield c. Berscheid d. Gottman

D

Which type of psychotherapy has been found to be particularly effective in helping children and adolescents who experience the symptoms of depression? Select one: a. applied behavior analysis b. psychoanalysis c. humanistic therapy d. cognitive-behavioral therapy

D

Your family recently adopted a dog from an animal shelter. Initially, the dog seemed nervous and territorial, but after a few weeks, she became affectionate and calm. Which of the following must play some role in the dogs behavior? a. nature b. mind c. body d. nurture

D