psyc final2

how was IQ originally calculated for the Stanford-Binet test?

(mental age÷chronological age) x 100

How does the biopsychosocial model explain psychological disorder?

It combines an interaction of: Biological factors: chemical imbalance, structure, and function of the brain Psychological factors: stressful, previous trauma, how you think about yourself and what happens to you Sociocultural/environmental context: relationship quality, socioeconomic status, and much more common for people living in poverty.

What are the major problems with Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?

It is unscientific and not supported by research It only provides after-the-fact explanations--> can't predict what will happen, only explains what happens after you see it occur.

How does depression relate to the self-serving bias and realism?

People with depression actually have a more accurate perception of reality according to depressive realism.

What are social scripts and how might the scripts provided by the media influence sexual and/or aggressive behavior? P. 582

Social Scripts: culturally provided mental files for how to act Sexual aggression is sometimes modeled in x-rated movies and pornography. Might influence rape-

around what age do IQ test scores become stable and predictive of later intelligence?

at age 4 IQ tests begin to show predictive validity of future intelligence but become very valid by the age of 7

what are the different parenting styles we covered?

authoritarian, permissive, authoritative and neglectful

what is temperament?

behavior and emotional response style

how does temperament relate to personality?

it depends on reactivity, sensitivity and intensity. it is largely genetic because it shows early in life and in animals.

How do researchers study what infants know, remember, and sense?

it is hard to study infants because they do not follow directions well but they study babies by measuring what baby's look at and for how long they look at it (videos in class of the magic show and how babies reacted)

is there more to intelligence and success than what is measured by IQ tests?

it takes more than a high IQ to be successful- one must have social skills, physical health, creativity, self confidence, hard work, determinations and self discipline to be successful

how does that attainment of motor milestones differ for different individuals? how is it the same?

kids around the world reach motor milestones in the same sequence but may reach them at different times. kids may sit up without support between the ages of 5-8 months but the average age to sit up is 6 months

what messages do boys and girls get regarding the gender roles of males and females in American culture?

kids get messages from family, peers and media about appropriate behavior and what they are supposed to be like. in media males are the problem solvers, order givers and world savers, while females are submissive and unhappy without a boyfriend or spouse. in society males are encouraged with action figures to achieve, compete, use violence, construct things, and be independent, while females are encouraged with dolls to be expressive, nurturing, dependent, unselfish, beautiful and domestic

using emotions

knowing how to enable adaptive or creative thinking

managing emotions

knowing how to express emotions in varies situations

egocentrism?

lack of theory of mind: unable to take another persons perspective to gage someone else's mental state. for example: if you ask a preschooler to shut their eyes and then ask "can i see you?" the kid will probably say no because they cannot see you even though you can see them. around the age of 4 or 5 the kid will be able to see from other peoples perspective

what are some environmental factors that might account for the differences observed in male and female performance on specific tasks?

males are encouraged in athletic (nonverbal), receive toys that need to be put together, play video games (spatial skills) and are more encouraged in math and science. females are encouraged in dolls and tea parties (verbal skills) people talk to girl babies and play with them more than they would boy babies

what is the relationship between synapse and intelligence?

more educated people tend to have more synapses which makes for more efficient communications between brain centers

what is the frontal lobe's role in intelligence?

our frontal lobe is active when working on an IQ test and having a better working memory may make for a higher intelligence

identity

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

adaptation-level phenomenon

our tendency to form judgements (of sounds, of lights, of income) relative to a neural level defined by our prior experience

how strong of a role do hormones generally play in human sexual behavior?

they have less of an impact on sexual behavior than most people think. normal fluctuations of hormones doesn't have much of an impact on human sexual interest or desire. sexual desire isn't linked to testosterone levels

how do stereotypes influence performance?

they influence ones performance, attitude and self-confidence

what did the Kpelle people illustrate regarding culture and intelligence?

they were given a western intelligence test and told to sort items in a sensible manner. they sorted the potato with the tool needed to harvest the potato. westerners would have put the potato with other foods and the tool with other tools but the Kpelle people claimed that the westerner's way is unproductive and stupid

what factors are involved in the development of voluntarily controlled movement?

voluntary movement is based on biology. you cannot force a kid to walk or talk before they have properly matured. the biological maturation of synapses are when we are born we have more neurons than adults but they have not yet made connections to one another. when they start to connect, you begin to mature biologically

What are the characteristics of the humanistic approach?

"The warm and fuzzy way" Tend to focus on positive aspects of humanity- focus on psychological health rather than psychological illness.

Ingroup

"Us"-people with whom we share a common identity.

What are the four main approaches to the study of personality?

-Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic -Humanistic -Trait -Social-cognitive

What are the major issues/questions in the field of developmental psychology?

1. nature and nurture: how does our genetic inheritance (our nature) interact with our experiences (our nurture) to influence our development? to what extent are developmental processes predetermined by genetics and to what extent are they predetermined by our environment? 2. stability and change: which of our traits persist through life? how do we change as we age? do they stay stable or change as a result of experience, are you the same person today as you will be in 10 years or will you be different? 3. continuity and stages: what parts of development are gradual and continuous, like riding an escalator? what parts change abruptly in separate stages, like climbing rungs on a ladder? is it a smooth process or change in stages? between kids and adults is it quantity or quality- do they think and reason in different ways?

What happened in the Festinger & Carlsmith study?

1959- asked people to complete a boring task in order to instill a negative attitude about the task, then offered the subjects either 1 or 20 dollars to persuage a new group of subjects that the tasks were fun and interesting. -Those who received 1 dollar rated the tasks more highly than those who received 20 dollars because they had adjusted their own ideals on the task to fit the persuasion much more than the 20-dollar group had. (the people who were given 20 dollars were less favorable because they blamed their favorability on the money)

when is early adulthood?

20-40 years old

when is middle adulthood?

40-65 years old

when is late adulthood?

65 years old and up

How does the unconscious relate to psychological disorder in Freud's theory?

?!?!

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

A biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

Unconditional Positive Regard

A caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

Trait

A characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

Stereotype

A generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

Schizophrenia

A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and behaviors.

Client-Centered Therapy

A humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathetic environment to facilitate client's growth.

Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

Major Depressive Disorder

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods or diminishing interest or pleasure in most activities, along with at least four other symptoms.

Mania

A mood disorder marked by a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

A personality disorder in which a person (usually a man) exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing, even toward friends and family members. May be aggressive and ruthless or a clever con artist.

Projective Test

A personality test, such as the Rorschach, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics.

Conformity

Adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

Psychosis

A psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions.

Lobotomy

A psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

Personality Inventory

A questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities.

Self-Serving Bias

A readiness to perceive oneself favorably. Tend to give yourself credit for your successes and blame others for your failures

Id

A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding gratification.

Systematic Desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

What is personality?

A unique pattern of thinking, feeling and acting that distinguishes one person from another person.

how effective are abstinence based sex ed programs? how effective are virginity pledges?

Abstinence-based sex-ed program found that 49% of students not participating had sex over the next four to six years and that 49% of the participating students had sex over the next four to six years too Virginity pledges found that five years later, the pledgers were just as likely to have had premarital sex

Oedipus Complex

According to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

Fixation

According to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

Unconscious

According to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.

Self-Actualization

According to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.

Unconditional Positive Regard

According to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person.

what is the strange situation test?

Ainsworth's test of putting a baby and a parent in a room with toys and watch how the parent and kid interact just the two of them. then have the parent leave and see how the kid reacts and later have the parent return and see how the kid reacts. the kids reaction demonstrates his attachment style

Who was Sigmund Freud?

An Austrian doctor who lived in Victorian time 1856-1939 who created the psychoanalytic theory.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

An anxiety disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (ODC)

An anxiety disorder characterized by unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and/or actions (compulsions).

Generalized Anxiety Disorder

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal.

Phobia

An anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation.

Panic Disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations.

Passionate Love

An aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

Prejudice

An unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

What are attitudes? How do attitudes relate to actions?

Attitudes: beliefs and feelings that predispose reactions. Attitudes seek actions and actions affect attitudes.

What was found to be the most powerful factor influencing whether someone will obey or not?

Authority

What is repression?

Basis of all other defense mechanisms- revolves around pushing unacceptable thoughts outside the conscious mind.

Dispositional/internal attributions?

Behavior is caused by personality example: usually make dispositional attributions when at a restaurant that the server is bad.

Situational/external attributions?

Behavior is caused by the situation they are in

What are stereotypes?

Beliefs about entire groups of people- false assumptions that all members of group share the same characteristics

What is the better-than-average or above-average effect?

Better-than-average or above average effect: cognitive bias that causes people to overestimate their positive qualities and underestimate their negative qualities in regard to others.

What are some biological and psychological factors involved in anxiety disorders?

Biological- tends to run in families, a sensitive nervous system; brain/autonomic nervous system responds more intensely with a more exaggerated response. Cognitive- attentional bias: pay more attention to possible threatening things; more likely to interpret stimuli as threatening. Low self efficacy- doubt in yourself to be able to handle treats

What are some biological and psychological factors involved in mood disorders?

Biological: runs in families, imbalance of neurotransmitters (serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine), higher rate of smokers, exaggerated stress response- secrete more hormones Psychological: hopelessness, learned helplessness, enhanced reaction to events with reduced responses to events.

Who is associated with the idea of a collective unconscious? P. 519

Carl Jung

Collective Unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history.

What is self-statement modification?

Changing all negative thought/words to positive thoughts/words

What is conformity?

Changing ones beliefs or behaviors to match that of a person or group due to unspoken group pressures

What are overt attitudes?

Conscious aspects and implicit attitudes ---When asked, most people will say they are not prejudice but most people are usually prejudice.

Social Script

Culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations.

How does culture influence psychological disorders?

Culture affects the occurrence (if it is found in that culture) of the disorder and manifestation of the disorder (symptoms along with it)

What are culture-general and culture-specific/culture-bound psychological disorders?

Culture-general disorders: found in every culture ex: depression and schizophrenia Culture-specific disorders: Only found in certain cultures ex: ADHD, anorexia, bulimia, CULRO (guy becomes worried his penis is becoming detracted into abdomen)

What did Jane Elliott do?

Designated blue eyed children in her class as superior group and brown eyed children as inferior. Once given a justification for why the blue eyed children were superior they became arrogant and their grades improved, while the brown eyed children became subservient and their grades suffered.

Psychological Disorder

Deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional patterns of thoughts, feelings, or behaviors.

What is discrimination?

Different treatment of people due to group membership and attitude.

What is cognitive dissonance?

Discomfort caused by holding conflicting thoughts simultaneously example: wanting to smoke but knowing it is unhealthy

What is tardive dyskinesia?

Disorder which develops after the extended use of high dosages of antipsychotic drugs. Characterized by involuntary and repetitive movements.

What is schizophrenia?

Disordered thoughts, distorted perception, irrational ideas, loss of contact with reality (psychosis), inappropriate emotions/behaviors, and do not realize they are ill. Is found in most cultures and is very difficult to treat.

Dissociative Disorders

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings.

What are dissociative disorders? Know the symptoms/characteristics of the dissociative disorders we covered and how they differ from each other.

Dissociate disorders cause impairments in memory, identity, and consciousness with extreme stress Dissociative amnesia: loss of memory of parts of life due to emotional trauma Dissociative fugue: unplanned travel with the inability to remember past; just wander off and may establish new identity. Then they remember the past again they usually do not remember the fugue. Dissociative identity disorder: displays 2 or more personalities that are different. Associated with severe child abuse; different identities will take control while the other identities are unaware.

What are the dimensions of personality in Eysenck's trait theory?

Divided people in two catagories and the differences rooted in underlying brain physiology—inherited level of brain and autonomic nervious system reactivity Introversion/extraversion: extraverts are outgoing while introverts are shy Stability/instability: stability is relaxed and instability is anxious and moody

What are some biological factors associated with schizophrenia?

Dopamine: more receptors than normal, (responsible for positive symptoms Glutamate: responsible for negative symptoms Brain: enlarged ventricles (fluid filled spaces): widespread abnormalities Genetic influence: if one twin has it, the other has a 50% chance of getting it too Neurodevelopmental abnormalities: oxygen deprivation, low birth weight and prenatal infection

How did Freud attempt to access the unconscious mind?

Dream analysis- referred to it as the "royal road to the unconscious- they were disguised in symbolic expressions of unconscious things that we were trying to hide from ourselves. Free association- involves encouraging the patient to say whatever is on their mind, no matter how silly it might seem. Once the person is comfortable, the unconscious will seek through.

Antianxiety Drugs

Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.

What are anxiolytics?

Drugs used to treat anxiety and its related symptoms (Xanax)- Tranquilizers and downers

What are benzodiazepines? How do they work (neurotransmitter)?

Drugs used to treat anxiety, insomnia, agitation, seizures, muscle spasms, alcohol withdrawal, ect.- work to enhance the effect of neurotransmitter GABA (GABA agonist) in order to induce sleep, reduce anxiety, or relax muscles.

Antidepressant Drugs

Drugs used to treat depression and some anxiety disorders. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters.

Antipsychotic Drugs

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.

What are neuroleptics/antipsychotics used to treat? How do they affect dopamine?

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia- major tranquilizers. They are dopamine antagonists: tend to be more effective for positive symptoms.

What is electroconvulsive shock therapy? For what is it used today? Is it effective?

ECT- electric current applied to scalp to cause convulsions. It is used to cure severe depression that does not respond to other treatments. It is not very common but very effective. Memory loss is a major side effect- may not be able to remember a few minutes or hours prior to shock. **DON'T KNOW WHY IT WORKS

What is fixation?

Enduring focus on particular erogenous zones, the overindulgence or under indulgence of the erogenous zone of a certain age

What are some factors that influence attraction?

Environment: one is more likely to like someone if they are physically closer to them (geographic nearness) Tend to like people who are similar to us- "birds of a feather flock together"

who postulated the existence of an identity crisis?

Erik Erikson

What is antisocial personality disorder?

Extremely dysfunctional personality, longstanding disruptive behavior Pervasive pattern of disregard and violence of the rights of others

What are mood disorders? Know the ones we covered, their symptoms, associated terms, characteristics, how they differ.

Extremes of moods that are disproportionate with external events Major depression: sad, hopeless, most of the time for 2 or more week periods. Experienced first in early adulthood. .It is the most common disorder cross-culturally and is 5 times greater a risk of suicide. Emotional: guilt, anxiety, low self-esteem, pessimistic, and inability to experience pleasure Social: poor concentration and decision making, withdrawn Physical: decreased energy, easy tasks become impossible, trouble sleeping, loss/gain appetite, aches/pains, vulnerable to infection Bipolar: manic depression, alternating between two extremes of emotion (mania/depression) Mania- euphoria, extreme excitement and irritability Cognitively: impaired judgment, total optimist, and ridiculous ideas Behaviorally: talkative, hyperactive, reckless, insomniac **Each state usually lasts three months.

Delusions

False beliefs, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

Attitude

Feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

What is the Big Five Model of personality?

Five broad domains of personality that are used to describe it- Conscientiousness- competence, self-discipline and strive for achievement Agreeableness- likable, modest, kind, trustworthy Neuroticism- (same as Eysenck's stability/instability)- anxious, self-conscious, anger, depression Openness- oriented towards feelings, actions and ideas Extraversion- (same as Eysenck's extraversion/introversion) outgoing, positive, warm and assertive

What is the main goal of the cognitive therapies?

Focuses on the role that thinking plays inside cognitive disorders- restructure thinking patterns to overcome difficulties

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions.

Type A

Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people

Type B

Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people

What is the frustration-aggression principle? P. 581

Frustration creates anger, which can spark aggression. Those made miserable have often made others miserable

What is the general goal of behavior therapy?

Goal is to use principles of learning to eliminate unwanted behavior and teach adaptive behavior

GRIT

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction-a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.

What is the behavioral approach system and behavioral inhibition system?

Gray's biopsychological theory- personality arises from two related brain systems Behavioral approach system- (BAS)- affects our sensitivity to reward and our motivation to seek reward. Tend to be more sensitive/motivated to seek our rewards. Almost as if rewards are even more rewarding. Have more positive emotions but also attracted to impulsivity (more likely to try something new) BEHAVE ACCORDING TO WHAT THEY WANT TO HAPPEN Behavioral inhibition system- (BIS)- affects sensitivity to punishment and our motivation to avoid punishment. Tend to be more motivated than others to avoid punishment- as if punishment is more punishing to them. BEHAVE ACCORDING TO WHAT THEY DON'T WANT TO HAPPEN

what did Harlow's monkeys reveal about attachment?

Harry Harlow separated monkeys from parent soon after birth and raised in isolation. each baby monkey was provided with two fake mothers: one wire mother that gave food and one cloth mother that provided comfort. the babies clung to the cloth mother even though the wire mother had the food, which suggests that contact comfort is important in attachment and that a lot of bonding goes on in animals and humans from tough. premature babies speed up development from touch and massages

What are projective personality tests?

Has a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, responses expose elements of personality. Thematic Apperception Test: (TAT)- a person is presented with pictures of people in ambiguous situations and asked to make up stories of what is happening. Rorschach Inkblot test: asked what they see in a series of ink blots- very subjective

What major contribution did Freud make to personality psychology?

He came up with the first major theory of personality- but got almost everything wrong.

What were the main focuses of Freud's theory?

He focused on childhood experiences, sexual and aggressive urges and the unconscious mind.

What is the relationship between self-esteem and aggressive behavior? What is defensive self-esteem?

High self-esteem is more related to violence and aggressive behavior. Defensive self-esteem: fragile and insecure

What was Freud's theory called?

His theory was called psychoanalytic theory.

What is social psychology?

How we affect others and how others affect us and how we think about, influence, and relate to one another

in what ways are IQ tests valid and not valid?

IQ tests do have predictive validity because at the age of 7 they can predict ones future intelligence. IQ tests don't really measure all aspects of intelligence so an IQ test has low content validity

how are intelligence tests misused and misinterpreted?

IQ tests worked well for children but not adults. if you are 40 and you get a mental age of 20 your IQ probably isn't 50

What are the structures of personality according to the psychoanalytic view?

Id- part of personalty we are born with- it consists of basic instincts and unconscious thought- it is illogical. Pleasure principle-guides us to what is good immediate gratification-"I want it and I want it now- "devil on shoulder " Ego- recognizes constraints of society and tries to get id to delay gratification. It serves as a mediator between the id, reality and the superego. It is developed within the first couple years of life. Reality principle- takes into account restraints of reality and what is socially acceptable and delays gratification of the id as we cannot always have what we want Superego-developed at age 4 and 5 as the child begins to value the relationship of his parents and society. It serves as our conscious (our sense of morality). It pushes a person to do what is right. Morality principle- contains morals of one's parents in society "the angel on shoulder"

What are some of the roots of prejudice as discussed in class? (illusory correlations, confirmation bias, ingroup favoritism, learning, scapegoating, social inequalities, just-world phenomenon, hindsight bias, blaming the victim, lack of awareness)

Illusory correlations: behavior of one person associated with whole group Confirmation bias: notice and remember examples that confirm our beliefs- Ingroup favoritism: tendency to evaluate members of our own group more favorably Learning: learn things from society at large Scapegoating: tendency for people to blame others when things go wrong, even temporary frustration can add to this tendency (enhances our self-esteem when we blame others) Social inequalities: some people start off with more than others and develop attitudes to justify their wealth and privileges. Just-world phenomenon: belief that the world is a fair and just place and that people usually get what they deserve. Blaming the victim: Feel uncomfortable if they feel like they are benefiting at the expense of others so it leads to unfairly blaming people for their misfortune Hindsight bias: tendency to believe that outcomes were obvious after they have occurred. Leads us to believe we should have seen it- so we blame the victim because we believe it is so blatantly there.

Free Association

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Repression

In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness.

Defense Mechanisms

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

What are attributions?

Inferences about the causes of behavior

What is the social-cognitive approach?

Interaction between person's thoughts and behaviors in the situation

What is meant by internal and external locus of control?

Internal locus of control: belief that you control your own life- ex: if you do bad on a test you blame it on the lack of studying External locus of control: belief that the environment, authority figure or higher power is controlling your life. Ex: if you do badly on a test you would blame the teacher or someone other than yourself.

How do introverts and extraverts tend to differ?

Introverts: over arousal- high levels of base line arousal and easily over stimulated Extraverts: under arousal- lower levels of base line arousal and need more stimulation- less inhibited by punishment and more attracted to award. Less sensitive to pain ***lemon juice test: introverts salivate more and have stronger reactions than extraverts.

What is Obedience?

Involves succumbing from a demand from authority

How does the diathesis-stress model explain psychological disorder?

It puts a big emphasis on stress- diathesis=predispositions- it can come from genetics or biology, or from early experiences. The disorder depends on the degree of the predisposition and stress they experience high disposition: low stress trigger low stress disposition: high stress trigger STRESS IS TO MATCHES AS PREDIPOSITION IS TO GASOLINE

In what circumstances is personality a good predictor of behavior?

It varies because of person situation controversy- it depends on the personality. Are not good at predicting one instance but can predict average behavior across personalities.

how did Piaget view cognitive development?

Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist who studied cognitive development. he believed that children were active learners and would actively try to construct an understanding of the world. he believed that there were 4 stages of cognitive development: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operation and formal operation. he also believed that kids in these stages think differently at each stage about the world and the qualitative thinking is different in each stage

What are the issues associated with applying a diagnostic label to someone?

Labels can be stigmatizing; react to people differently if they know they have a disorder People will also view themselves differently after being labeled with a disorder

What are social norms?

Learned cultural rules (example of conformity) things you have learned to do or not to do in particular situation example: not chewing with mouth open, not standing too close to someone, WE WANT TO BE ACCEPTED

What does Rogers' Person-Centered Perspective entail?

People will strive for growth and improvement as long as they have a supportive environment (quality of relationships)

What is learned helplessness and how does it relate to the concept of personal control?

Learned helplessness: condition of a person in which it has learned to behave helplessly, even when the opportunity is restored for it to help itself by avoiding unpleasant circumstances. Ex: an animal will stop trying to resist the pain, and even when an escape is presented. The learned helplessness prevents any action and begins to put up with discomfort

What is the door-in-the-face technique?

Make a large request that is likely to be denied and then follow up with a small request which is what you want in the first place

How do males and females differ regarding suicide?

Males are more likely to succeed, but females are more likely to attempt.

hierarchy of needs

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active

What do measures of implicit attitudes reveal?

Measures reveal how closely connected particular concepts are in our minds

Who is most likely to commit suicide?

Men> women White > blacks Divorced, widowed, separated

Mirror-Image Perceptions

Mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

What is the NEO-PI-R? The MMPI?

Neuroticism Extraversion Openness personality inventory revised (NEO-PI-R)- measures the big 5. Results are predictive and can predict academic and work success, social status and even the continuance of criminal behavior Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)- measures more than just the big 5 and diagnosis of physiological disorders.

Do those who enjoy privilege in a society tend to be aware of their privilege?

No

Is optimism always good? Why or why not? P. 540

No because excessive optimism can blind us to real risks.

Is having lots of choices generally better than having fewer choices? P. 539

No. It is better to have more than one choice but having too many will make you have regrets.

Central Route Persuasion

Occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts.

What is the bystander effect?

People tend to not offer assistance in situations where others are present. the more people, the less likely one is to help

What is groupthink? Under what conditions is groupthink most likely to occur? How can it be prevented? P. 570-571

Occurs within a group that has a desire for harmony overrides the thought that others could be thinking differently. Try to minimize conflict - groupthink is prevented when a leader welcomes various opinions, invites expert criques and assigns people to identify problems.

What are the Oedipus and Electra complexes?

Oedipus complex: male children unconsciously have a sexual desire for the mother and sees the father as a rival- he then tries to become like the father to attract mother later because he is scared of having his penis cut off because he believes his father did that to the mother. Electra complex: female children have "penis envy" and wish they had one. They assume the mother cut of her own penis and become closer with their mother because they are scared she will cut her penis off too. **This is possibly why people end up with people who resemble their parents

What are some factors involved in helping?

One is more likely to help if: The need for help is clear people know each other person seems similar to us person judged as deserving if we are not in a hurry if we are in a good mood- the happier we are, the more likely we are to help population density- more crowding results in less help the costs and benefits of helping- we will internally weigh the cost and benefits of us helping someone before we do or don't

What does the GRIT strategy entail? P. 601

One side first announces its interest in intent to reduce tensions. It then initiates one or more small, conciliatory (peace-making) acts. Without weakening one's retaliatory (disciplinary) capability, the modest beginning opens the door for reciprocity capabilities STRADEGY CREATED TO DECREASE INTERNATIONAL TENSION

What happened in the Asch conformity experiments?

One subject was placed in a group with six others who were informed of the goals of the experiment, had to answer questions and the goal was to see that if all the subjects prior to the actual subject answered the question wrongly, if the real subject would alter his answer. RESULTS: extremely likely to alter your answer to mimic answer of rest of group

Self-Esteem

One's feelings of high or low self-worth.

How is psychological disorder defined?

Ongoing patterns of thought, emotion and behavior that impair functioning deviate from the norm, cause distress and disrupt lives. 46% of people will have a mental disorder at some point in their lives and it is usually in the early twenties/early adulthood.

What are the supposed characteristics of oral and anal fixation?

Oral fixation- if you are weaned off of nursing too early or too late you show oral fixation. Anal fixation- anal retentive- Potty training to early is sign of being a perfectionist, anal expulsive-sign of disorganization

What are Freud's psychosexual stages of development and what happens during each?

Oral stage- 1st year -erogenous zone activated: mouth and weaning- pleasure from suckoing and biting. Id wants to continue nursing Anal stage-2nd year -toilet training erogenous zone activated: anus, Id wants you to go to the bathroom whenever, conflict over independence. Phallic stage-3rd-5th year- erogenous zone activiated: genitals Latency period-6th to adolescence- nothing happens Genitile age: adolescence through adulthood- gentiles are once again focused.

What was the main conclusion of Milgram's studies?

Ordinary people, simply doing their jobs, and without any particular hostility on their part, can become agents in a terrible destructive process

Spotlight Effect

Overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearances, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).

What are the anxiety disorders we covered? Know major symptoms, definitions of terms associated with the disorders, how the disorders differ from each other.

PTSD- flashbacks, nightmares, insomnia, intrusive memories of traumatic event, jumpy, withdrawn- happens when you witness or experience uncontrollable/horrific events ex; rape Generalized anxiety disorder- continual, excessive and has no apparent cause symptoms: dread, irritability, tense, insomnia, nausea, dizziness, hyper vigilance, commonly goes with depression Panic disorder- recurrent unpredictable panic attacks; sudden attack of intense anxiety, usually brief. Symptoms: chest tightness, heart racing, sweating, dizziness Agoraphobia: fear of separation from safe place/person; only go to safe places with safe person. Sever cases where people will refuse to leave their hourses Phobias: strong irrational fears that disrupt life Specific: out of proportion fear of specific situation or thing Social: other people's judgments, scared of embarrassing yourself. OCD- recurring, obsessive thoughts that give urge to have certain behaviors; Obsessions: intrusive thoughts, impulses, cannot be controlled and produces anxiety Compulsions: urge to engage in ritualistic behavior; made to reduce the anxiety associated with the obsession. It is only a temporary fix and is time consuming.

What is passionate and companionate love? How do these tend to change over the course of a relationship?

Passionate love: typically related to the beginning stages of a relationship- tends to be very temporary- intense, sexual, emotional Companionate love: passionate love turns into companionate love because it is more steady- deep, intimate, steady.

What is Bandura's concept of reciprocal determinism?

Person and environment influence each other- cannot study them in isolation, personalities create situations and are products and producers of our environment.

What is exposure with response prevention (flooding)?

Person is exposed to feared but harmless situation and they are prevented from escaping. It helps them learn that the situation is harmless. Used for OCD and phobias. Ex: someone has a fear of dirt, you would make them get very dirty and not let them wash their hands.

What are erogenous zones?

Pleasure sensitive areas of the body

What are positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia and why is this distinction important?

Positive effects: presence of inappropriate behaviors, additions of abnormality displayed by people with disease that are not displayed by normal people Example: delusions, hallucinations, impulsive behaviors. More likely to recover Negative effects: an absence of normal behaviors. Less than normal amounts of behavior Example: flat affect, catatonia, not socializing as much as others do *****Someone who has mostly positive symptoms are more likely to recover and someone who has mostly negative symptoms are more likely to not recover.

Implicit attitudes?

Positive or negative thoughts, feelings, or actions towards objects that arise due to past experience which one is either unaware of or which one cannot attribute to an identified previous experience.

What factors may predict suicide?

Predictors: if they talk about suicide, have had previous attempts, have a specific plan, are impulsive, give away possessions, and if they are rebounding from depression ( because they have the energy to do it), alcohol dependency

What is prefrontal/transorbital lobotomy? What were its effects?

Prefrontal: Cut connections between frontal lobes and limbic areas- typically just scrambled the frontal lobes. Dr. Egas Moniz won Nobel Prize for it. Effects: It made the people more manageable but they lost their personality, became immature, impulsive and lethargic. Freeman's Transorbital: neurologist and developed a procedure to make lobotomy occur even faster. Instead of giving them anesthesia, he would give them a shock for a few minutes and hammer icepack on the back of the eye.

How does prejudice maintain inequality?

Prejudice maintains inequality because they continue to justify it.

Biomedical Therapy

Prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology.

What are mood stabilizers and what do they treat?

Psychiatric medication used to treat mood disorders Contain Lithium

What was the first psychotherapy and who developed it?

Psychoanalysis- make a person aware of repressed, unconscious conflicts and impulses that were causing their problems-Just locked them away- Developed by Freud.

What is the modern version of the psychoanalytic approach?

Psychodynamic approach: focus on inner conflicts and the relationship between the conscious and unconscious motivation. Behavior and feelings are affected by unconscious motives. Feelings as adults are rooted in childhood experiences. Motivated by two instinctual drives: sex drive and life instinct- by Neo-freudians

What is the eclectic approach? P. 652

Psychological approach that takes different characteristics from each psychotherapy and combines them for treatment

Anxiety Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety.

Mood Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by emotional extremes.

Personality Disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social function.

What are the two main types of treatment for psychological disorders?

Psychotherapy- therapists use psychological techniques to treat a mental illness- to make a person happier or improve their functioning Biomedical therapies- use of medication or medical procedure to treat psychological disorders- used for more serious disorders ****COMBINATION OF BOTH WORKS BEST

What is psychosurgery?

Removes brain tissue to try to get rid of disorder

What is Compliance?

Request from someone who is not an authority and does not have the power to make you obey

What were the results of Milgram's study?

Results: before the study was administed people polled that only 1 out of 100 would go the entire 450 shocks. But they found that 65% went the entire way

What happened in the Zimbardo prison study (aka Stanford prison experiment)? What is the main lesson of this study?

Role absorption: we tend to adopt our attitudes needed to fulfill the roles we find ourselves in Mock prison situation, subjects took their assigned roles much more immensely. Main lesson: people are easily convinced to obey a certain societal protocol when presented with social and institutional support

What is the trait approach?

See personality as a combination of specific, stable, internal characteristics that are called traits.

What are SSRI's? What neurotransmitter do they affect?

Selevetively serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's): serotonin agonists (Prozac, Zoloft, paxil) most often prescribed

What is the self-serving bias?

Self-serving bias: we think highly of ourselves, we take credit when something good happens and blame the environment when something bad happens

Psychoanalysis

Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed that patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences- and the therapist's interpretations of them- released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.

What is the foot-in-the-door technique?

Someone who agrees to a small request is more likely to agree to a larger related request made afterwards.

What are the symptoms of schizophrenia?

Start usually at late teens and early twenties, USUALLY WILL NOT HAVE ALL SYMPTOMS Hallucinations: perceiving things that aren't there; absence of physical stimulation of sense. Ex: may hear, see, smell, taste or feel things that are not actually present. **The auditory is most common, typically voices Delusions: false but firmly held beliefs. Delusions of persecution: paranoid delusions, belief that other people are trying to hurt them or is plotting against them Delusions of grandeur: person believes that they are much greater or more important than they actually are ex: thinks they are god or Jesus Ideas of reference: belief that random events are somehow personally relevant. Attentional problems: seems to lack selective attention; trouble filtering irrelevant stimuli and produced disorganized thinking and speech. Emotional disturbances: inappropriate emotions ex: might laugh during sad story or cry when something funny happens Flat effect: little or no emotion- may speak in monotone voice with no emotion regardless of what they are talking about. Social problems: withdraw from others because they cant relate to other people well Behavioral disturbances: catatonic: involves the person to stay rigidly immobile for hours on end- then they may become extremely agitated. Repetitive, compulsive behaviors ex: rocking, twirling hair, clapping. Wavy flexibility: can move themselves into a position and just hold it- like a wax figure

What is the chameleon effect? p. 560

Study by Chartand and Bargh - tend to mimic what the person next to you is doing. What is deindividuation? P. 568 Process of losing self-awareness and self-restraint Often occurs when group participation makes people both aroused and anonymous.

What are anxiety disorders?

Subjective symptoms: fear, worry, dread, trouble relaxing Physical symptoms: sympathetic nervous system arousal (trembling, sweating dizziness, racing heart) Becomes a disorder when the intensity of it disrupts daily functioning.

What characterizes this disorder (psychologically, behaviorally, biologically)?

Symptoms: irresponsible, make bad parents/spouses, cant hold a job, manipulative, exploit others, lie Biological: genetic influences as well as environmental, show minimal physiological arousal under stress, brains have reduced response to distress Psychosocial factors: more prevalent in poverty, instability provokes it, abuse More Common in men

How long does it generally take for antidepressants to become effective?

Takes weeks to work even a month or two to reach complete effectiveness

What are the general classes of antidepressants? Which are most often prescribed today?

Tend to increase serotonin, norephinephrine, and/or dopamine (agonists) Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO-I's)- serotonin, neropinephrine, dopamine agonists, serious side effects: interacts with food and drugs Tricyclic antidepressants (TCA's)- interacts with alcohol. Serotonin and norepinephrine agonists. Selevetively serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's): serotonin agonists (Prozac, Zoloft, paxil) most often prescribed

What is the mere-exposure effect?

Tendency to like what is familiar. The more familiar something is to us, the more we tend to like it

What is the actor-observer bias?

Tendency to make dispositional attributions for other's behaviors and situational attributions for our own bad behaviors- we are more aware of the situational influences that have a role on our own behaviors.

What is the fundamental attribution error?

Tendency to overestimate dispositional factors and underestimate situational factors when judging the behavior of others

Groupthink

The mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

What is the relationship between control over one's environment, stress, health, and morale? P. 539

The more control you have (or think you have) the happier, healthier, and less stressful you are.

Self-Control

The ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.

What is group polarization? P. 569-570

The attitudes we bring to a group grow stronger as we discuss them wth like-minded others. Can have beneficial results ex: self-help group, AA

Psychosexual Stages

The childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

Compassionate Love

The deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

What is the DSM-IV-TR?

The diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders- it classifies and defines disorders.

Group Polarization

The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

Personal Control

The extent to which we perceive control over our environment.

Learned Helplessness

The hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

Reciprocal Determinism

The interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

Ego

The largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.

Deindividuation

The loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

Rorschach Inkblot Test

The most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

The most widely used researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

Superego

The part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations.

External Locus of Control

The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.

Internal Locus of Control

The perception that you control your own fate.

Mere Exposure Effect

The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

Frustration-Agression Principle

The principle that frustration-the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal-creates anger, which can generate aggression.

Identification

The process by which, according to Freud, child incorporated their parents' values into their developing superegos.

Social Psychology

The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

Bystander Effect

The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

Fundamental Attribution Error

The tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

Just-World Phenomenon

The tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

The tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

Ingroup Bias

The tendency to favor our own group.

What is the false consensus effect? p. 522

The tendency to overestimate the extent in which others share our beliefs and behaviors.

Scapegoat Theory

The theory that prejudice offers as an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

The theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes.

What happens in Beck's Cognitive Therapy?

Therapist tries to identify the cognitive distortions and correct irrational thinking. Example: "everyone hates me"- client, "that's not true, I don't have you, I'm sure there are people who are nice to you"- therapist points out irrationality.

What are the characteristics and methods of Rogers's Client-Centered Therapy?

Therapists provide support and companionship in a non-judgmental environment. Try to have to clients solve their own problems. 3 important elements: unconditioned positive regard (must feel accepted), genuineness, and empathy (paraphrase back to the client what they just said- making client feel heard)

Psychodynamic Therapy

Therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious forces and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight.

Behavioral Therapy

Therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

Cognitive Therapy

Therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

What are the problems with projective personality tests?

There is no standardized way of determining answers on the test- no objective way of evaluating the results. EXTREMELY SUBJECTIVE

Are antidepressants happy pills? Do they prevent sadness?

They do not make people happy, people still get sad, they just prevent a person from being deeply depressed and staying deeply depressed for a long period of time

What are mirror-image perceptions? P. 598

Those in conflict have tendency to form diabolical images of one another. Ex: both parties may view themselves as the moral one, while viewing the other as the wrong one.

What do laboratory experiments indicate regarding the effects of exposure to pornography? P. 582-583

Those who watch pornography are more likely to be aggressive during sex Also recommend lesser sentences for rape offenders

What is the unconscious?

Thoughts, feeling, wishes and memories, which are below the realm of conscious awareness.

What factors promote and inhibit growth according to this perspective?

Three requirements for personal growth: Genuineness: openness of true feelings Empathy: being able to understand other people's emotions and show and share your own feelings Acceptance: need for positive regard --- conditioned positive regard: loved only if you are doing what someone thinks is right/do what they want you to do. Unconditioned positive regard: genuine love with no strings attached- for being who you are. Supports positive growth

What are the goals of Humanistic psychotherapy?

To enhance self-awareness and self-acceptance and help remove barriers preventing a person from reaching their potential promote growth rather than fix it is affective is less serious cases

What is the main focus of psychodynamic therapy?

To focus on social relationships and find reoccurring themes. ex: relate to boss like you relate to parents

What is the aim of psychoanalysis?

To make a person aware of their unconscious conflicts and impulses

What is the purpose of factor analysis?

To statistically correlate clusters of items grouped together in one dimension in order to characterize certain traits

Psychotherapy

Treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

what is meant by Type A and Type B personalities? How do these personality types relate to coronary heart disease?

Type A are those who are the most reactive, competitive, hard-driving, impatient, time-conscious, super-motivated, verbally aggressive and easily angered people who react with anger over little things are the most coronary-prone 69% of a study of men that had heart attacks were Type A Type B are those who were more easygoing

What are defense mechanisms (in general)?

Unconscious psychological and behavior tactics that protect a person from unpleasant emotions and anxiety

Discrimination

Unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

What is prejudice?

Unjustified evaluations or judgements based on group membership ex: racism or sexism- justifuy and maintain inequalities by thinking that certain people are less capable and less worthy than others.

What are the biomedical treatments?

Use of medication or medical procedures to treat disorders Electroconvulsive shock therapy Psychosurgery Neuroleptics/antipsychotics Antidepressants

What is systematic desensitization?

Used to treat phobias. It replaces fear with relaxation. Person is exposed to increasingly anxiety-provoking versions of fear stimulus while relaxing. Fear/desensitization hierarchy-list of increasingly intense versions of what the person fears- move up through the hierarchy until they are no longer fearful Relaxation techniques: repeat techniques over and over until events in the hierarchy no longer create fear.

Humanistic Theories

View personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

Psychodynamic Theories

View personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.

how long does viewing videos or images of sexually attractive individuals affect one's feelings for their own partner?

Viewing images of sexually attractive women and men may lead people to devalue their own partners and relationships. People report after viewing depictions of sexually attractive women, they often found their girlfriend or wife less attractive

Social-Cognitive Perspective

Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

What happened in Milgram's obedience studies?

Volunteer is given role of teacher and the confederate the role of the student. The teacher and student are in different rooms. The teacher gives the student a electric shck every time the student would answer a question wrong. Each time the shock would be increased

How does the case of Kitty Genovese relate to the bystander effect? What is diffusion of responsibility?

Walked home from work and got stabbed repeatedly and was raped, she was screaming loudly and lights went on but no one called the police. 38 people witnessed but everyone just thought someone else would help.

According to Alfred Adler, why do we struggle for superiority and power? P. 519

We are driven by efforts to conquer childhood inferiority feelings.

What is Rotter's expectancy theory?

We behave according to expectations of results of behavior. We engage in in the behavior that we expect to have the highest probability of reward. The more a behavior has been rewarded the higher the expectancy of the reward.

What is the main premise of the humanistic approach?

We have an innate drive to fulfill potential guided by a desire to grow and reach our full potential.

What is cognitive dissonance theory?

We will be motivated to reduce this tension by changing our attitudes to match our behaviors.

what IQ tests are most commonly used today?

Wechler Scales are commonly used today. WAIS: Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale WISC: Wechler Intelligence Scale for Children (6-16 years old) WPPSI: younger than 6 years old these yield an overall intelligence score but also separate scores for verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory and processing speed

How are psychological disorders related to poverty?

When you are impoverished you are in a more stressful environment.--> Therefore, psychological disorders are more commonly found in those living in poverty.

How do these relate to the iceberg analogy?

When you look at an iceberg you are only seeing a small part of the whole- frued said that our conscious state is only the "tip of the iceberg" and most of our actually thinking lies beneath the conscious state, in the preconscious and unconscious. THE ID IS COMPLETELY UNCONCIOUS AND ONLY PARTS OF EGO AND SUPEREGO ARE "above water"

Can will-power/self-control be depleted? P. 538

Yes

Do all antipsychotics cause tardive dyskinesia?

Yes, BUT found more cases w/ EARLY antipsychotics

What is the spotlight effect? p. 545

You think more people are focused than actually are.

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

what is identity crisis?

a challenge of figuring out who you are

what is attachment?

a close emotional bond between an infant and its parent, demonstrated by seeking closeness and showing stress with separation

instinct

a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing

intellectual disability

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound

what is extrinsic motivation?

a desire to engage in an activity because there is an external reward or reason or to avoid threatened punishment

what is intrinsic motivation?

a desire to perform a behavior effectively for ones own sake because the process itself brings satisfaction and is enjoyable and fun

what is meant by general intelligence?

a general intelligence factor that underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence scale, one ability is responsible for all specific mental abilities. for example: someone with general intelligence in one way is expected to be intelligent in all other ways as well and someone with general intelligence is expected to perform highly on the science ACT section is they perform highly on the math ACT section. measures of general intelligence (IQ) predict how successful one will be academically. general intelligence is expressed by a single intelligence score. intelligence depends on culture

general intelligence

a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test

what is mental age?

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. measured in the Binet Simon Scale; a 6 year old performs at a mental age of 6 is average a 6 year old performs at a mental age of 8 is above average a 6 year old performs at a mental age of 5 is below average

mental age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8

intelligence test

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores

motivation

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

what are the average IQ scores based on ethnicity?

asians: higher than whites whites: higher than hispanics hispanics: higher than blacks

drive reduction theory

a physical imbalance creates a physiological imbalance (arousal state) that leads us to correct the imbalance or satisfy the needs. the goal is to maintain homeostasis (the ideal internal state). we work best at certain parameters and if we go out of the parameters we will try and correct the imbalance in order to return to homeostasis. for example: our body maintains its temperature regulation system

incentive

a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

emotion

a response of the whole organism. involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience

refractory period

a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype

human factors psychology

a subfield of industrial-organizational psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use

homeostasis

a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, and a particular level

what is Gardner's eight intelligences theory?

a view that intelligence has multiple abilities that come in different packages. Gardner argues that we do not have one intelligence but multiple intelligences. for example: Kim Peek (Rain Man) can read and remember a page in 8 to 10 seconds. he memorized 9000 books including the bible, learned maps from the front of the phone book and could provide MapQuest directions within any major US city but could not button his clothing and had little capacity for abstract concepts. Linguistic (giving a speech) Logical-Mathematical (solving an equation) Musical (playing an instrument) Spatial (art) Bodily-Kinesthetic (dancing) Intrapersonal Interpersonal Naturalist (nature)

what evidence supports the existence of a general intelligence?

abilities are correlated, and success can be predicted from general intelligence

basic trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

how does thinking change in adolescence?

according to Piaget's Formal Operation stage, adolescence can think abstractly and are capable of metacognition

When does identity crisis occur?

adolescence

when do people tend to reach their physical peak?

adults reach their physical peak in middle-early adulthood (25 years old). during this time their sensory acuity, reaction time, and muscle strength all function at their optimum potentials

how is the sexual response cycle similar and different for females and males?

after resolution males enter the refractory period (lasting from a few minutes to a day or more in which he is incapable of another orgasm) but females refractory period is much shorter

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation

what are the domains of multiple intelligence postulated by Sternberg's Triarchial View?

analytical: what it takes to do well academically or on an IQ test (academic-problem solving) creative: what it takes to come up with useful ideas (reacting adaptively to novel situations) practical: street smarts, common sense, ability to solve real world problems (everyday tasks)

what is stereotype threat?

anxiety that ones performance on a test or task will confirm a negative stereotype about a group to which one belongs; anxiety can result in poorer performance

James-Lange Theory

arousal comes from emotion. when an emotionally arousing event occurs, this causes a specific pattern of physiological changes and then we experience a particular emotion based on the pattern of changes. physiological arousal precedes and causes us to have a specific emotion. the problem with this theory is that two emotions can have the exact same pattern of changes, this theory would require each emotion to have a unique pattern of physiological changes associated with it the evidence is in the facial/behavior feedback phenomenon (changing our facial expressions makes us experience a corresponding change in emotion) for example: if you smile, you will actually tend to feel happier, if you frown, you will actually tend to feel sadder the behavior feedback phenomenon is when changes in behavior produce changes in emotion for example: if you walk around with your head up and shoulders back, you will tend to feel more confident another example: people put into male/female pairs, ½ pair told to stare into each others eyes for three minutes, ½ pair told to stare at each others hands for three minutes, the people starring into each others eyes found each other more attractive than those who starred at their partners hands

when do cognitive declines tend to appear in adulthood?

around the age of 85 there is a drop in sensory keenness, memory, thinking flexibility, thinking efficiency and speed of processing

Common-Bard Theory

arousal and emotion occur simultaneously. when an emotionally arousing event occurs, at the same time we experience a non specific pattern of arousal and emotion (neither are causes of each other) for example: when walking down a dark alley at night and you hear footsteps behind you, you start to tremble, heart rate increases, breathing gets deeper, at same time also experience emotion of fear researchers agree that our emotions also involve cognition whether we fear the man behind us on the dark street depends on whether we interpret his actions as threatening or friendly

what are features of bulimia nervosa?

binge and purge. a person with this disease will eat a lot at once, feel guilt and regret it, then try and undo what they've done by inducing vomiting, exercising excessively, using abusive laxatives and starving themselves. it is more common in females than males. people who suffer from bulimia nervosa tend to have mothers that are preoccupied with their own appearance and weight. they have a fear of becoming overweight, low self-esteem, anxiety and depression. it begins in the late teens to early 20s. people who suffer tend to be normal weight or slightly overweight. it is difficult to treat because the patients are very resistant to treatment because they are not comfortable eating normally. genes may influence personality characteristics which may affect the possibility of getting anorexia or bulimia

what are emotions?

blend of thoughts, feelings, expressive behavior and physiological changes and arousal, emotions are the optimal source of motivation

what is puberty?

body changes that make the body capable of reproduction

resolution

body returns to its un-aroused state quickly if orgasm has occurred, slowly if otherwise, male enters refractory period (lasting from a few minutes to a day or more in which he is incapable of another orgasm), females refractory period is much shorter

how do cultures vary in terms of sources of arousal?

breasts are not considered attractive in some places. some places consider armpits sacred and erotic. some cultures value men with small penises. some cultures punish homosexuals by death. some cultures value people with more than one spouse

what is metacognition and how does it relate to egocentrism?

capability of thinking about thinking and capability of thinking about your own thoughts and the thoughts of others. because egocentrism is the inability to think of other's thoughts, they relate in that teenagers over estimate how much others pat attention to them and see themselves as the center of attention, thinking that everyone is watching them at all times

what are some of the factors that are related to job satisfaction?

clear expectations: know what they're doing and what is expected. provide feedback: give positive feedback for a job well done. control and input: perform better if they feel in control, able to control hours, environment, and the job itself

how do collectivist and individualist cultures differ?

collectivist are more likely to include social skills in intelligence. it is a culture in which the needs of a group are more important than ones own individual needs. collectivist cultures are more common in africa and asia. example: if society doesn't approve of the person you are in love with and want to marry, you wouldn't marry them simply because society didn't approve individualist put individual needs over the groups needs. individualist cultures are typically found in western cultures

what factors are associated with happy marriages?

compatibility, religion, commonalities, commitment, trust, sex life, support, sharing and communication

how and why are those who are overweight or obese faced with discrimination in our culture?

culture places high emphasis on appearance so we have a negative outlook on obese people. obese people are thought of as less sincere, less friendly, meaner, more obnoxious and less worthy of hiring. for example: job interview where the same person went in twice, once wearing a fat suit and once not wearing a fat suit. all employers said they'd rather hire the skinny person. personality is not related to obesity. the adult obesity rate has doubled in the last 40 years. child and teen obesity has quadruples in the last 40 years

what are gender roles?

cultures expectations regarding what is acceptable behavior for males and females

what does the study of different cultures indicate about human sexuality?

cultures have different views on what they consider to be normal sexual behavior. psychological factors tend to be more important than biological factors in terms of human sexuality

What is habituation?

decreased response to unchanging and repeating stimuli. for example, babies will look longer at a novel and new thing that they don't remember seeing before

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

intelligence quotient (IQ)

defined originally as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100. on contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100

standardization (norms)

defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group

what is the death deferral phenomenon?

depression causes poor health and early death

how do gender roles relate to different cultures?

different cultures determine what is masculine and what is feminine. in cultures where gender roles are very different, males and females have very different statuses and when males and females are in similar roles they have the same status and are seen as being equally capable

What do developmental psychologists study?

examines our physical, cognitive, and social development across the life span, with a focus on three major issues: nature and nurture, continuity and stages, and stability and change

plateau

excitement, breathing, pulse and blood pressure rates increase, penis becomes engorged

low reliability

different results from one time to another

what is the purpose of emotion?

direct attention, energize our actions thus a source of motivation

what criteria must one meet to be diagnosed with mental retardation?

disability is considered to be the bottom 2% (a score of 70 or lower) in IQ scores. these people are unable to live independently and unable to care for themselves

content validity

does a test measure all aspects of what it is testing?

construct validity

does the test measure what it claims to measure?

what evidence supports the existence of multiple intelligences?

existence of learning disabilities supports the existence of multiple intelligences because although someone may have problems with a particular cognitive task, not all tasks are effected by this problem and the person may be very good or above average in performing other tasks. brain damage also supports the existence of multiple intelligences because certain areas may be damaged while others are left completely in tact

what are the temperament classifications for babies?

easy babies are easy going, cheerful, don't fuss, predictable in reactions, establish routines well, react well to new situations. difficult babies are more negative emotion, irritable, fussy, don't establish routines well, unpredictable, don't react well generally to new situations. slow to warm up babies are in between easy and difficult, not comfortable with new but they adapt

catharsis

emotional release. in psychology, the catharsis hypothesis maintains that "releasing" aggressive energy (through action or fantasy) relieves aggressive urges

what is meant by diminishing returns?

experiencing luxury diminishes our savoring of life's simpler pleasures for example: if you've skied the Swiss Alps, your neighborhood sledding hill seems terrible now

factors that cause attachment?

familiarity of exposure, food and security for nourishment

are there large differences in performance between males and females on specific tasks? are famles' better at all verbal tasks? are males' better at all nonverbal tasks?

females are better at verbal tasks (math calculations, verbal fluency and spelling) males are better at nonverbal tasks (geometry, verbal analogies and math reasoning)

Approximately what percentage of fertilized eggs survive beyond two weeks?

fewer than half of all fertilized eggs, called zygotes, survive beyond the first two weeks

emerging adulthood (twilight zone)

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood

what evidence indicates that the differences in IQ scores are not due to genetics?

gaps that exist in ethnicities have narrowed and decreased as opportunities in communities increase, proving that it is not genetic (or the gap wouldn't close)

what couples are more satisfied with being parents and why?

gay and lesbian marriages tend to be happier in marital satisfaction when parenting because there is more equal division of labor and emotions tend to even out

what is the crisis of generativity?

generativity is the focus on something that outlasts you by accomplishing something in your career or with your children. the crisis comes in whether to focus on parenthood or your career

why can't group differences in average IQ scores be assumed to be due to genetic differences?

genes don't necessarily explain differences among groups of people. for example: if you have one packet of flower seeds of all the same flower and take half of the seeds and plant them in fertile soil and the other half in infertile soil, the flowers in the fertile soil will grow taller and flowers in the infertile soil were smaller. from this example we learn that it is not the genes that explain the height difference in the flowers but the soil (environment) that made the difference

what are some of the causes of obesity?

genetic predisposition is when kids adopted into families have weights that are uncorrelated because their weight is more similar to their biological parents. identical twins have closely similar weights even when not raised together. genes affect when we feel full, our metabolic rate, our general activity level, our level of conversion of calories to fat, and the amount of fat cells we have. children and adults who suffer from sleep loss are more vulnerable to obesity. these days people are less active, there is more fast food available and it is tastier, there have been technology advancements, there is anxiety caused by stress, more people living in cities and portions are larger than they used to be

excitement

genitals engorge in blood, vagina expands and secretes lubricant

when comparing groups based on ethnicity or gender, are there more similarities or differences as regards IQ?

groups are much more similar than different but the differences tend to receive much more attention

what factors are and are not related to happiness?

happiness is having high self-esteem, being optimistic, being outgoing, being satisfied with marriage, having close relationships, having work that engages skills, having religious faith, sleeping well and exercising happiness is not related to age, gender, parenthood (being a parent or not), and physical attractiveness

how does efficiency of processing relate to intelligence?

if your efficiency of processing is higher, your brain responds faster to stimuli, which enables you to make judgements more quickly, which tends to enhance intelligence. the brains that require the least inspection time to register a simple stimulus tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests. functioning well means functioning more efficiently

who was Louis Terman and what did he do?

he brought the Binet test to the United States to Stanford University and translated the test into english. he added items to measure adult intelligence and added the intelligence quotient (IQ). he changed the test to be called the Stanford-Binet test. Terman's test is no longer used today

what is meant by a set-point in terms of body weight?

homeostasis body weight range which is influenced by genetics

what are norms on the IQ test?

how many people in the same category (age group) get the same score is the norm. when scores are graphed, norms are graphed on a bell curve with a normal distribution

what is basal metabolic rate?

how much energy we burn at rest

what do studies indicate regarding the effects of social rejection?

humans are social creatures. humans have the desire to be valued by others and they need to feel like they belong, are accepted and have relationships. how valued we feel had a large impact on self-esteem. desire to belong may lead us to stay in an abusive relationship or conform to peer pressure. rejection makes us more likely to be aggressive. aggression makes for increased pain tolerance. cutting and hurting ones self may release endorphins which distract the mental pain of rejection

what evidence suggests a genetic role in intelligence?

identical twins have more similar IQ scores than fraternal twins (identical twins share 100% of their genes, fraternal twins share 50% of their genes) more closely related people tend to have closer IQ scores (stronger genetic relation=stronger related IQ scores)

who was Alfred Binet and what did he do?

in 1904 in France, a school contacted a psychologist asking for a way to identify kids who may need special or specific help. They contacted Alfred Binet who created the Binet Simon Scale, which was a test that measured reasoning, thinking and problem solving skills. Binet believed that all children follow the same course of intellectual development but that some develop more quickly than others. a "dull" child should perform as does a typical younger child and a "bright" child as a typical older child. his goal was to measure each child's mental age

how do cultures vary in terms of acceptable sexual behaviors?

in Inis Beag, an island off coast of Ireland, sex was seen as a necessary evil for reproduction, nudity was to be avoided at all costs, and there were very low female orgasm among people. in Margia, a south pacific island, kids encouraged to masturbate, kids receive detailed sex education, boys received instruction from older women, girls encouraged to have sex with older men before marriage, sex encouraged every night, and pregnancy avoided using condoms

egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

how is attachment style in childhood related to adult attachment patterns?

in early adulthood the focus is to find love and establish a career, but attachment style in childhood can effect ones ability to find love and establish a career in adulthood. insecure ambivalent attached children tend to have problems with intimacy in adulthood. insecure avoidant attached children tend to now show their feelings with their partners and engage in more uninvolved sex and are not distressed when relationships end

how does fertility tend to change in middle adulthood for females and males?

in middle adulthood fertility declines in males and females. females go through menopause (50 years old) and cannot bear children anymore because their capabilities are shutdown. males go through male climacteric, which is when the sperm count decreases with age. there are lower quality sperm. climacteric is much more gradual than menopause but men can still father a child until death

what are reflexes?

involuntary, unlearned reactions such as the sucking, rooting, grasping and stepping reflexes

what are the theories of motivation we covered?

instinct theory, drive reduction theory, arousal theory, incentive theory, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs

assimilation

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

how well do job interviews predict performance?

interviewers judgements are weak predictors. interviews are a terrible predictor of performance

what is validity?

measures and predicts what it claims to measure and predict.

what happens during menopause?

menstrual cycles end around the age of 50 and women are no longer fertile

intelligence

mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations

by what means do heredity and environment tend to influence intelligence in the same direction?

more intelligent parents may place more of an emphasis on education and development. identical twins (when raised together) have more similar IQs then those raised apart. fraternal twins (raised together and treated more similarly) have closer IQ scores than regular siblings (which were raised at different times) kids taken out of poverished environments and adopted will show a significant IQ increase

under what conditions is the over justification effect more or less likely to occur?

more likely to have a decrease in intrinsic motivation if we are offered concrete rewards (money, candy, rewards), if we know we are being evaluated, if the task is creative and if there are anticipated rewards less likely to have a decrease in intrinsic motivation if the reward is praise or feedback for example: give a kid a toy to play with and told they will get a reward for playing with it. later on give kid a toy but say no reward. kids given the reward the 1st time were less likely to play with it the 2nd time around. "why would I play with a toy without a reward?" another example: tell a group of adults that they would be paid to lose weight. the adults lose weight while being paid. when they stop being paid, they stopped losing weight and the group that was never paid continued to lose weight another example: shopkeeper nunsy: kids would yell insults at him everyday. one day he told the kids that if they yelled insults at him, he would paid them each $1.00. told them the next day he would pay them $0.50 to yell insults. told them the next day he could only pay them $0.25 to yell insults that day. kids said no way and left and never came back originally kids were intrinsically motivated to yell insults but then were offered extrinsic motivation rewards (money) and when the money was gone from the scenario they no longer had the intrinsic motivation to yell insults at him

how does the over justification effect relate to intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?

motivation shifts from intrinsic to extrinsic

orgasm

muscles contract, increase in breathing, pulse and blood pressure rates go up

what is sexual orientation? what are some myths regarding homosexuality?

nature of ones sexual attraction, direction of ones romantic and sexual interest towards the opposite sex or the same sex. culture gives us an insight to sexual orientation. for example: Sambia of New Guinea believe that one cannot become a man until he has eaten semen, boys are expected to perform oral sex on the men in the community (men are married and have kids) another example is in the Samoa culture, fa'afafine people that adopt the female gender roles and act/dress like women, men that date fa'afafine aren't considered to be gay even though they are actually dating a man, not a woman researchers think there should be a scale of homo/heterosexuality. identical twins are more likely to share an orientation- if 1 twin is gay, there is a 50% chance the other twin will be gay. those exposed to prenatal hormones are more likely to be gay in adulthood but most people who are gay didn't have the exposure

what is motivation?

need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it to a particular goal

is there a reliable means of assessing infant intelligence?

no

are all people who eat healthy and exercise thin?

no because your metabolism and genetics also play a role in thinness

have environmental influences been discovered that play a role in sexual orientation?

no environmental factors have been identified that influence sexual orientation

does caregiver orientation have much influence on a child's later sexual orientation?

no evidence on caregiver's effect on kids orientation. if a kid is raised by a gay parent, he is more likely to be gay later in life

are mid-life crises common?

no, we go through a mid-life transition that is when we readjust our goals and think about life thus far

is maternal employment bad for children?

no. children are biologically sturdy individuals who can thrive in a wide variety of life situations. there is no major impact of maternal employment on children's development, attachments and achievements

does venting one's anger typically provide catharsis?

no. it is a bad idea to vent anger because it tends to make you more angry

do females and males differ in average IQ scores?

no. the gap is completely closed

what is the relationship between perceived control and stress?

not one of the pure Type B men had suffered a heart attack

how does marital satisfaction relate to parenting?

parenting tends to decrease marital satisfaction especially if one member of the couple isn't doing their fair share of work parenting the child

authoritative parenting

parents are demanding, firm, consistent, understanding, affectionate, explain rules, socially compliant, responsible and academically successful. kids of this kind of parent are friendly, socially competent, responsible and academically successful

authoritarian parenting

parents are strict, unsympathetic, harsh, limited warmth and praise, demand obedience, "because i said do" attitude, punitive and don't explain rules or reason. kids of this kind of parent are unfriendly, withdrawn, lower self-esteem and distrustful

permissive parenting

parents give complete freedom and little discipline. kids of this kind of parent are immature, dependent, unhappy and more aggressive

neglectful parenting

parents provide for their children's physical needs but avoid being emotionally involved. kids of this kind of parent turn out the worst. they are delinquent, low achievement and have low self-esteem

what has recent research revealed regarding Piaget's theory?

people believe that kids know more today than Piaget thought. they believe that kids go through stages sooner than Piaget thought but he got the sequence of development correct. they believe that kids develop more gradually than Piaget thought. people also believe that there should be additional stages added because adults don't think the same way that adolescence do

how and why is a child's IQ associated with their family income?

people in high income places tend to have higher IQ scores then low income communities regardless of ethnicity because low poverty communities may be more stressed, have worse schools, have fewer resources and lack proper nutrition

what is the relationship between money and happiness?

people that are well off tend to be happier than people who cannot meet certain needs. when you have enough money for comfort and necessity, adding more money adds less and less to happiness. for example: winning lottery for 3rd time is less exciting than the 1st time people tend to be happier when spending money on someone else rather than himself or herself

how do anorexia and bulimia differ? how are they similar?

people who are anorexic are very underweight while people who are bulimic tend to be normal weight or slightly overweight. they both tend to be more common in females, have low self-esteem, symptoms of anxiety and depression and a fear of gaining weight

what are some psychosocial problems faced by overweight or obese people in our culture?

people who are obese are 20% above a healthy weight for their age, gender, height and body type. the suffer from lower self-esteem, depression, exclusion and discrimination.

if people have their caloric intake cut in half, do they lose a corresponding amount of weight?

people who cut their calories in half for 6 months lose 25% of their body weight and the subjects subconsciously conserved energy

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

theory of mind?

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states-about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict

feel-good, do-good phenomenon

people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

how can physical and cognitive decline be lessened in old age?

physical and mental activities, which keep the brain strong, can lessen declines

understanding emotions

predicting emotions and how they change and blend

what are secondary emotions?

pride, guilt, shame, jealousy, and embarrassment. show up around 1.5-2.5 years old

how are hormone levels and the brain's response to hormones impacted by psychological factors?

psychological factors influence hormone levels. sex hormones influence behavior by acting on paths of hypothalamus in animals and humans. humans high brain regions (cortex) influence how responsive the brain is to hormones. enjoyment depends on attitude towards sex and our interpretations of the situation (sexual stimuli)

what is reliability?

stable and consistent results over time. for example: if you get on a scale and it says 150lbs and then you get on it later and it says 180lbs, that is an unreliable scale. Iq tests are reliable around the age of 4 and after the age of 7 they begin to become very reliable.

perceiving emotions

recognizing emotions in the face, music and stories

high reliability

same result from one time to another

secure vs insecure in the long run?

secure kids turn out more socially competent, popular, persistent, achievement oriented, less fear of failure, higher self-esteem, higher cooperation, and show similar styles in childhood to adulthood. the more easy going a baby is, the more easy it is to have secure attachment

what predicts academic success better than IQ?

self discipline better predicts academic success than IQ test scores

why is the ability to delay gratification and control one's impulses important?

self-control is the ability to control yourself and delay gratification. those who show self-control at age 4 tend to be better and responsible/competent adults

what are the features of anorexia nervosa?

self-starvation. one of the most deadly psychological disorders (more deadly than bulimia). there are 3 main symptoms: significantly underweight (85% less than they should), have an irrational fear of gaining weight (can wake up many times in the night to weigh themselves), and a distorted body image (will always perceive themselves as being fat. it is more common in females than in makes (particularly white females). they tend to be perfectionists and high achievers academically. they suffer from low self-esteem, anxiety and depression. their parents tend to be high achieving, over protective and somewhat controlling. the disease begins in the early to mid teen years. it is mostly a western phenomenon because we are obsessed with thinness

can one's set-point change?

set-point can change with weight loss and weight gain because the body can only resist deviations up to a certain point. gradual changes make your set-point change better than a drastic change. the body makes it difficult to gain or lose weight because it tries to keep people at their set-point

what are some major debates regarding intelligence?

should we consider intelligence as one aptitude or many?

what factors explain the small differences in average IQ among ethnic groups in the United States?

socioeconomic factor. poverty rates: 26% blacks in poverty, 21% hispanic, 12% asian and 5% white. there is a positive correlation between a child's IQ score and the child's family income. low poverty communities may be more stressed, have worse schools, have fewer resources and lack proper nutrition. kids growing up in poverty have 7 times the chance of living in poverty later in life

what do human factors psychologists do?

study people's natural perceptions and inclinations to create user-friendly machines and work settings

what does emotional intelligence predict?

success in marriage, parenting, friendship, and relationships

object performance

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

what is a normal distribution for an IQ test?

symmetrical, bell-shaped curve, most scores fall near the average (100) and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extreme ends

how is IQ score determined by modern IQ tests?

test givers must first give the test to a representative sample of people so the score can be compared to sample scores. the score is then determined in comparison to the norm score of others in the same age group as the person who took it

two-factor theory

the Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

creativity

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

what is emotional intelligence?

the ability to understand and manage your emotions and the emotions of those around you. studies show that those who score high in emotional intelligence exhibit somewhat better job performance. IQ does not predict success in marriage, parenting or friendships. it shows that even brilliant people can not handle emotions and their personal lives (Mark Zuckerberg was brilliant and successful in business but not in relationships. Steve Jobs was brilliant and successful in business but was regarded as a jerk)

industrial-organizational psychology

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

what is industrial/organizational psychology?

the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

what part of the nervous system is responsible for the physiological changes associated with emotion?

the autonomic nervous system regulates autonomic functions of organs and glands that are unconscious functions. whenever you experience emotion, there are subtle changes to your physiology, these physiological changes are controlled by the autonomic nervous system. there are two divisions: sympathetic (activates body, prepares body for action, increases arousal, fight or flight response) and parasympathetic (calming affect on body, rest and digest system)

what is meant by multiple intelligences?

the belief that people have a number of intelligences that are separate from the others

what mechanisms does the body use to keep one's weight around the set-point?

the body will alter the level of hunger, energy and our basal metabolic rate (how much energy we burn at rest) to go back to homeostasis body weight set-point. when the body falls below this weight, and increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore this lost weight

basal metabolic rate

the body's resting rate of energy expenditure

in what ways does the brain continue to develop in adolescence?

the brain goes through brain maturation which is pruning. pruning is the process where unused neurons and connections are eliminated which increases efficiency of processing. the frontal lobes are still developing which makes for poor decision making, impulsivity, less capable of planning for the long term

coronary heart disease

the clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle; the leading cause of death in many developed countries

what are some of the stresses faced by those in middle adulthood?

the decline in fertility in women and the male climacteric thing and the crisis of generativity where middle aged people get worried about death and want to leave something that lasts behind them like their kids or something in their career and there's the midlife transition/ midlife crisis

validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to

content validity

the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest

reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

sexual response cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

what is the sexual response cycle?

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson: excitement, plateau, orgasm and resolution

drive-reduction theory

the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

the idea that some needs take precedence over other needs. there are 6 categories of needs arranged in a hierarchy. lower needs need to be met before we focus on the higher needs. for example: we can only meet our need for safety and love if our lowest level needs are met such as food and water. this theory has been criticized though because there are times when we meet our higher needs before meeting our lower needs such as fasting for religious purposes or eating disorders

object permanence?

the idea that things still exist even if you don't directly see them or perceive them. it develops between 6 and 8 months. this leads to stranger danger anxiety because the baby gets scared when its caregiver is away and it is in the hands of a stranger. without object permanence, a baby cannot think about the parents being away so it does not have anxiety. with object permanence, a baby gets scared when the parent is away because he knows the parent is gone

what characterizes insecure attachment?

the kid is avoidant or ambivalent. an avoidant child does not get upset or happy when the parent leaves or returns and shows no preference to a parent than to a stranger. parents of avoidant insecurely attached children are normally neglectful. an ambivalent and resistant child does not explore the room because he is clinging to the parent. when the parent leaves the child gets extremely upset and when the parent returns he is still upset rather than comforted. parents of ambivalent insecurely attached children tend to be inconsistent in availability

what characterizes secure attachment?

the kid uses the parent as the secure base as they explore the room (when he goes to play with the toys he will sporadically check in with the parent to make sure everything is okay and the parent is present). when the parent leaves the room the kid gets upset and will run to the parent when they return for comfort and security. these kids are usually sensitive to what they need. this attachment is the most common attachment found in the strange situation test

what brain mechanisms are important in emotion?

the limbic system is the system consisting of the structures involved in emotion. and amygdala evaluates emotional relevance of stimuli and tends to send more information to the frontal loves than it receives from the frontal lobes. the reason it can be difficult for us to reason ourselves out of emotion is because the frontal lobes control reasoning and they have less influence on the amygdala than the amygdala has on the frontal loves. for example: you may be mad at someone but you know you shouldn't be because it wasn't their fault but you are still angry

what is intelligence?

the mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.intelligence depends on the context, culture, and ability to master information and skills needed to succeed in a particular culture. IQ tests measure the ability to do well academically and on tests. intelligence tests are products of a particular culture

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

the most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests

what is the older brother or fraternal birth order effect?

the older brother effect (aka fraternal birth order effect) is the more older brothers a man has, the more likely it is for him to be gay (how many brothers were in the womb before him) the number of sisters a man has makes no difference, and adopted brothers make no difference. this only applies to right handed males and it doesn't matter if the man was raised with the brothers or not

relative deprivation

the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself

what is adolescence?

the period between childhood and adulthood (teens) this is when puberty begins and ends and when one becomes mostly independent from his family. college kids are in a "twilight zone" because they aren't living with their parents but aren't financially independent

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

set point

the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. when the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

heritability

the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. the heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied

what is relative deprivation?

the sense that we are worse off than others with whom we compare ourselves

predictive validity

the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior

normal curve

the symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes

facial feedback effect

the tendency of facial muscles states to trigger corresponding feeling such as fear, anger, or happiness

what is the adaptation-level phenomenon?

the tendency to judge recent events in relation to what we have previously experience, our neutral happiness level adjusts to what we have previously experienced for example: i was thrilled with my 12-inch black and white television years ago, then go and watch a movie on friends 60-in high definition television and become unimpressed with my 27-in color television at home. yesterday's marvelous becomes today's mundane

Cannon-Bard theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion

James-Lang theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli

menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

Stanford-Binet

the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test

how does self-esteem change in adolescence?

there is a drop in self-esteem due to greater awareness and the physical changes of your body. the drop is more dramatic in girls because girls get added body fat, emerge into sexuality with their bodies, become more womanly and start to realize that they are sometimes valued by their bodies

can we conclude that structural differences in the brain cause sexual orientation? why or why not?

there is a very small difference in the brains of people with hetero and homosexual orientation. it is hard to say if the differences are a cause of orientation or a result of orientation because our brains have plasticity

is there a strong relationship between brain size and intelligence?

there is about a .33 correlation between brain size and intelligence. brain size cannot predict with high accuracy ones intelligence because there may be a very present third variable (nutrition, ability to acquire knowledge, education)

do hormone levels differ between those with a homosexual orientation and those with a heterosexual orientation?

there is no difference in the hormone level of a gay man and a straight man. gay and straight men have the same amount of testosterone and estrogen

preoperational period?

this period is from 2 years old to 7 years old. the person forms evidence from symbols because he can form mental representations. he can engage in pretend play. he has limited ability to see the world from someone else's point of view. he lacks the understanding that others don;t know what he knows. for example: when talking to a preschooler on the phone and asking "where is mom?" the preschooler might point, not realizing that you cannot see them pointing. he is egocentric until about the age of 4 or 5 when he will begin to see from other people's perspective. there is difficulty in this stage with mental operations, such as, he cannot manipulate representations well because of a limited working memory (conservation)

sensorimotor period?

this period is from birth to 2 years old. in this stage the baby develops an understanding of the world through sensory and motor interactions with the environment. he learns to control his own movements. he learns what sights, sounds and sensations mean. he is unable to form mental representations, living entirely in the present, and is unable to think about the past. he has a lack of object permanence ("out of sight, out of mind"). for example: if child without object permanence plays with a toy and it rolls under the couch, the child won't go look for it under the couch because they can't think of it if it isn't right in front of them.

concrete operational stage?

this stage is from 7 years old to adolescence. he can perform simple manipulations and understand conservation. he can perform opposite manipulations and apply logic to abstract things. for example: 4+4=? 8. 8-4=4 (he will know that quickly from reversing opposite manipulations)

formal operation stage

this stage is from adolescence to adulthood. he becomes capable of abstract and hypothetical thinking. he can engage in systematic and logical thinking

what did the Condry & Condry study illustrate?

this was a video of a baby reacting to a Jack n the Box. the baby's reaction is crying. half of the subjects who watched the video were told the baby was a girl and the other half were told the baby was a boy. the people who thought the baby was a girl said that she started crying because she was scared, but the people who thought the baby was a boy said that he started crying because he was mad

do kids benefit from having involved fathers?

those whose fathers were most involved in parenting tended to achieve more in school. a father's love has been comparable to a mother's love in predicting their offspring's well-being

Schacter & Singer's Two-Factor Theory

to experience emotions, one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal this allows for cognition to pay a role in emotional experiences (only theory that allows for this) when an emotional event occurs, it occurs in a non specific pattern of arousal occurs, we then experience an emotion based on how we interpret what is causing the arousal (depends on what we attribute the arousal to) for example: dark alley alone, brain notices arousal and realizes you're alone and you get scared from that arousal can become different emotions depending on how you interpret events

what are primary emotions?

typically considered to involve sadness, happiness, anger, joy, fear and disgust. they show up within 6 months of life and are apparent in those who have been blind since birth (proving that they are unlearned)

conservation?

understanding that quantity stays the same even if appearance changes (lack of working memory) (conservation of liquid, substance, numbers). for example: video of the quarters all together then spaced out- girl thought there were more when it was spaced out. also, video of the graham crackers when the researcher had 2 and the kid only had one then researcher broke the kid's one in half and the kid then thought they had the same amount

instinct theory

we are motivated by instincts. instincts are automatic, unlearned behavior that occurs in response to a particular stimuli that is consistent within a species (all members of the specials behave the same way) doesn't have learning as a part of motivation, genes predispose species-typical behavior. example: infant's reflexes for rooting and sucking

incentive theory

we are motivated to gain positive incentives and avoid negative outcomes (operant conditioning). when there is both a need and an incentive we feel strongly driven. for example: the video of the seagull stealing food from the store. another example is a food deprived person who smells baking bread will feel a strong hunger drive

arousal theory

we are motivated to obtain an optimal level of arousal. arousal is the general activation level in body and brain. when lacking stimulation we feel bored and look for a way to increase arousal to an optimum level. with too much stimulation comes stress and then we look for a way to decrease arousal. the optimal level differs between people and is affected by genetics. for example: the video of the dog sliding into the pool then running to do it again. he was trying to increase arousal because he was bored

what is the over justification effect?

when extrinsic rewards are provided for an action that is previously intrinsically enjoyable, our intrinsic motivation to engage tends to decrease because it doesn't seem worth doing now without a reward

is every emotion associated with a unique pattern of physiological changes?

when you experience an emotion, there are changes in the functions controlled by the autonomic nervous system: heart rate, temperature, skin conduction (sweating), breathing rate, muscle tension, pupil dilation, etc. different emotions tend to show different patterns of changes in the autonomic nervous system. for example: one emotion may increase heart rate and increase temperature, another emotion may decrease heart rate and increase temperature. two emotions can produce the exact same changes in physiology. there is not a distinct pattern for each emotion. you cannot tell emotion based on pattern of changes because it isn't specific enough

what is the curse of knowledge?

when you know something it is hard to think about not knowing

what kind of memory is thought to be particularly related to intelligence?

working memory

what is the feel-good-do-good phenomenon?

you are more likely to help other people when you are already in a good mood. So, if you just got an "A" on the big exam and a friend just gave you a great gift, you are more likely to help someone else that you might not if you weren't in such a good mood

why can't you predict an individual's cognitive performance based on their race, ethnicity or gender?

you cannot assume that differences are tied to genetics. two white people may be less genetically similar than a white and an asian person. skin tone does not represent differences. humans are 99% similar in genes. socioeconomic status is a larger factor in cognitive performance than race, ethnicity and gender

what is the relationship between age and levels of happiness and satisfaction with life?

you live longer if you are happy, have a positive attitude and live independently