Psyc Mass Media Final
In a recent experimental design focusing on the hostile media effect, college students were shown three types of media of varying styles. Which of the following accurately describes the findings of student's preference for talk show hosts based on their perceived credibility? Please rank the three styles with 1 indicating most preferred/credible and 3 indicating least preferred/credible. Correspondent Comic Combatant
1, 2, 3
The average American spends between _______ hours a week watching TV.
15-30
With regard to negative attack advertising one study found that attack ads can influence voter behavior, but if ads were seen more than _______ times the effect backfired.
3
Which is NOT a common coping strategy used by preschoolers when watching violent media? A) Parental discussion B) Eating and drinking C) Covering eyes D) Clutching objects
A
Which of the following best describes the Hostile media effect? A) Heavy partisanship causes voters to view neutral news reports as biased B) TV or internet closing the psychological distances between voters and politicians C) naccurate or ignorant comments and odd behaviors D) Major candidates qualifications being called into question by the media
A
Which of the following is not a reason for political advertising? A) reinforcing factors B) name recognition C) issue exposure D) Agenda setting
A
Which of the following statements is NOT true with regard to agenda setting by political candidates? A) Can easily be done through social media without any external media company assisting B) Can help crystalize political attitudes C) Use of campaign slogans to increase recognition D) Incumbent typically employ more retrospective focus
A
Which two of the four elements of mass media emergence are NOT mutually exclusive A) Technology and Purpose/Need B) Social Organization Technology C) Purpose/Need and Social Organization D) Governance of "Public Interest" and Social Organization
A
Stimuli and events that produce fear responses change as _____ thinking develops.
Abstract
The idea of source credibility is most relevant in which stage of the Yale-Hovland model of message effectiveness?
Acceptance
The manipulation of public awareness and concern of salient issues by the news media is the best described by what term?
Agenda Setting
What is true regarding alcohol consumption and violent sexual content?
Alcohol consumption can decrease sensitivity to victim distress
How does America's teen pregnancy rate compare to the rates of other industrialized countries? Why?
America has the highest rates due to poor sex education and awareness
Based on fMRI research which of the following areas of the brain are activated when watching violent media?
Amygdala
What best describes the relationship between sex crimes and the availability of sexual media content?
As availability increases sex crimes increase
The concept that we judge frequency by ease at which we can find examples is known as _______.
Availability heuristic
According to several content analyses, which of the following television genres is considered to be the most violent? A) Primetime Cable Programming B) Children's programming C) Public broadcast D) Sports
B
In research comparing convicted sex offenders and non-offending college aged males. Which of the following is NOT part of the findings? A) Convicted offenders were aroused by both consenting and nonconsenting portrayals of sexual media B) Non-offending males were aroused only by consenting portrayals C) Non-offending males still were not aroused even when non-consenting women were portrayed as enjoying themselves D) When non-consenting women were portrayed as enjoying the sexual violence non-offending males were equally aroused by consenting and non-consenting portrayals
B
Which of the following behavior(s) is the focus of the majority of research on violent behavior? A) Relational aggression B) Physical violence C) Vandalism D) Accidental injury
B
Which of the following statements is FALSE: A)Talking on a cell phone impairs driving more than listening to audio books B)Talking on a hands-free speaker impairs driving less than talking on a handheld cell phone C)Talking on a cell phone impairs driving more than drinking alcohol to the legal limit D) Talking on a hands-free speaker impairs driving equally compared to talking on a handheld phone
B
Which of the following was NOT an explanation for why increased media use inhibits creativity and imagination in children? A) induced passivity B) supplemental learning C) overstimulation D) replacement
B
Which of the following was not listed as a major contributor to societal violence? A) Parental neglect B) Music C) Crowding D) Poverty
B
The behavioral effect of learning new positive and negative behaviors through media is most closely related to which classic study.
Bobo doll study
In the Bush v. Gore election, _______ handled the press more effectively.
Bush campaign
Which best describes the frame the media choose immediately following the Bush v Gore presidential election day.
Bush was ahead in the key state to decide the final electoral vote and was the victor unless the Gore campaign proved otherwise
Which of the following is NOT a consumer characteristic that impacts how much a person will elaborate on a product advertisement? A) Self-monitoring B) Motivation C) Retension D) cognitive ability
C
Which of the following regarding parental disapproval of their children's musical preferences is NOT true? A) This phenomenon is repetitive across generations B)Serves as a marker of separation from adults C) Children wish their parents approved of their musical preferences D) Media use reduces the need for parent/child discussion
C
Which of the following would a preschooler most likely be afraid of? A) Terrorism B) House fire C) Monsters D) Robbery
C
This theoretical rationale was originally developed by Freud and focuses on a release of built up sexual and aggressive urges.
Catharsis
Inattention to changes in a continuous visual scene is known as _______.
Change blindness
The recent #MeToo movement is an example of which third variable impacting the relationship between sex crimes and sexual media content availability?
Changes in social consciousness
Which of the following is not a cognitive process involved in experiencing media? Culture Comprehension Attention Perception
Culture
News stories on black Friday shopping, the anniversary of the death of Princess Diana, and Hollywood award season are all examples of _______.
Cynical ongoing themes
It is estimated that the annual revenue of the pornograpy industry is greater than the revenue of A) ABC B) CBS C) NBC D) All of the above E) only A and B
D
Mainstreaming is a product if which of the following components? A) import and export B) generative demand and creative outsourcing C) supply and demand D) marketing and innovation
D
What is a potential issue for having only three major corporations (the big three) owning all entertainment? A) The public will have a harder time discerning what is an agenda versus what is not B) They control all of the public entertainment meaning they can enforce their agenda on everything C) Smaller voices that oppose the big corporations will have a harder time publicizing those voices D) all apply
D
Which of the following had an impact on the development of the internet? A) threat of nuclear attacks B) university communication C) government communiation D) all of the above
D
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of desensitization? A) Decrease in empathy for victims of sexual assault B) Children engaging in rougher play C)Decreased external reaction to violent news D) Increase of care for victims of overtly violent crimes
D
Which of the following is a quasi-social use for listening to music? A) Background noise at a party B) to repair or maintain mood C) reduce boredom D) relive lonliness through memory
D
Which of the following is not considered one of "the big three" in the media world? A) ABC B) NBC C) CBS D) FOX
D
Which of the following is true regarding consumers of fake news based on a 2018 study? A) majority of visits to fake news sites were preceded immediately by Facebook use B) Consumers of fake news still spend considerable time on real news sites C) 80% of viewers that are supportive of fake news sites are supportive of Trump D) all of the above
D
Which of the following is/are NOT consequence(s) of males being the predominant gender in charge of the porn industry? A) Women are more often sexualized B) Men are more likely to be aroused by porn C) Porn is more often made for male preference D) There is less same sex content
D
Which of the following was an example of mainstreaming provided in class? A) california surfers B) russian hipsters C) congo Cowboys D) both B and C
D
Which of these is NOT an element of mass media emergence? A) Social organization B) governance of "public interest" C) social organization and technology D) communication
D
The most common category of sexual content is _______.
Discussion
Several studies have demonstrated that preadolescent girls and college women watching more entertainment TV later showed more _______.
Disordered eating
Which of the following traits is known to be negatively correlated with a preference for violent media?
Empathy
Pop music is written and recorded in a variety of different languages, but international stars need to record in _______ to break into the U.S. and British market.
English
Kathy believes that her son, Gabe, plays too many violent fighting games. One day Gabe gets in a fight at school and Kathy was told he utilized techniques he learned through the game. Which theory discussed in class closely matches Gabe's incident?
Excitation transfer theory
When we recall a memory, it becomes vulnerable to being changed or impacted because we have had _______.
Experience since we last remembered that could alter our perception
Complete the following sentence to make an accurate and positive correlation. As ____________ decreases, anxiety and PTSD ___________.
Exposure to violent media; decrease
Eugene was just promoted at work and is in a great mood. When Eugene gets home what TV show would he be more likely to choose in order to perpetuate his current mood state?
FRIENDS
A majority of news consumers believe that fake news causes confusion and the majority of these believers blame _______.
T/F: Based on experimental research, listening to heavy metal music for extended periods of time in adolescence causes psychiatric disorders and substance abuse.
False
T/F: Dispositionally violent males were more aroused by consenting sex than by non-consenting sex when a woman showed arousal.
False
T/F: Heavy media viewers are twice as likely than light media viewers to engage in intercourse when they view behavioral depictions of sex, but not when the media only contains discussion of sexual behavior.
False
T/F: Males are more likely than females to engage in "sexting".
False
T/F: Parental presence is effective at reducing fear effects.
False
T/F: Tabloids like Globe, The National Enquirer, and OK! Focus on soft news and social issues and rarely if ever set political agendas.
False
T/F: The third person effect is only relevant to individuals and not relevant to groups.
False
The Sperling study design, in which participants are shown a 3x3 grid of digits for 50 milliseconds and asked to recall as many as possible, provides support for _______.
Iconic memory
The mental comparison of yourself with a character in the media is known as _______.
Identification
Parental co-viewing of violent/scary TV ______ TV related fears among children.
Increase
As media modalities, _______ recall, _______.
Increases; increases
Which are ways in which the media is manipulated? Choose all that apply.
Intimidation, direct censorship, indirect censorship, timing
A tune that is repeated in the mind outside of conscious control is known as _______ and disproportionately affects _______.
Involuntary Musical Imagery; Women
Which of the following is true regarding medium literacy?
Involves learning the specific conventions, modalities, and processing requirements for using each particular medium
In 2003 the viewership of "the big three" stabilized at 23 million Americans. What is the primary reason that this number is likely nowhere near the actual number of viewers of these corporations?
It doesn't take into account the viewers of subsidiary channels
The content of music is important. The #MeToo movement is challenging how we see classic works of art. For example, "Baby It's Cold Outside" was an award-winning song in 1950 but has since had its original lyrics changed to account for the movement. In contrast Sharon Osborne argued against changing the lyrics, for what reason?
It is similar to covering up nudes in classic works of art
According to evolutionary theory, what could explain why people who seek out true crime media despite its seemingly unpleasant content?
It serves a surveillance function by educating us about potential threats.
Which member of The Beatles was murdered due to a parasocial relationship gone wrong?
John Lennon
Pornographic __________ have lost an average of 10% of their circulation since the 1990s.
Magazines
Rhetoric suggesting that Hillary Clinton was either an ill person or a criminal is an example of _______.
Media Framing
What is significant about the minor effects of media?
Media potentially incites violence in about 5-15% of people which seems small, but is still a lot of people in the population.
When actors strongly identify with the characters that they play they are likely to be _______.
Method Actors
What best describes the relationship between the degree of arousal and explicitness of media?
No correlation
A couple engaging in consensual BDSM-like sexual activity in a movie best exemplifies what kind of sexual material in media?
Non-violent sexual material
This type of sexual content may or may not depict degradation, domination, subordination, or humiliation.
Non-violent sexual material
Exposure to media that (objectify/praise) women is associated with men being (more/Less) tolerant of sexual harassment and violence toward women.
Objectify; more
When parents cuddle their child while they watch violent/scary media content, this may reinforce their behaviors in response to that content. This is an example of ______.
Operant Conditioning
A ____________is a description of something in terms of the means (procedures, actions, or processes) by which it could be observed and measured that increases interrater reliability.
Operational definition
How are BIPOCs typically portrayed in news media?
Overemphasis on crime
This characteristic of newsworthy events allows audience to identify with the person of focus in the media and makes complex events easier to understand.
Personalizations
What is considered to be the most straightforward assessment of sexual media?
Physiological arousal
The phrase "I'll know it when I see it" was used in 1964 by United States Supreme Court Justice Potter Stewart to describe his threshold for __________.
Pornography
__________ are more likely are more likely to be fearful of a character based on their _________.
Preschoolers; appearance
The most important factor of reducing child's fears resulting from violent/scary media is ___________.
Quality discussion
The arousal of convicted male sex offenders when viewing sexually violent non-consenting portrayals is positively correlated with ____________.
Recidivism rates for violent sex crimes
Which of the four stages of minority portrayals best categorizes LGBT individuals until the early 1990s?
Recognition
Which best defines pornographic media?
Recognized for sexual purpose without literacy or artistic merit
What interactive factor of media is related to unjustified violence leading to an increase of physiological arousal?
Reinforcement
_________ aggression is often used by females to intimidate or threaten others.
Relational
Fear of public backlash contributes to what form of media manipulation?
Self-censorship
A person's perceived usefulness of the media they are consuming to their own lives is known as _______.
Social Realism
Much of the media directed toward children teach viewers how to socially interact with their peers. This includes how to share, how to communicate, and how to exhibit prosocial behaviors in general. When children learn prosociality through children's programming this is an example of _______.
Social cognitive theory
Which of the following is a confound to the self-reported measurement of desensitization?
Social desirability
The belief that other people are more strongly influenced by the media than you are is known as _______.
The Third Person Effect
The first 24-hour news cycle was created in the 1980 and the first content covered was _______.
The attempted assassination of civil rights leader, Vernon Jordan
_______ provide over 90% of international news around the world
The big four wire services
66% of viewers of the sitcom 'Friends" between the ages of 12-17 reported learning ________.
The condoms could fail
What is the central theme of the elaboration likelihood model?
The degree of product involvement the consumer has
According to excitation transfer theory, what is priming?
The exposure to one stimulus which influences the exposure to a subsequent and similar stimulus
Cases reported without reference to base rate of incidence for specific types of crime are examples of_______.
The perpetuation of crime assumptions
T/F: Dispositionally violent males were more aroused by consenting sex than by non-consenting sex when the woman showed disgust.
True
Imagine you're watching a news segment about models with a female friend of yours. She makes the comment "I wish I had long legs like hers." This is an example of what?
Upward social comparison
Scarlet has a very stressful job and after a long day at work she enjoys watching the TV show How I Met Your Mother to unwind. Her use of media in this situation can best be described by _______.
Uses and Gratification Theory
What does violence in media exclude? Select all that apply.
Vandalism, Emotional abuse, Psychological aggression
In the Summer of 2017, a CNN reporting team had to retract an article regarding allegations against the active president, Donald Trump for potentially conspiring with Russia. CNN quickly retracted the story, making them an example of what concept we discussed in class?
a professional company that retracts to maintain credibility
Which characteristic of newsworthy events makes it difficult to outline stories of long-term economic change?
action
A major difference between a media effects approach and gratification approach is that gratification theory treats media users as _______.
active agents
The availability of stations like the top 40, classical, country & western, Christian, oldies rock, easy listening, news and talk is an example of _______.
age and interest segmentation
Children that viewed violent media between the ages of 0 and 3 were 110% greater risk for _______.
attention problems
In a(n) _______ design, different groups of people are given different versions of the independent variable and their scores are compared.
between-subjects
The largest decrease in newspaper sales as well as the number of newspaper publishers has been in what area of the newspaper industry?
big city newspapers
The ability to intellectually process information communicated by the media refers to the _______ dimension of media literacy.
cognitive
This model of effect states that media only has effects on behavior and cognition depending on specific demographics and contexts.
conditional effects
What methodology is most commonly used to study cultivation theory?
conent analysis
This type of research, conducted by professors and independent scientists, is done for the purpose of understanding the effects of media and their role in society and our lives.
critical research
Between the 1990s and 2000s there was a ___________ in depictions of kissing and intercourse and there was a __________ in sexual talk.
decrease; increase
Complete the following sentence to make both a valid statement and a negative correlation. Across time as model size has _______ the size of the average woman as _______.
decreased; increased
The most common perspective to take in media studies is to look at the effects of media consumption. What are the three models of effects used to take this perspective?
direct, conditional, cumulative
The Diallo Shabazz photoshop scandal demonstrated which major issue?
diversity is a valuable product in our current society
Transportation is easier when the content is _______.
dramatic
In a domestic setting, fathers are portrayed as not being able to/unwilling to perform simple household tasks and behave kind of aloof. This is the media's "_______dad" portrayal of fathers.
dumb
What is the most common perspective studies in media psychology?
effects of media
This theory posits that crime media helps to improve instinctual responses and monitor potential threats in the environment.
evolutionary theory
The _______ theory posits that watching violent media increases adrenaline and heightens arousal.
excitation transfer theory
Imagine you are conducting a media research project aimed at examining the media literacy of college students on campus. If your dependent variable is how much time a student spends watching media, which area of critical media research would you be examining?
exposure to media
Identify the theory discussed in lecture that posits the notion that audience members all passively consume media and integrate the messages being presented to them by media producers who control what messages are being put in.
hypodermic needle theory
The Hutus vs. Tutsi Civil War in Rwanda is an example of which theory?
hypodermic needle theory
Complete the following sentence to create both an accurate statement and a negative correlation. In a study on mere exposure effects and product placement, _______liking of show predicted _______ evaluation of product.
increased; decreased
Some communication sources such as television networks, movie studios, newspaper chains, wire services, or the conglomerates that own such businesses (and their accompanying websites), are among the largest and wealthiest private corporations. This most closely aligns with which of the reason's media reaches a mass audience?
institutions and organization groups to reach more people
The conditional effects model studies how _______ like demographics, message properties, and the context of reception of that message influence the effects of consuming media.
interacting variables
As shown in the lecture slides when the experimental group was shown a message from the president of OSU an ad that objectified women, they rated the president as being _______ competent
less
What does the phrase "the medium is the message" mean?
media and their messages cannot be separated and studied as separate entities
_______ demonstrates how brand awareness develops so that certain names and images become familiar and possibly more trusted
mere-exposure effect
Which brain function can be dramatically reduced with too much television consumption?
myelination
When viewers process information as it is perceived, it is known as _______.
online processing
This is considered to be the earliest form of mass communication.
print media
The strongest sensitization effects come from
real, graphic violence
Media psychology often has a _______, using media as an excuse for crime in the real world.
scapegoat effect
Talk show hosts like Rush Limbaugh and Jerry Springer intentionally elicit and manipulate negative emotions in order to _______.
set an agenda
This type of news has a narrative structure closer to fiction and is more prominent on slow news days.
soft news
The most frequently read section of the newspaper is _______.
sports
What is mainstreaming?
the gradual convergence of world views across cultures
The content analyses are used to understand the effects of medica. A content analysis of children's tv shows revealed that _______ which may have long lasting effects on children's understanding of gender roles.
the majority of speaking characters are men
Which theory can be linked to Maslow's idea that individuals are active agents driven by a desire to satisfy certain needs?
uses and gratification theory
_______ is pre-prepared video made by large newspaper companies that are sold to smaller companies.
video news releases
Which of the following is an example discussed in class of how the lines between computer mediated communication (CMC) and interpersonal communication are blurred?
videos going viral
_______ digital media is remembered better than _______ media because you can encode it in two different ways.
visual; audio
