PSYC MOD 8

Identify the type of question: How much do you agree or disagree (on a scale including the options Strongly Agree, Agree, Neutral, Disagree, Strongly Disagree) with the statement "I am enjoying this course". a. Ranking scale question b. Multiple-choice question c. Semantic differential scale question d. Likert scale question

Likert scale question

how many night did you consume a snack past 10pm last month?

participants are not likely to be aware of this information

how warm is it in this room?

participants are not likely to be aware of this information and it's a leading question

rating scale questions/

strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree

When reviewing a participant's responses, you are concerned that the participant may not have been reading the questions carefully because the participant answered all questions as True. This would be considered a _____ response set. a. nay-saying b. faking-good c. leading d. yea-saying

yea-saying

faking bad

a tendency of participants to give answers that exaggerate negative behaviors, characteristics, or symptoms. For example, when participants fake bad, they might be trying (wittingly or unwittingly) to show that their symptoms are bad enough to meet a cutoff for diagnosis, treatment, or a physical accommodation. Faking bad is less common than social desirability in research, but it can also be minimized by hiding the goal of the study from participants.

multiple (forced) choice questions

a,b,c,d,e

A researcher is planning to obtain data from online polls through social media sites over the past 2 years and use that data to estimate participants' attitudes. What type of data will the researcher be using? a. Archival data b. Self-report data c. Physiological data d. Participant observation data

a. Archival data

A researcher is planning to administer a short survey that deals with several aspects of self-esteem. Which form of reliability would be important to ensure that there is consistent responding to each aspect of the construct? a. Internal b. Test-retest c. Semantic d. Split-half

a. Internal

"When providing a polite response, how often do you say Thank you?" What is problematic about this question? a. It is a leading question. b. It is a double-barreled question. c. It asks for information that participants do not know. d. It is a loaded question.

a. It is a leading question.

Why might a researcher choose to use archival data? a. Archival data can be manipulated to relate to the experimenter's research question. b. Archival data always have high face validity. c. Archival data are subjective. d. Archival data typically have fewer issues with construct validity.

d. Archival data typically have fewer issues with construct validity.

Which of the following describes self-observation? a. Researchers ask participants to recall what they remember about their past actions. b. Researchers ask participants to record the actions of other individuals. c. Researchers record their memories of their own actions. d. Researchers ask participants to record their own actions as they occur in real time.

d. Researchers ask participants to record their own actions as they occur in real time.

Why might a researcher use the participant observation method to gather data? a. To ensure that observations are objective b. To obtain observations that are free of biases c. To ensure that observations are quantifiable d. To observe behavior that participants may not report accurately

d. To observe behavior that participants may not report accurately

Why might a researcher use close ended questions?

d. can be objectively scored

Physiological methods of data collection can be advantageous because they ______. a. always have strong face validity b. are easy to collect c. cannot be misinterpreted d. can provide direct measurements

d. can provide direct measurements

The biggest concern for the construct validity of archival data is a. reactivity bias. b. interrater reliability. c. subjective data. d. face validity.

d. face validity.

the question "how do you feel when you begin a research methods exam?" is an example of a(n)________ question a. implicit b. close-ended c. biased d. open-ended

d. open-ended

self-report data may come from a. tests of skill or knowledge b. observations c. archives d. questionnaires or interviews

d. questionnaires or interviews

response sets

A response set is a tendency to answer questions in a systematic manner that is unrelated to their content. Because response sets reduce the validity of self-report measures, researchers strive to design surveys to minimize response sets.

loaded question

Asking a question that has an assumption built into it so that it can't be answered without appearing guilty, would likely trigger emotional response

likert scale

Require participants to indicate how much they agree with a statement. The statement must be a strong statement that is unambiguous. True likert scales have a neutral midpoint, with favorable options on one side and unfavorable options on the other side. Response options are typically, but not always, strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. However, it is not uncommon for researchers to use an even-numbered scale to disallow participants total score on the scale

Self-observation

When using self-observation, participants are asked to observe and record their current feelings, behaviors, or experiences at particular points in time.

Which of the following questions would be problematic due to containing information that participants may not know? a. Rate your average feelings of sympathy the last 10 times someone shared their bad news with you. b. Did you eat breakfast everyday this week? c. At what age did you graduate from high school? d. How many books did you read for pleasure this week?

a. Rate your average feelings of sympathy the last 10 times someone shared their bad news with you.

Reliability is a. a measure of consistency. b. a measure of accuracy. c. unimportant to establish validity. d. only needed for longitudinal research.

a. a measure of consistency

A researcher administered a survey and is concerned that some participants may have hurried to answer the questions and answered them all negatively without taking the time to read the questions and consider the appropriate response for each one. To deal with this concern when designing future surveys, the researcher should ______. a. add reverse-worded questions b. hide the goal of the survey from participants c. plan to administer the survey again and measure the test-retest reliability d. plan to measure split-half reliability

a. add reverse-worded questions

qualitive data a. are generated from open ended questions b. are easy to compare among participants c. are generated from close ended questions d. cannot be compared to an objective correct answer

a. are generated from open-ended questions

Split-half reliability would be an important check for a. long self-report measures. b. loaded questions. c. self-report measures with reverse-worded items. d. ambiguous questions.

a. long self-report measures.

The polygraph is considered a(n)* a. physiological measure with low face validity. b. archival measure with low face validity. c. archival measure with high face validity. d. physiological measure with high face validity.

a. physiological measure with low face validity.

leading questions,

are designed to elicit a particular response. For example, asking the question, "When you greet someone warmly, do you usually smile?" could lead someone to associate smiling with a warm greeting and overestimate their smiling behavior. Instead you could ask, "When greeting someone, do you usually smile?"—a question more likely to be answered accurately.

Select the double-barreled question from the following list. a. Do your friends confide in you on a regular basis? b. Are you in favor of shorter class sessions and shorter semesters? c. Are you a talkative person? d. Do you enjoy attending social events?

b. Are you in favor of shorter class sessions and shorter semesters?

"If a helpless, elderly individual falls down and cries out in pain, how likely are you to help?" What is problematic about this question? a. It asks for information that participants do not know. b. It is a loaded question. c. It is in a confusing format. d. It is a double-barreled question.

b. It is a loaded question.

A researcher asks participants to record in a journal how often they feel angry each day for a week. What is a possible problem with this method of data collection? a. It would only provide qualitative data. b. Participants might minimize their feelings of anger in order to report a smaller number for each day. c. The data cannot be coded for analysis. d. Only a researcher can measure a participant's feelings of anger.

b. Participants might minimize their feelings of anger in order to report a smaller number for each day.

Identify the type of question : Place the following options in order of most to least important when choosing a vacation destination: proximity to water, proximity to mountains, distance from home, cost of hotel/lodging. a. Likert scale question b. Ranking scale question c. Multiple-choice question d. Semantic differential scale question

b. Ranking scale question

Select the type of closed-ended question that is most appropriate when a researcher wishes to understand a participant's choice among different options. a. Likert scale question b. Ranking scale questions c. Semantic differential scale questions d. Multiple-choice questions

b. Ranking scale questions

Identify the type of question: On a scale of 1 to 10, how would you rate the level of pain you are currently experiencing? a. Ranking scale question b. Rating scale question c. Multiple-choice question d. Semantic differential scale question

b. Rating scale question

If an individual exaggerates his symptoms on a self-report measure to try to meet the criteria for a disorder that would provide disability benefits or access to medication, this type of response set is known as a. yea-saying. b. faking bad. c. nay-saying. d. social desirability.

b. faking bad.

A strong correlation between participant's scores using the same measure at two points in time would indicate that the measure has a. high split-half validity b. high test-retest validity c. low split-half validity d. low test-retest validity

b. high test-retest validity

A researcher asks participants to list how they felt when they boarded the airplane during each of the last five times they flew. This is an example of a. participant observation. b. self-report. c. self-observation. d. archival data.

b. self-report.

When gathering self-report data, why is it problematic to include a redirecting phrase, such as "If No, go to Question 6", as an answer choice? a. It is part of a leading question. b. It is part of a double-barreled question. c. It contributes to a confusing survey format. d. This is something that a participant may not know.

c. It contributes to a confusing survey format.

Identify the type of question: People who are young cause me to feel X (mark X on the continuums of love-hate, calm-tense, and excited-bored ). a. Ranking scale question b. Likert scale question c. Semantic differential scale question d. Multiple-choice question

c. Semantic differential scale question

A researcher included reverse-worded items in a self-report measure. How would she use reverse coding? a. She would code the most positive responses as 5 points. b. She would code all Yes responses as 1 point. c. She would need to flip the coding scale so the same type of responses were coded the same way. d. She would code all No responses as 0 points.

c. She would need to flip the coding scale so the same type of responses were coded the same way.

A researcher poses as a college student and pledges six sororities to collect data on the pledging processes that are common for sororities. The method of observation being utilized is a. self-observation. b. open-ended. c. participant observation. d. self-report.

c. participant observation.

the following would provide what type of data? a. qualitive data b. open-ended data c. quantitative data d. physiological data

c. quantitive data

Consider the following question: "If you witness classmates cheating on an assignment, would you report the behavior?" If a participant answers Yes to this question because it is considered morally wrong to cheat, instead of honestly considering whether she would report cheating, this indicates the potential of a(n) _____ response set. a. unreliable b. loaded question c. social desirability d. nay-saying

c. social desirability

If a construct is expected to be stable over time, it is important to measure _____ reliability to ensure participants' consistency in responding. a. split-half b. internal c. test-retest d. interrater

c. test-retest

Test-retest reliability

indicates that participants perform similarly when tested repeatedly under similar conditions. A strong correlation between participant scores using the same measure at two points in time would indicate the test has good test-retest reliability. If you are measuring a construct that is expected to be stable, such as intelligence, you would expect the measure (e.g., an IQ test) to have strong test-retest reliability. An intelligence test would be concerning if a participant earned an 80 on the test at Time 1 and then earned a 120 on the test at Time 2, one month later. This measure would have low reliability and low validity.

Internal Reliability

is a measure of consistency between items within the test that are intended to measure the same construct. For example, if a personality test included 50 questions and 5 questions were intended to measure extraversion, there should be a strong correlation between the scores on these 5 items. A weak correlation would indicate that not all questions were measuring the intended construct.

which mistake in gathering self-report data does the following question illustrate "rate your average anxity during your last 10 social situations?"

it includes data participants might not know

Split-half Reliability

refers to consistency between scores on the first half of test items and the last half of test items. This is useful when a test is measuring one variable that should be consistent, such as anxiety. A strong correlation would indicate that participants are answering questions in the same way regardless of their placement in the test. This form of reliability is especially important in lengthy self-report measures. For example, when responding to a 150-question survey, participants might become fatigued and not read questions at the end as carefully as they were reading questions at the beginning. A weak correlation could be a clue that there is some discrepancy in the two parts of the test, whether due to length, question type, or some other inconsistency between the questions.

rating scale questions

require participants to rate (i.e., assign a quantitive value to) an item based on a scale of their agreement, satisfaction or frequency. This type of scale is best when a researcher wishes to measure participant's attitude. Two common types of rating scales are the likert scale and the semantic differential scale

ranking scales questions

require the participants to arrange the options in order of preference; for example, "please rank the following services in order of importance from 1 to 4, where 1 is most important and 4 is least importan

The social desirability response set

the tendency of participants to give answers that are in accordance with social norms or the perceived desires of the researcher rather than genuinely representative of their actual views, behaviors, or symptoms of the participant. One way to minimize social desirability response sets is to hide the goal of the study from participants.

"do you think this resource will be useful to teachers and professionals?

this is a double barreled question

semantic differential scales

use pairs of opposites, such as bad-good, unpleasant-pleasant, or competitive-cooperative, as a response anchors at either end of a continuum. Participants are given a topic or statement that they respond to by choosing a point on the continuum that best describes their response.

double-barreled questions (also known as compound questions or double-direct questions)

which ask about more than one issue, yet allow only for one answer. A double-barreled question might ask, "Do you regularly engage in meditation and yoga?" A participant's response could not be interpreted clearly because it might be referring to yoga, meditation, or both activities.