PSYC Test 2

Ali is aware of his feelings, emotions, and thoughts. He is also aware of his surroundings, the warmth of the sun, and the sound of nearby traffic. Ali is in a state of ________. conscience consciousness unconsciousness REM sleep

conciousness

Lisa puts five quarters into the parking meter every time she goes downtown. However, when asked, Lisa cannot say if the head on a quarter is facing left or right. This may be an example of ________, because Lisa never paid attention to the picture in the first place. enigmatic processing effortless processing effortful processing encoding failure

encoding failure

I am trying to learn the names of all 50 states. While I am actively remembering and recalling this information, it is considered ________. procedural memory implicit memory sensory memory explicit memory

explicit memory

For many in the baby-boom generation, the Kennedy assassination represents a ________, an exceptionally clear recollection of an important event. flashbulb memory hyperthymesia sensory memory flashpoint

flashbulb memory

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false? It refers to a work schedule that changes from early to late on a regular basis. It can result in sleeping problems. It renders the maintenance of a normal circadian cycle difficult. It will probably lead to substance abuse.

it will probably lead to substance abuse

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)? snoring while asleep talking while asleep crying while asleep kicking and punching while asleep

kicking and punching while asleep

What is semantic memory? storage of facts and events we personally experienced knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts type of implicit memory that stores information about how to do things information about events we have personally experienced

knowledge about words, concepts, and language-based knowledge and facts

What is vertigo? fear of heights inability to see color noise phobia spinning sensation

spinning sensation

Which of the following is not a way you can use what you know about memory to help you remember the names of all 50 states? sing the names of the 50 states to the tune of "Happy Birthday" stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study think of something you might do in each state if you were on a vacation in that state memorize five states at a time—group the information into a more manageable size

stay up the night before your exam to maximize the amount of time you have to study

Tayla smokes marijuana. At first, just a few inhalations were enough to cloud her mind. Over time, she needs to smoke more and more to achieve the same affect. This is an example of ________. physical dependence withdrawal psychological dependence tolerance

tolerance

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering me fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand. bottom-down bottom-up top-down top-first

top-down

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and is influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts? absolute threshold signal detection subliminal top-down

top-down

Giorgio memorizes the German poem "The Erlking" to recite in his eighth grade German class. He remembers it well for weeks after the presentation, but gradually his ability to recite the poem fades. This is an example of ________, one of the seven sins of memory. transience blocking misattribution persistence

transcience

Which of the following is an example of a mnemonic device? drinking coffee when you study for your math exam, then drinking coffee at your exam to reproduce the mental state you had when you studied dividing your telephone number into groups of numbers to remember it easier using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes using a biofeedback machine to track your alpha waves during an exam

using the acronym "HOMES" to remember the names of the five Great Lakes

What occurs during stage 1 sleep? Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down. Both our respiration and heartbeat quicken. Our respiration quickens while our heartbeat slows down. Our respiration slows down while our heartbeat quickens.

Both our respiration and heartbeat slow down

Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness. conductive congenital postnatal prenatal

Congenital

Nancy is aware that she is dreaming when she has a nightmare, so she concentrates and changes her dream from bad to good. This is a good example of ________ dreaming. external stage 1 internal lucid

Lucid

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________. narcolepsy a stroke damage to his K-complex

Narcolepsy

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? "States of consciousness do not vary over the course of the day." The word "vary" should be changed to the word "differ." Remove the phrase "do not." The word "day" should be changed to the word "week." The word "consciousness" should be changed to the word "dependence."

Remove the phrase "do not"

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false? Sleep deprivation often results in depression-like symptoms. Sleep deprivation can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. Sleep deprivation is associated with obesity. Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD.

Sleep deprivation often results in ADHD

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The brain's clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as the pineal nucleus. The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic." The word "clock" should be changed to the word "chronometer." The word "nucleus" should be changed to the word "gland." The word "clock" should be changed to the word "circadian."

The word "pineal" should be changed to the word "suprachiasmatic."

While the American Heart Association (AHA) suggests that meditation might be used in conjunction with more traditional treatments as a way to manage hypertension, ________. the AHA is under the influence of the anti-pharmaceutical movement there is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness research demonstrates that mediation actually increases hypertension research demonstrates that hypnosis is more effective in treating hypertension

There is not adequate empirical support for its effectiveness

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess? meat and vegetable monosodium and glutamate umami and fat content umami and monosodium glutamate

umami and fat content

Vinnie is standing on one leg with his arms in the air. The ________ sense helps keep him balanced so he has less chance of falling over. nociception proprioception somatosensation vestibular

vestibular

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

binocular disparity

Inattentional ________ refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention. blindness responsiveness sublimation transduction

blindness

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Persistence refers to lapses in memory that are caused by breaks in attention. change the word "attention" to the word "focus" change the word "lapses" to the word "delays" change the word "memory" to the word "emotions" change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

change the word "persistence" to the word "absent-mindedness"

Light waves are transmitted across the ________ and enter the eye through the ________. cornea; pupil iris; pupil lens; retina pupil; cornea

cornea; pupil

The amplitude of a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave________ to the lowest point on the wave ________. crest; trough top; bottom trough; crest trough; peak

crest; trough

How many of the five stages of sleep are considered NREM sleep? three two one four

four

While ________ is generally achieved through the interaction of a therapist and the person being treated, an individual can perform ________ alone. somnambulism; meditation meditation; somnambulism hypnosis; meditation meditation; hypnosis

hypnosis; meditation

The hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content. manifest Freudian latent alpha

latent

Derek wants to win the student of the year award so badly that when the name of the award winner is announced, he is convinced that he hears his name. He stands up and begins to leave the aisle when his friend grabs his hand. Someone else won the award. This illustrates how ________can affect perception. attention motivation peripherals sensation

motivation

Felicia smacks her thumb with a hammer while building a doghouse. The sense of ________ provides her brain with information about the pain she feels. kinesthesia nociception preconception thermoception

niciception

Which nerve carries visual information from the retina to the brain? cornea linear optic photoreceptor

optic

Jason studies Spanish for three years, and then switches to Pashto. When asked to remember Spanish vocabulary he can't, instead he can only remember Pashto vocabulary. This is an example of ________ interference. active proactive retroactive inactive

retroactive

Which of the following exemplifies olfaction? feeling the warmth of the sun hearing an airplane fly overhead smelling cookies in the oven tasting white chocolate fudge

smelling cookies in the oven

Due to his sense of ________, Abraham knows he is cold when he is outside during a blizzard, and he knows he is hot after he comes inside and eats soup by the fire. gustation olfaction somatosensation thermoception

thermoception

How is an explicit memory different from an implicit memory? Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. Implicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while explicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness. Explicit memories are memories we have directly experienced, while implicit memories are memories that someone else directly experienced. Explicit memories are memories we unconsciously remember, while implicit memories are those that we consciously remember.

Explicit memories are memories we consciously try to remember and recall, while implicit memories are those that are not part of our consciousness.

Which part of the eye holds eye color? cornea iris lens retina

Iris

________ encoding is the encoding of sounds. semantic effortful acoustic visual

acoustic

Who described the collective unconscious? Carl Jung John Hobson Rosalind Cartwright Sigmund Freud

carl jung

Which part of the brain is most involved in creating implicit memories? hippocampus primary cortex cerebellum amygdala

cerebellum

In order for a memory to go into storage (i.e., long-term memory), it has to pass through three distinct stages: sensory memory, short-term memory, and ________ memory. visual sensory long-term encoded

long term

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ________. intermediate wavelengths longer wavelengths shorter wavelengths wavelengths of indeterminate length

longer wavelength

In a ________ dream, people become aware that they are dreaming and can control the dream's content. lucid theta wave REM K-complex

lucid

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________. distinguish the fat content of food feel pain maintain balance and body posture regulate body temperature

maintain balance and body posture

Aleah remembers that her dog is named Rocky and her cat is named Skipper, but she can't remember the name of her first grade teacher's dog and cat. This is an example of ________. relearning effect self-reference effect Stroop effect Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Atkinson-Shiffrin model

Which of the following is an example of retrograde amnesia? Jane Doe is in a boating accident. Every day she wakes up with no memory of what she did the day before. Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her. Jane Doe remembers her first day of school more clearly than any other day because her best friend was not there. Jane Doe can provide a second-by-second account of what she ate for dinner.

Jane Doe emerges from a coma with no idea who she is, and she is unable to provide any details about herself, where she came from, or what happened to her.

Which of the following is a good example of anterograde amnesia? John Doe can provide detailed autobiographical information for every day of his life over the past 30 years, including what he wore and ate every day. John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories. John Doe emerges from a collapsed building with no idea who he is. John Doe remembers his third birthday more clearly than any other birthday because his dog died the day of his birthday party.

John Doe is in a car accident. Every day he wakes up with no memory of what he did the day before, feeling as though no time has passed because he is unable to form new memories.

Imagine yourself in a dark classroom reading PowerPoint slides. If an audience member were to check the internet using her cell phone and causing her screen to light up, chances are that many people would notice the change in illumination in the classroom. However, if the same thing happened in a brightly lit classroom during a discussion, very few people would notice. The cell phone brightness does not change, but its ability to be detected as a change in illumination varies dramatically between the two contexts. This is an example of ________. Merkel's theory the law of thermoception Weber's law

Merkel's Theory

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________. An individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep. Signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing are blocked in the hypothalamus. An individual dreams she cannot breathe and wakes up in a panic. A disruption in signals that regulate breathing, which are sent from the brain, cause periods of interrupted breathing.

an individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep

Which of the following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory? Both theories are equally accurate, but they apply to different levels of the nervous system. Research has not supported either theory. The opponent-process theory is more accurate than the trichromatic theory. The trichromatic theory is more accurate than the opponent-process theory.

both theories are equally accurate; but they apply to different levels of the nervous system

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? The step of recall, which is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered in order to move it from STM into long-term memory, is called memory consolidation. change the word "long" to the word "short" change the word "conscious" to the word "unconscious" change the word "repetition" to the word "recognition" change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal"

change the word "recall" to the word "rehearsal"

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In order for a memory to go into storage, it has to pass through three distinct stages: transitional memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. change the word "memory" to the word "neurotransmitter" change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory" change the word "short-term" to the word "episodic" change the word "storage" to the word "engram"

change the word "transitional" to the word "sensory"

Isla is describing her dream to a friend. She explains that in her dream she being chased by zombies and she escaped them by hiding in a refrigerator. Her description of her dream is focused on ________ content. manifest Freudian Jungian latent

manifest

A state of ________, as shown by EEG recordings of new practitioners, is not an altered state of consciousness; however, patterns of brain waves exhibited by expert practitioners may represent a unique state of consciousness. insomnia meditation narcolepsy cognizance

meditation

________ is one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role. NREM phase REM phase parasomnia insomnia

parasomnia

When you take a multiple-choice test, you are relying on ________, a means of retrieving information out of your long-term memory storage system that helps you choose the correct answer. storage the Stroop effect recognition encoding

recognition

In order to remember his lines for the play, Guy repeats his lines over and over again. This process is called ________. relearning hyperthymesia rehearsal declarative memory

rehearsal