PSYC TEST 4: mod 14

Sensorimotor Stage (Piaget)

0-2, take on the world through senses and actions; object permanence; stranger anxiety

formal operational stage

12+, people begin to think logically about abstract concepts, moral reasoning

ASD afflicts about ___ boys for every girl

3

concrete operational stage

7 -11, children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events; understand jokes; conservation; mathematical transformations

Although Piaget's stage theory continues to inform our understanding of children's thinking, many researchers believe that

Piaget's stages begin earlier and development is more continuous than he realized

Anatoli and Andrei are 11-month-old identical twins. Anatoli took his first steps yesterday. How soon will Andrei take his first steps?

Probably within a day; identical twins generally begin walking on nearly the same day.

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Stroke a newborn's cheek and the infant will root for a nipple. This illustrates

a reflex

we adjust, or ___, our schemas to incorporate information provided by new experiences

accomodate

basic trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

Amir is concerned because he cannot remember events before he was about 4 years old. This is called infantile _____.

amnesia

the ability to incorporate new information within the existing mental representations of the world is called

assimilation

insecure attachment

attachments marked by anxiety or ambivalence; avoid trusting relationships

4 parenting styles

authoritarian, permissive, negligent, authoritative

Maura and Trish are eighth graders who have been caught smoking. Maura's parents yell at her, ground her for a month, and take away her television and Internet privileges for two months. Trish's parents talk to her about their disappointment and concern; additionally, they make her spend every afternoon for a week at the library researching the dangers of smoking and discussing her findings with them each night at dinner. With respect to Baumrind's parenting styles, Maura's parents are MOST likely _____ and Trish's are MOST likely _____

authoritarian; authoritative

Luca's parents set firm rules but are responsive to his needs. They give him a chance to explain himself and also explain their position on why they cannot allow him to stay out past midnight. Luca's parents have a(n) ______ parenting style.

authoritative

just right parenting

authoritative

Marquis is the son of a teenage mother. She could not handle taking care of him and put him up for adoption when he was 4 weeks old. Marquis was placed in a foster home where he was abused. He was never adopted. It is MOST likely that Marquis will:

become an abusive parent with aggressive tendencies

Jean Piaget was the Swiss child psychologist best known for his influential theory that:

children progress through distinct stages of cognitive development

cognitive developmental stage of: having the ability to reverse math problems

concrete operational

cognitive developmental stage of: understanding that physical properties stay the same even when objects change form

concrete operational

Five-year-old Otto complained to his mom that the pizza was not big enough. Otto's mom cut the pizza into smaller slices, thus making Otto happy, because he believed the pizza had become larger. Otto lacks the concept of:

conservation

the brain, mind, and social emotional behavior

develop together

children with Autism Spectrum Disorder had difficulty understanding that Sally's state of mind

differed from their own

child abuse can also leave ___ marks (chemical tags) that can alter normal gene expression

epigenetic

In one study described in the textbook, infants with difficult temperaments were randomly assigned to either a condition in which their mothers received sensitivity training or a condition in which their mothers received no training. In this study, infants whose mothers received sensitivity training were in the _____group.

experimental

Leslie is in the tenth grade and is currently taking calculus. She is doing very well and has even earned an A in the class. Leslie is MOST likely in which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development

formal operational

cognitive developmental stage of: thinking about abstract concepts, such as "freedom"

formal operational

Between ages 3 and 6, the human brain experiences the greatest growth in the __________ lobes, which enable rational planning and aid memory.

frontal

from ages 3-6, the most rapid growth was in your ___, which enable rational planning

frontal lobes

Julia was born in France. For the first 3 years of her life, she spoke both French and English. Then she moved to the United States. From age 3 on, she only spoke English. Now, as a high school student, Julia will study French. It is MOST likely that she will:

have less difficulty with the French accent.

The brain areas underlying memory, such as ______ and _____, continue to mature during and after adolescence

hippocampus; frontal lobes

formal operational stage systematic reasoning:

if this, then that

on the day you were born, you had most of the brain cells you would ever have. However your nervous system was

immature

ASD are said to have an

impaired theory of mind

Ten-year-old Janelle is sad. She is crying. Her older brother looks at her and then continues watching television. He may be showing signs of:

impaired theory of mind

Assmimilate

interpret new experiences in terms of our current understandings (schemas)

Egocentrism example

kid becoming "invisible" by putting hands over eyes

the biological growth process, called ___ explains why most children begin walking by about 12-15

maturation

our two-track mind is at work: what the conscious mind does not know and cannot express in words, the ____ and ____ somehow remember

nervous system; unconscious mind

conservation example

orange juice in same cup moved into a cup that looks "like more"

self-concept

our understanding and evaluation of who we are

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict.

A child demonstrates object permanence, egocentrism, and a failure to conserve. She is MOST likely in which Piagetian stage?

preoperational

cognitive developmental stage of: enjoying imaginary play (such as dress-up)

preoperational

cognitive developmental stage of: having difficulty taking another's point view) as when blocking someone's view of the TV

preoperational

infant back to sleep position

putting babies to sleep on their backs to reduce crib-death risk

cognitive developmental stage of: understanding that something is not gone for good when it disappears from sight, as when mom "disappears" behind the shower curtain

sensorimotor

in Piaget's view, cognitive development consists of 4 major stages:

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

neurochemically, a slow ___ response has been found in abused children who became aggressive teens and adults

serotonin

sluggish ___ response found in abused children who became aggressive teens and adults

serotonin

infant back to sleep position has been associated with

somewhat later crawling but not later walking

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived (toy hiding)

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age

infantile amnesia

the inability to remember events from early childhood

maturation

the orderly sequence of biological growth

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects

what is true of motor-skill development

the sequence, but not the timing, is universal

what does theory of mind have to do with ASD

theory of mind focuses on our ability to understand our own and others' mental states. Those with autism spectrum disorder struggle with this ability

Authoritarian parents

too hard (coercive)= children w less social skills, self-esteem, overreact when making mistakes

permissive parents

too soft (unrest raining)= kids aggressive and immature

Based on Harlow's research with monkeys, what is the MOST helpful thing a person can do for a frightened infant or child?

touch or hold her

Negligent parents

uncaring (uninvolved)= Children with poor academic and social outcomes

authoritative parents

(confrontive) parents who are firm, set clear limits, reason with their children, and explain things to them= high self-esteem, self-reliance, self-regulation and social competence

Preoperaional Stage

2-6 or 7, able to represent things with words and images but too young to perform mental operations (such as imagining an action and mentally reversing it); pretend play; egocentrism

you can consciously recall little from before age

4

critical period

an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

attachment v imprinting

attachment: normal process by which we form emotional ties with important others imprinting: only in certain animals that have a critical period very early in their development during which they must form their attachments (in an inflexible manner)

avoidant attachment

attachments marked by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others

secure attachment

attachments rooted in trust and marked by intimacy

"I don't care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is MOST representative of a(n) _____ parenting style.

authoritarian

in a series of experiments, the Harlows found that monkeys raised with artificial mothers tended, when afraid, to cling to their cloth mother, rather than to a wire mother holding the feeding bottle. Why was this finding important

before these studies, many psychologists believed that infant simply became attached to those who nourished them

The local hospital has publicized for years that new parents should have their babies sleep on their backs and not their stomachs in order to reduce incidences of crib death. How might following this good advice impact their baby's development?

crawling will be delayed

Egocentrism

in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

conclusion of carlen rover-collier infant research discussed in the textbook?

infants retained specific motor learning, but not generalized motor learning

Imprinting

the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life

Why can't we consciously recall how we learned to walk when we were infants?

we recall little before age 4, in part because major brain areas have not yet matured