psyc1300 chapter 4

The largest proportion of REM sleep takes place during what ages? Multiple choice question. 0 to 24 months Over 18 years 13 to 18 years 3 to 12 years

0 to 24 months

How many stages of non-REM sleep are there? Multiple choice question. 4 3 2 1

3

How many hours of sleep does the average person need each night? Multiple choice question. 7 to 9 5 to 6 4 to 5 9 to 10

7 to 9

Under what circumstance would an adult be most likely to experience a nightmare? Multiple choice question. After watching a scary movie Approaching a wedding After losing a job After winning an award

After losing a job

Which of the following is considered a depressant? Multiple choice question. Alcohol Nicotine Cocaine MDMA

Alcohol

________ is characterized by prolonged period of uncontrolled, excessive drinking that disrupts social and health functioning.

Alcoholism

Which of the following is considered a stimulant? Multiple choice question. Marijuana Lithium Amphetamines Heroin

Amphetamines

Match the terms with their definitions.

Awareness: The subjective state of being consicous of what is going on. Global Workspace: A variety of brain areas working in parallel. Arousal: Physiological state determined by the reticular activating system.

_________ processes require less conscious effort than ______ processes.

Blank 1: Automatic Blank 2: controlled

_______and _____ are the two components of consciousness.

Blank 1: Awareness Blank 2: arousal

Individuals with _________ lack the ability to infer social cues, a phenomenon known as theory of ________.

Blank 1: autism Blank 2: mind or mind mechanism

After going through sleep stages 1 through 4, sleepers drift up through the stages toward wakefulness, but instead of reentering stage 1, they enter a different form of sleep called _____ _____ movement.

Blank 1: rapid Blank 2: eye

Which of the following are examples of a circadian rhythm? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Blood sugar level Body temperature Sleep/wake cycle Menstrual cycle Hibernation of bears Blood pressure

Blood sugar level Body temperature Sleep/wake cycle Blood pressure

______ is the general term for awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced.

Consciousness

Bruno has an exam tomorrow morning. He's been studying but is anxious about the test and wants to stay up all night to cram. What sleep function would tell him he should go to bed? Multiple choice question. Conservation Protection Consolidation

Consolidation

To which drug category do tranquilizers belong? Multiple choice question. Inhalants Hallucinogens Depressants Stimulants

Depressants

To which drug category do tranquilizers belong? Multiple choice question. Stimulants Depressants Hallucinogens Inhalants

Depressants

Which psychoactive drugs slow down mental and physical activity? Multiple choice question. Depressants Stimulants Marijuana Hallucinogens

Depressants

When cocaine is sniffed or injected, it enters the bloodstream very rapidly, producing a rush of euphoric feelings that lasts for about 15 to 30 minutes. Which of the following neurotransmitters are depleted by this rush? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Epinephrine Dopamine Serotonin GABA Norepinephrine

Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine

Lorie is seeing a psychoanalyst. During a session, she tells her analyst about a dream she had where she mailed a fish through her refrigerator to Peru. Which of the following statements would be FALSE from a psychoanalytic perspective on dreams? There are two types of content that appear in dreams. Dreams have no discernible meaning. Mailing a fish to Peru would be an example of manifest content. The hidden meaning of Lorie's dream would be called latent content.

Dreams have no discernible meaning.

How do e-cigarettes work? E-cigarettes electronically cause combustion of tobacco leaves. E-cigarettes heat a nicotine liquid that the user inhales. E-cigarettes use a lithium battery to liquefy nicotine. E-cigarettes allow tobacco smoke to be passed through a water chamber.

E-cigarettes heat a nicotine liquid that the user inhales.

Emma has been juggling a busy schedule between work and marathon training. She questions whether she should take a day off from training to rest her body. Which sleep theory would suggest she should rest? Multiple choice question. Protection Energy conservation Energy restoration Memory consolidation

Energy restoration

What is an effect of marijuana? Multiple choice question. Slurred speech Nausea Euphoria Irritability

Euphoria

Tanya is narcoleptic. Which of the following factors could trigger her attacks? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Physical exercise Excitement Anger Surprise

Excitement Anger Surprise

True or false: As people age, they need more sleep.

False

True or false: Stimulants decrease activity in the central nervous system.

False

True or false: The average person only needs to get 6 hours of sleep a night.

False

________ hormone is released during sleep, which aids in child development.

Growth, HGH, Human growth hormone, or A growth

In what category of drug is marijuana? Multiple choice question. Narcotic Hallucinogen Depressant Stimulant

Hallucinogen

What category of drug is MDMA? Multiple choice question. Hallucinogen Barbiturate Depressant Sedative

Hallucinogen

Which statement most accurately describes the genetic influence on alcoholism? Multiple choice question. Environmental stressors are the only cause of alcoholism. Having an alcoholic in one's family increases the risk of alcoholism. There is no genetic influence on alcoholism. There is one gene that causes alcoholism.

Having an alcoholic in one's family increases the risk of alcoholism.

Which of the following are psychological effects of marijuana? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Energy and hyperactivity High body temperature Mild hallucinations Excitement

Mild hallucinations Excitement

______ meditation is a technique that can be used to focus on pain and isolate the pain from emotional response.

Mindfulness

Of the following, which is a narcotic? Multiple choice question. Alcohol Morphine Cocaine Marijuana

Morphine

Cocaine _____. Multiple choice question. produces a rush of euphoric feelings rapidly produces drowsy feelings increases confidence while making people depressed decreases confidence while elevating mood

Multiple choice question. produces a rush of euphoric feelings

You are in class and your professor falls asleep in the middle of her lecture. When she wakes, she apologizes and says she has a sleep disorder. What disorder does she probably have? Multiple choice question. Sleep apnea Insomnia Narcolepsy Seasonal affective disorder

Narcolepsy

______ is a disorder characterized by uncontrollably falling asleep regardless of the activity one is currently engaged in.

Narcolepsy

Select all of the following that describe meditation. Multiple select question. Focusing on others' thoughts Peaceful feelings Peaceful thoughts Focusing on troubles

Peaceful feelings Peaceful thoughts

__________ dependence is the physiological need for a drug, accompanied by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as pain and craving when the drug is discontinued.

Physical

With which part of the brain is awareness typically associated? Multiple choice question. Prefrontal cortex Thalamus Reticular activating system Brain stem

Prefrontal cortex

What are substances that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods? Multiple choice question. Psychoactive drugs Suprachiasmatic nuclei Beta waves Somnambulism

Psychoactive drugs

________ dependence is the strong desire to use a drug repetitively for emotional reasons, such as a feeling of well-being and stress reduction.

Psychological

A friend of yours says he is always tired. You spend the night at his house and notice that he wakes up frequently throughout the night and reports difficulty breathing. What sleep disorder might he have? Multiple choice question. Narcolepsy Sleep apnea Seasonal affective disorder Night terrors

Sleep apnea

Select all of the following that are considered a sleep disorder. Multiple select question. Sleep apnea Narcolepsy Bipolar Night terrors

Sleep apnea Narcolepsy Night terrors

Which of the following statements about sleep apnea is TRUE? Multiple choice question. Sleep apnea affects approximately 2 million people. Sleep apnea occurs most often among women. Untreated sleep apnea has few side effects or resulting illnesses. Sleep apnea is most common among infants and among adults over the age over 65.

Sleep apnea is most common among infants and among adults over the age over 65.

Biological rhythms are controlled by biological clocks, which include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. One-hour cycles Sleep cycles Thirty-minute cycles Twenty-four hour cycles Annual cycles

Sleep cycles Twenty-four hour cycles Annual cycles

______ is a natural state of rest for the body and mind, and it takes up about one-third of our lifetime.

Sleep or Sleeping

Which of the following statements is TRUE? Most dreaming occurs in Stage 1 sleep. Delta waves typically occur during REM sleep. Sleep spindles begin to occur during Stage 2 sleep. Theta waves are mostly produced in Stage 3 sleep.

Sleep spindles begin to occur during Stage 2 sleep.

____ sleep is characterized by theta waves. Multiple choice question. Stage N2 Stage N3 REM Stage N1

Stage N1

In what stage do sleep spindles begin to appear on the EEG machine? Stage N1 Stage N2 Stage N3 Stage R (REM)

Stage N2

Which stage of sleep is the deepest? Multiple choice question. Stage N3 Stage N1 Stage R Stage N2

Stage N3

Which of the following stages of sleep is also known as delta sleep? Multiple choice question. Stage N3 sleep Stage R sleep Stage N2 sleep Stage N1 sleep

Stage N3 sleep

Martin is taking part in a sleep study. Bursts of muscular activity cause his eyeballs to move back and forth beneath his eyelids. In what stage of sleep is he? Stage N1 Stage N2 Stage N3 Stage R (REM)

Stage R (REM)

During what stage of sleep is an individual most likely to report having a dream? Multiple choice question. Stage N2 Stage N1 Stage R (REM) sleep Stage N3

Stage R (REM) sleep

What is the active stage of sleep during which dreaming occurs? Multiple choice question. Stage N2 sleep Stage N3 sleep Stage N1 sleep Stage R (REM) sleep

Stage R (REM) sleep

What is the active stage of sleep during which dreaming occurs? Multiple choice question. Stage N2 sleep Stage R (REM) sleep Stage N1 sleep Stage N3 sleep

Stage R (REM) sleep

To which category of drug do amphetamines belong? Multiple choice question. Barbiturates Depressants Hallucinogens Stimulants

Stimulants

To which category of drug do amphetamines belong? Multiple choice question. Stimulants Depressants Barbiturates Hallucinogens

Stimulants

__ is a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings. Multiple choice question. Hypnosis Lower-level consciousness Stream of consciousness Daydreaming

Stream of consciousness

Label each description with the appropriate level of awareness.

Subconscious awareness: Can occur when people are awake, as well as when they are sleeping and dreaming Higher-level consciousness: Involves controlled processing, in which individuals actively focus their efforts on attaining a goal; the most alert state of consciousness Lower-level consciousness: Includes automatic processing that requires little attention, as well as daydreaming Altered states of consciousness: Can be produced by drugs, trauma, fatigue, possibly hypnosis, and sensory deprivation No awareness: Freud's belief that some unconscious thoughts are too laden with anxiety and other negative emotions for consciousness to admit them

Which of the following brain structures is involved in circadian rhythms? Multiple choice question. Reticular formation Hippocampus Suprachiasmatic nucleus Amygdala

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

What is the active ingredient in marijuana? Multiple choice question. MDMA Rohypnol Amphetamine THC

THC

Which of the following statements is TRUE? The physical and cognitive effects of heavy drinking during the teen years can last many years after the drinking occurs. The physical and cognitive effects of heavy drinking during the teen years are limited to short-term effects. There are no physical and cognitive effects of heavy drinking during the teen years, since the brain is still developing; drinking has to continue into adult years.

The physical and cognitive effects of heavy drinking during the teen years can last many years after the drinking occurs.

What is the phrase developmental psychologists commonly use to refer to individuals' understanding that they and others think, feel, perceive, and have private experiences? Multiple choice question. Stream of consciousness Controlled process Theory of mind Biological rhythm

Theory of mind

Which of the following functions are controlled in the prefrontal cortex? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Thinking through a problem Reacting quickly when making a decision Feeling an emotion Pausing before acting

Thinking through a problem Pausing before acting

Which of the following drugs would most likely be prescribed to calm an anxious or nervous individual? Multiple choice question. Amphetamines Barbiturates Tranquilizers Opiates

Tranquilizers

Which of the following are symptoms of insomnia? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Trouble falling asleep Waking up too early Waking up during the night Sleepwalking Not breathing during sleep

Trouble falling asleep Waking up too early Waking up during the night

True or false: Meditation can cultivate a nonjudgmental attitude toward others.

True

True or false: Respiratory disease is a risk associated with smoking marijuana.

True

Walter is traveling with his parents on a trip. He notices another passenger on the plane smiling and assumes the passenger is smiling at him when he goes to sit in his seat and that this passenger wants to be his friend. Walter is incorrect. Walter is likely what age? Multiple choice question. Between 4 and 6 Under 4 Over 12

Under 4

Alcoholism, in which someone has either a physical or a psychological dependence on the substance alcohol, is an example of a(n) __________.

addiction

Depressants:

alcohol barbiturates tranquilizers opiates

Our brains exhibit alpha waves and beta waves. In a state of relaxation, ______ waves are more active.

alpha

Stimulants:

amphetamines cocaine mdma caffeine nicotine

An individual who may stop breathing multiple times during the night while sleeping likely has sleep _____.

apnea

States of consciousness that require little attention and does not interfere with other ongoing activities are described as _____. Multiple choice question. altered states of consciousness subconscious awareness unconscious thoughts automatic processes

automatic processes

Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence. When concentrating on the road while driving to work, _______ waves are activated.

beta

Drinking more than 5 drinks in a row at one sitting is called ______ drinking.

binge

Periodic fluctuations in the body are known as _____. Multiple choice question. unconscious thought automatic processes biological rhythms controlled processes

biological rhythms

The different stages of sleep are characterized by differences in _____. Multiple choice question. suggestibility consciousness awareness brain waves

brain waves

Sleep apnea is a sleep disorder in which individuals stop ______ during sleep.

breathing

Drowsiness that occurs at about the same time each day is probably a reflection of _____ rhythm. Multiple choice question. circadian infradian ultradian

circadian

The suprachiasmatic nucleus has been linked to _____. Multiple choice question. sleepwalking circadian rhythm REM sleep night terrors

circadian rhythm

Automatic processes are states of _____ that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities.

consciousness

Awareness and arousal are two components of _____. Multiple choice question. consciousness circadian rhythms alertness meditative practice

consciousness

Stream of ______ is a continuous flow of changing sensations, images, thoughts, and feelings.

consciousness

Learning where all of the controls are in a new car is an example of _____. Multiple choice question. controlled processes automatic processes unconscious thought stream of consciousness

controlled processes

The day after traveling across seven time zones in an airplane, Nadia feels her body is out of synchronization with clock time. She is experiencing _____. Multiple choice question. jet lag narcolepsy night terrors insomnia

jet lag

In general, the older we get, the _____ sleep we need. Multiple choice question. less more

less

Hallucinogens

lsd marijuana

Altered sperm count and changed hormonal cycles have been linked to chronic use of _____. Multiple choice question. crystal meth heroin antidepressants marijuana

marijuana

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannibinol is the active ingredient in ________.

marijuana

Attaining a peaceful state of mind in which one is mindfully present to his or her thoughts but is not consumed by them is called _____. Multiple choice question. meditation hypnosis hallucination dreaming

meditation

By using _____, one is able to make discomfort bearable by isolating pain from one's emotional response to it. Multiple choice question. lovingkindness meditation wakeful dreaming mindfulness meditation

mindfulness meditation

The overpowering urge to sleep is called _______.

narcolepsy

Opioids, also known as ________, are classified as depressants.

narcotics

A(n) _____ is characterized by sudden arousal from sleep and intense fear. Multiple choice question. night terror automatic process nightmare controlled process

night terror

After watching a scary movie, you have a ______ and wake up feeling frightened

nightmare

Sleep takes up about _____ of our lives. Multiple choice question. one-sixteenth one-eighth one-quarter one-third

one-third

Hallucinogens produce changes in _____. Multiple choice question. learning social behavior perception

perception

The physiological need for a drug, accompanied by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms such as pain and craving when the drug is discontinued, is known as _____. Multiple choice question. hypnosis psychological dependence tolerance physical dependence

physical dependence

The presence of withdrawal symptoms suggests that a person is _____ dependent on a drug. Multiple choice question. psychologically physiologically

physiologically

Some research suggests lovingkindness meditation may help reduce _____. Multiple choice question. prejudice nightmares insomnia alcoholism

prejudice

Depressants are a class of _____. Multiple choice question. pain-killing drugs hallucinogenic agents neurotransmitters psychoactive drugs

psychoactive drugs

Select the neurotransmitters that rise once REM sleep ends

serotonin norepinephrine

In stage N2 sleep, theta waves continue but are interspersed with the defining characteristic of stage 2 sleep, which is(are) _____. Multiple choice question. dreaming rapid eye movement alpha waves sleep spindles

sleep spindles

Cocaine is classified as a _______, psychoactive drug that increases the central nervous system's activity.

stimulant

A _____ is caused by lack of blood flow to certain parts of the brain.

stroke

Psychological dependence is the _____. Multiple choice question. need to take increasing amounts of a drug to produce the same effect strong desire to use a drug repetitively for emotional reasons psychological state of altered attention and expectation in which the individual is unusually receptive to suggestions physiological need for a drug

strong desire to use a drug repetitively for emotional reasons

A person who wakes suddenly from non-REM sleep and has feelings of extreme fear and panic and heightened physiological arousal has likely experienced a night _____.

terror

Simon Baron-Cohen believes that individuals with autism lack the _____. Multiple choice question. theory of mind mechanism intelligent quotient circadian rhythms global brain workspace

theory of mind mechanism

Stage N1 sleep is characterized by ____ waves, which are even slower in frequency and greater in amplitude than alpha waves.

theta

John used to experience intoxication after three beers, but now he needs to have five or six to feel any effect. John's reaction to alcohol is best explained as _____. Multiple choice question. tolerance psychological dependence physical dependence addiction

tolerance

The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to produce the same effect is known as _____. Multiple choice question. physical dependence psychological dependence tolerance addiction

tolerance

Valium and Xanax are examples of ______, which are depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and induce relaxation

tranquilizers

Stage N3 sleep is characterized by _____ waves.

delta

Morphine is one of the most common opiate or narcotic drugs and is classified as a(n) _____. Multiple choice question. hallucinogen depressant stimulant

depressant

Opioids are classified as _____. Multiple choice question. hallucinogens depressants stimulants inhalants

depressants

One reason that tired drivers are more likely to become involved in traffic accidents is that sleep deprivation results in _____. Multiple choice question. permanent brain damage an inability to recognize dangerous situations difficulty in paying attention to tasks a lack of concern for what others are doing

difficulty in paying attention to tasks

One possible explanation for the fact that family studies consistently find a high frequency of alcoholism in the close biological relatives of alcoholics is that the brains of people genetically predisposed to alcoholism may be unable to produce adequate _____, the neurotransmitter that can make us feel pleasure. Multiple choice question. acetylcholine dopamine serotonin

dopamine

REM sleep is an active stage of sleep during which _____ occurs. Multiple choice question. automatic processes conscious thought dreaming controlled processes

dreaming

REM sleep is an active stage of sleep during which vivid _____ occurs.

dreaming, dreams, or dream

Psychoactive ______ are substances that act on the nervous system to alter consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.

drugs

The ability to solve complex problems is considered a type of _____ function.

executive

Binge drinking is defined as having _____ or more drinks in the same sitting within a period of a week.

five

Brian ingested a drug at a party. He isn't sure what he took, but he decides to go see his doctor just to be safe. When the doctor asks Brian to describe what he is feeling, Brian says that this is the most "spiritual" that he has ever felt and that he is "totally in touch with his feelings and the world around him." What class of drug did Brian most likely ingest? depressant stimulant hallucinogen None of the answers are correct.

hallucinogen

Marijuana is classified as a mild , which is a psychoactive drug that modifies a person's perceptual experiences and produces visual images that are not real.

hallucinogen

Which of the following drug classes most operate through disrupting the typical function of the serotonin neurotransmitter system? hallucinogen stimulant depressant All of the answers are correct.

hallucinogen

A drug that is capable of producing pronounced changes in perception is a(n) ________.

hallucinogen, halucinogen, hallucinogenic, or hallucinogens

Psychoactive drugs that modify a person's perceptual experiences and produce visual images that are not real are known as _____. Multiple choice question. hallucinogens depressants narcotics stimulants

hallucinogens

Which of the following drugs is NOT considered a stimulant? cocaine amphetamines heroin nicotine

heroin

Stimulants are psychoactive drugs that _____. Multiple choice question. increase the central nervous system's activity decrease the central nervous system's activity modify a person's perceptual experiences are intentionally breathed in to produce a desired effect

increase the central nervous system's activity

____ is the hormone that is produced in the brain and is secreted to increase sleepiness. Multiple choice question. Estrogen Testosterone Melatonin Serotonin

Melatonin

_________, a hormone produced in the brain's pineal gland, is secreted at about 9:30 P.M. in younger adolescents and approximately an hour later in older adolescents.

Melatonin

Label the descriptions of sleep disorders with the appropriate disorder.

Inability to sleep: Insomnia Somnambulism: Sleepwalking and sleep talking Arousal from sleep due to fear: Nightmares and night terrors Uncontrollable urge to sleep: Narcolepsy Breathing stops while asleep: Sleep apnea

From what does an individual who wakes up during the night and has difficulty falling back to sleep mostly likely suffer? Multiple choice question. Somnambulism Sleep apnea Insomnia Night terrors

Insomnia

Which of the following is a sleep disorder? Multiple choice question. Alcoholism Drug dependence PTSD Insomnia

Insomnia

Which of the following sources can desynchronize circadian rhythms? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Insomnia A good night's sleep Changing work shifts Jet travel Dreams

Insomnia Changing work shifts Jet travel

Jack is unable to control his drinking despite his efforts over the past five years. When he drinks, he drinks in excess. He has multiple failed relationships. What best characterizes Jack's behavior? Multiple choice question. Jack is a binge drinker. Jack suffers from depression. Jack suffers from alcohol tolerance. Jack is an alcoholic.

Jack is an alcoholic.

Which of the following describes a condition that paralyzes one's ability to move body parts except the eyes? Multiple choice question. Muscular dystrophy Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) Cerebellar stroke Locked-in syndrome

Locked-in syndrome

MDMA is an illegal synthetic that is also called which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. X meth crack XTC Ecstasy

X XTC Ecstasy

Tranquilizers that in high doses can lead to drowsiness and confusion are which of the following? (Select all that apply.) Multiple select question. Xanax Seconal Nembutal alcohol Valium

Xanax Valium

Many people stay up all night studying before a major exam. This is probably not wise because one effect of sleep deprivation is _____. Multiple choice question. permanent brain damage suppression of emotion a decline in logical reasoning decreased appetite

a decline in logical reasoning