PSYC345 CHAPTER 8

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT

failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear

The conclusion to be drawn from the man named Shereshevskii whose abnormal brain functioning gave him virtually limitless word-for-word memory is that having memory like a video recorder

impairs personal life

Loftus and Palmer's "car-crash slides" experiment described in the text shows how a seemingly minor word change can produce a change in a person's memory report. In this study, the MPI was (were) the word(s)

"smashed"

Jacoby's experiment, in which participants made judgments about whether they had previously seen the names of famous and non-famous people, found that inaccurate memories based on source misattributions occurred after a delay of...

24 hours

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of

A sequence of actions

Which statement below is NOT true, based on the results of memory research?

Although eyewitness testimony is often faulty, people who have just viewed a videotape of a crime are quite accurate in picking the "perpetrator" from a lineup

According to the ___ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expections

Contructive

The misinformation effect does not occur when people are told explicitly that the postevent information may be incorrect

False

Extrapolating from the cultural life script hypothesis, which of the following events would be easiest to recall?

Graduating from college at age 22

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements?

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

The memory-trace replacement hypothesis states that the misinformation effect occurs because

MPI impairs or replaces memories formed during the original experiencing of an event

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the self-image hypothesis, which states that

Memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities

Which of the following is true of the cognitive interview technique?

Police allow witnesses to talk with a minimum of interruption from the officer

____ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past

Retroactive interference

Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen

Schema

The experiment for which people were asked to make frame judgements for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastion Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of ____ on memory

Source misattribution

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos

They took themselves

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

When viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of suspects can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong

The sleep list experiment, in which many people misremember the word "sleep" as being part of a list of words, is an example of..

a disadvantage of memory's constructive nature

Lindsay and coworkers "slime in the first-grade teacher's desk" experiment showed that presenting

a photograph of the participant's first-grade class increased the likelihood of false memories

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for...

adolescence and early adulthood

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented

after the event

The misinformation effect can be explained by

all of these (the memory-trace replacement hypothesis, retroactive interference, source monitoring)

Your text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories

are a natural consequence of a largely adaptive memory system

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when MPI presentation was

auditory from a female speaker

Your text describes two experiments that measured people's memory for what they were doing when they heard about the terrorist attack on 9/11. Results of these experiments show that participants...

both believed their memories for the attack were accurate over a 52-week period and displayed memory for the flashbulb event that declined with time.

Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the...

cognitive hypothesis

According to the _____ approach to memory, what people report as memories is based on what actually happened plus additional factors such as other knowledge, experiences, and expectations.

constructive

The "telephone game" is often played by children. One child creates a story and whispers it to a second child, who does the same to a third child, and so on. When the last child recites the story to the group, his or her reproduction of the story is generally shorter than the original and contains many omissions and inaccuracies. This game shows how memory is a ______ process.

constructive

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment asked participants to indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about events in a game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved...

creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge

Unconscious plagiarism of the work of others is known as...

cryptomnesia

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on...

cultural expectations

Lindsay's misinformation effect experiment, in which participants were given a memory test about a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer, showed that participants are influenced by MPI

even if they are told to ignore the postevent information

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that...

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate

Much research has been dedicated to improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony. One finding reveals that when constructing a lineup, ____ similarity between the "fillers" and the suspect does result in missed identification of some guilty suspects but also substantially reduces erroneous identification of many innocent people

increasing

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about John fixing a birdhouse and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory..

involves making inferences

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____ efficiently than normal

less

Jackie went to the grocery store to pick up yogurt, bread, and apples. First, she picked up a hand basket for carrying her groceries, and then she searched the store. After finding what she needed, she stood in a check-out line. Then, the cashier put her items in a plastic bag, and soon after, Jackie left the store. As readers of this event, we understand that Jackie paid for the groceries, even though it wasn't mentioned, because we are relying on a grocery store _____ that is stored in _______ long-term memory.

script; sematic

When presenting lineups to eyewitnesses, it has been found that a ____ lineup is much more likely to result in an innocent person being falsely identified

simultaneous

The "wedding reception" false memory experiment shows that false memories can be explained as a product of familiarity and

source misattribution

Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants...

make more errors in their recollections

Critics of eyewitness testimony could point to the ______ hypothesis to highlight the dangers of repeated questioning of eyewitnesses

memory-trace replacement

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the same information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the...

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

In discussing the survival value of the memory system, your text highlights the undesirability of

photographic memory

____ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence.

pragmatic inference

Your text argues that proper procedure for measuring the accuracy of flashbulb memories is...

repeated recall

Kieran found that studying for his Spanish exam made it more difficult to remember some of the vocabulary words he had just studied for his French exam earlier in the day. This is an example of

retroactive interference

___ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past

retroactive interference

Stany and Johnson's 'weapons focus' experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event

Wei has allergy symptoms. He has gone to his regular doctor and an allergy specialist, but he wasn't given a prescription by either doctor. Instead, he was advised to buy any over-the-counter medicine. While he was in the specialist's waiting area, he read a magazine where he saw three ads for an allergy medicine called SneezeLess. A week later, in a drug store, Wei says to his brother, "My doctor says SneezeLess works great. I'll buy that one." Wei and his doctor never discussed SneezeLess. Wei has fallen victim to which of the following errors?

source monitoring

Research on eyewitness testimony has shown that the more confident the person giving the testimony is of their memories

the more convincing the testimony is to a jury

The repeated reproduction technique used in memory studies involves

the same participants remembering some information at longer and longer interval after learning the information

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers show that ____ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points

Research on eyewitness testimony reveals that

when viewing a lineup, an eyewitness's confidence in her choice of the suspect can be increased by an authority's confirmation of her choice, even when the choice is wrong