Psyc390 FINALS!

humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language

Noam Chomsky proposed that

produce sentences they have never heard.

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children

what negative feelings will occur following a decision more so than positive feelings.

People tend to overestimate

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word

A phoneme refers to

people create a mental representation of what the text is about in terms of people, objects, locations, and events.

According to the situation model of text processing

divergent thinking.

Ali works for Citrus Squeeze, a company that makes orange juice. Sales of their calcium-enhanced OJ have been poor, and the product was cancelled. His factory still had three cases of cartons, and Ali was told he could take them if he wanted them. With the cartons, Ali made several birdfeeders for his backyard and also planted tree seedlings in some of them; he used the remaining ones to build a "fort" for his four-year-old son. Ali's use of the cartons represents

availability heuristic

Derrick purchased a new car, a Ford Mustang, less than a month ago. While sitting in traffic, Derrick says to his girlfriend, "Mustangs must be the best-selling car now. I can't remember seeing as many on the road as I have recently." Derrick's judgment is most likely biased by a(n)

divergent thinking

Dr. Curious is doing a follow-up study to the mutilated checkerboard problem experiment. In this new study, participants solve the following shoe problem before tackling the checkerboard problem. By doing this, Dr. Curious is studying the effect of ___________ on problem solving. The shoe problem: A first-grade class is using a trampoline in gym class, so all the children have removed their shoes, which are all jumbled in a large pile. One of the students, Miguel, is leaving early, so the teacher tells him to grab his shoes and report to the lobby. In his hurry, Miguel grabs two identical left-footed, size 6 red sneakers and runs to his mother still sock-footed. Will the remaining students be able to shoe-up with the remaining shoes without getting a foot-ache?

the representativeness heuristic.

Failing to consider the law of large numbers most likely results in errors concerning

the representativeness heuristic

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using

Noticing that there is an analogous relationship between problems because most participants need prompting before they notice a connection

Gick and Holyoak consider which of the following to be the most difficult step to achieve in the process of analogical problem solving?

Functional fixedness

Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in- law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word.

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

the way the problem is represented can influence the ease of problem solving.

Kaplan and Simon's experiment presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. The main purpose of their experiment was to demonstrate that

the meaning dominance of each definition of the word.

Lexical ambiguity studies show that people access ambiguous words based on

Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti- nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable?

Inductive

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _________ reasoning.

status quo

Many people receive unsolicited calls from telemarketers or unwanted "junk" mailers advertising offers for products such as cable or internet services or cellular phone companies. Most people do not consider these offers and do not make a change to the plans or services that they receive because they do not want to make a decision that requires serious consideration or thought. This is an example of the ________ bias

seeing more efficient solutions to the problem

The water-jug problem demonstrates that one consequence of having a procedure that does provide a solution to a problem is that, if well-learned, it may prevent us from

slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.

The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more

Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night.

Which of the following is the best example of a garden path sentence?

Being an expert in one field can transfer to better problem solving in another field.

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the results of research on differences between how experts and novices solve problems?