Psych 1003 Exam 3

You will normally spend approximately ________ in total dream time each night. a.30 minutes b.1 1/2 hours c.2 1/2 hours d. 45 seconds

1 1/2 hours

Ina night's sleep, we move through successive sleep cycles that are each about a.60 minutes long. b.90 minutes long. c.120 minutes long. d.135 minutes long.

90 minutes long.

Amyis learning to do a back walkover in gym class. Which of the following techniques would be the best technique to use to encourage the desired initial response? a.Modeling. b.Physical guidance. c.Verbal instruction. d.Shaping.

Modeling.

learning that takes place when a neutral stimulus (CS) is paired with a stimulus (UCS) that already produces a response (UCR). After conditioning, the organism responds to the neutral stimulus in some way (CS). the response to the CS is called a conditioned response

Pavlovian conditioning

If you wanted to teach your pet parakeet to give you a kiss on the cheek, which technique would be most effective? a.Discrimination. b.Modeling. c.Shaping. d.Physical guidance.

Shaping.

The idea that dream content is symbolic of unconscious fantasies belongs to a.William Dement. b.Sigmund Freud. c.Ernest Hartmann. d. B. F. Skinner.

Sigmund Freud.

Sleep patterns change with age. a.True, babies spend more time in REM, and the elderly spend more time in delta sleep. b.True, babies spend more time in REM, and the elderly spend less total time sleeping. c.True, the elderly spend more time in dream sleep. d.False, the sleep cycle does not change with age.

True, babies spend more time in REM, and the elderly spend less total time sleeping.

A child's temper tantrum behavior may be modified by withdrawing TV-watching privileges each time a tantrum occurs. What technique is being used by the parent? a.Shaping. b.Time-out. c.Withdrawal of positive reinforcement. d.Punishment.

Withdrawal of positive reinforcement.

In a hypnotic state, people are a.alert, active, and capable of making independent decisions. b.alert and attentive but only to the hypnotist. c.merely in a state of meditation. d.merely highly relaxed.

alert, active, and capable of making independent decisions.

Characteristics of drowsiness do not include a.beta wave activity. b.alpha wave activity. c.lower body temperature. d.slower heart and breathing rates.

beta wave activity.

The EEG measures a.brain wave activity. b.electrical activity in the muscles. c.movements of the eyes. d.heart rate.

brain wave activity.

Older people are much more easily awakened than younger people because a.they are more vigilant. b.they go to bed earlier. c.they are used to caring for children. d.deep sleep is likely to disappear altogether.

deep sleep is likely to disappear altogether.

in pavlovian conditioning, learning that takes place when the conditioned stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus is presented and continues until the organism beings responding to the unconditioned stimulus

delayed conditioning

During stage 4 sleep, the brain emits slow, strong ________ waves. a.alpha b.delta c.beta d. theta

delta

Research has shown that rats deprived of all sleep for extended periods of time a.sleep for three days at the conclusion of the experiment. b.begin to hallucinate. c.die within five days. d.die within about a month.

die within about a month.

Results of sleep deprivation studies in humans have a.demonstrated comparable results to the studies conducted in rats. b.have not been nearly as severe as those observed in rats. c.have indicated no physiological effects of sleep deprivation. d.none of the above.

have not been nearly as severe as those observed in rats.

Hypnosisis believed by some researchers to be a state of a.unconsciousness. b.alternative consciousness. c.heightened suggestibility. d. normal relaxation and no more.

heightened suggestibility.

Indissociation theory, Hilgard proposed that a portion of your mind is ever vigilant and observing and remembering all that goes on in your life; he called this portion of our mind the a.ego. b.psychic apparatus. c.short term memory. d.hidden observer.

hidden observer.

Insubsequent sleep periods, people who are deprived of dreaming tend to a.decrease dreaming time. b.increase dreaming time. c.keep dreaming time constant. d.temporarily stop dreaming.

increase dreaming time.

A person who has difficulty falling asleep may be suffering from a.narcolepsy. . b.apnea. c.insomnia. d. SIDS.

insomnia.

When behavior is demonstrated to a learner, the technique is called a.shaping. b.increasing motivation. c.generalization. d.modeling.

modeling.

The EOG measures a.brain wave activity. b.electrical activity in the muscles. c.movements of the eyes. d.heart rate.

movements of the eyes.

We do not normally "act out" our dreams because a.they are only dreams. b.muscle activity is inhibited by the pontive reticular formation of our brainstem. c.our brain knows we are sleeping. d.dream activity is unconscious.

muscle activity is inhibited by the pontive reticular formation of our brainstem.

sleep disorder characterized by falling asleep suddenly and uncontrollably

narcolepsy

A minister falls asleep while preaching; he may be suffering from a.apnea. b.narcolepsy. c.SIDS d. sleep terror.

narcolepsy.

A sleep disorder in which a person falls asleep suddenly during normal waking activities is known as a.sleep apnea. b.narcolepsy. c.insomnia. d.nightmare.

narcolepsy.

Both escape and avoidance conditioning involve a.a secondary reinforcer. b.punishment. c.positive reinforcement. d.negative reinforcement.

negative reinforcement.

learning an association between one's behavior and its consequence

operant conditioning

A pathological gambler is reinforced by ________, which also keeps her gambling. a.partial reinforcement b.continuous reinforcement c.discriminative stimuli d. Pavlovian conditioning

partial reinforcement

a group of serotonin-containing neurons extending from the raphe nuclei, located in the pons and medulla, throughout the limbic system and forebrain

raphe nucleus

The two major brain areas believed to be responsible for sleep and wakefulness are a.pontive reticular formation and visual cortex. b.hypothalamus and ascending reticular activating system. c.raphe system and the medulla. d.raphe system and the ascending reticular activating system.

raphe system and the ascending reticular activating system.

REM stands for a.repressed energy mediation. b.rapid eye movement. c.revolutions encoding memory. d.random energy machine.

rapid eye movement.

The distinctions between REM and NREM sleep include a.dreaming only occurs during REM. b.dreaming only occurs during NREM. c.physiological arousal is high in NREM sleep. d. rapid eye movements occur in REM sleep.

rapid eye movements occur in REM sleep.

According to the text, the ________ seems to be the part of the brain responsible for stimulating the neural activity that results in awakening. a.thalamus b.hypothalamus c.reticular formation d.cerebellum

reticular formation

Susan is asleep Her brain waves indicate high activity, and her blood pressure and heart rate are elevated Which of the following is she most likely to report if awakened? a. she had been dreaming b. she has vague recollection of something but she's not sure what c. she was terrified of something but was not sure what it was d. She wouldnt be able to be awakened during this stage of sleep

she had been dreaming

Research depriving people of sleep for up to a week has shown that sleep-deprived individuals a.show no long-term effect. b.show marked changes in physiological functions such as heart rate and respiration. c.rarely experience hallucinations and delusions. d.become less sensitive to pain.

show no long-term effect.

in pavlovian conditioning, learning that takes place when the conditioned stimulus is presented at the same time as the unconditioned stimulus

simultaneous conditioning

Some cases of ________ may be caused by a thick palate or a defect in the breathing centers of the brain. a.sleep apnea b.narcolepsy c.bed-wetting d.sleep terrors

sleep apnea

sleep disorder characterized by irregular breathing during sleep

sleep apnea

A sleep disorder in which people fail to breathe regularly during sleep is a.insomnia. b.sleep apnea. c.narcolepsy. d.somnambulism

sleep apnea.

A sleep disorder that may cause a person to awaken several hundred times a night in order to breathe is a.sleep apnea. b.narcolepsy. c.insomnia. d. somnambulism

sleep apnea.

Somniloquyis the technical term for a.sleep talking. b.frequent nightmares. c.sleep terrors. d.sleepwalking.

sleep talking.

production of speech or speech sounds associated with sleep with out subjective awareness

sleep talking/somniloquy

While activating the raphe nucleus induces ________, activating the ARAS induces________. a.sleep; arousal b.arousal; sleep c.dreams; NREM sleep d.REM sleep; NREM

sleep; arousal

sleep disorder characterized by walking in one's sleep during stage 3 or 4 of NREM sleep

sleepwalking, somnambulism

Somnambulismis the technical term for a.sleep talking. b.frequent nightmares. c.sleep terrors. d.sleepwalking.

sleepwalking.

People tend to ________ when they are experiencing relationship conflicts, problems at work, or other emotionally stressful events. a.spend more time in REM sleep b.spend less time in REM sleep c.sleep more d.sleep less

spend more time in REM sleep

We are most easily awakened from ________ sleep. a.stage 1 b.stage 2 c.stage 4 d.REM stage

stage 1

stage of sleep that typically is characterized by brief bursts of brain activity called sleep spindles as well as K-complex responses to stimuli such as noises

stage 2 sleep

It is most difficult to be awakened from ________ sleep. a.stage 1 b.stage 2 c.stage 3 d.stage 4

stage 4

Positive reinforcers are a.anything that satisfies a basic drive. b.stimuli which increase the likelihood of a behavior. c.stimuli which even when removed increase behavior. d.no different than rewards according to B. F. Skinner.

stimuli which increase the likelihood of a behavior.

When a learner differentiates between two different stimuli and only responds to the stimuli consistently associated with the UCS, the subjects has demonstrated a.stimulus generalization. b.operant conditioning. c.stimulus discrimination. d.second order conditioning.

stimulus discrimination.

Your son never throws temper tantrums when he is with you, yet he very easily resorts to one when your spouse is in charge. This is an example of a.stimulus generalization. b.operant conditioning. c.second order conditioning. d.stimulus discrimination.

stimulus discrimination.

The most common cause of insomnia has been identified as a.depletion of the neurotransmitter noradrenaline. b.health problems. c.drug use. d.stress.

stress

According to neodissociation theory, when people are hypnotized they selectively attend to the hypnotist, yet they perceive other events a.consciously. b.subconsciously. c.not at all. d. partially.

subconsciously.

Recent research suggests that the strength of the secondary reinforcer depends upon the reliability with which it predicts a.the availability of the conditioned reinforcer. b.the positive reinforcer. c.the negative reinforcer. d.the availability of the primary reinforcer.

the availability of the primary reinforcer.

The only part of the body to move vigorously during dreams is a.the arms. b.the eyes. c.the head. d.the legs.

the eyes.

Stage 1 sleep is characterized by brain waves called ________ waves. a.alpha b.beta c.theta d.delta

theta

Primary reinforcers are effective because a.we want approval for our actions. b.they have been associated with secondary reinforcers. c.they satisfy basic biological survival needs. d.the organism has learned to want them.

they satisfy basic biological survival needs.

Pavlov's dogs salivated when meat was placed in their mouths. Salivation in this case is referred to as the a.unconditioned response. b.unconditioned stimulus. c.conditioned response. d.conditioned stimulus.

unconditioned response.

in pavlovian conditioning, a stimulus that elicits an unlearned response or reflex

unconditioned stimulus (UCS)

According to Freud, our ________ is unavailable to our awareness. a.preconscious b.conscious c.unconscious d.self

unconscious

Joe was awakened while he was experiencing rapid eye movements. He probably would will report that he a.was anxious. b.was not asleep. c.was not dreaming. d. was dreaming.

was dreaming.

Greek god of sleep

Hypnos

Which of the following is a primary reinforcer? a.A soft drink. b.A coupon. c.A pat on the back. d.A paycheck.

A soft drink.

Which of the following neurotransmitters does your text book suggest is believed to be directly involved in dreaming and REM sleep? a.Dopamine. b.Morphine. c.Norepinephrine. d.Acetylcholine.

Acetylcholine.

Why is it easier to travel from east to west than from west to east? a.Because it is easier to advance the sleep-wake cycle than to delay it. b.Because it is easier to delay the sleep-wake cycle than to advance it. c.It is not easier to travel east to west; it is easier to go from west to east. d.The effect is only noticed with cycle shifts of eight hours or longer.

Because it is easier to delay the sleep-wake cycle than to advance it.

You are awake and alert. If I were to record your electrical activity taking place using an EEG machine, what type of wave form would I observe? a.Beta. b.Alpha. c.REM. d.Delta.

Beta.

Which of the following factors does not influence how easily a conditioned response is acquired? a.Stimulus salience. b.UCS intensity. c.Frequency of CS-UCS pairing. d.CR applicability.

CR applicability.

You are asleep. Your brain waves indicate activity very similar to that of waking activity; your blood pressure and heart rate are elevated. Which of the following is an additional characteristic of this type of sleep? a.Sleepwalking. b.Talking. c.Genital engorgement. d.Sleep terrors.

Genital engorgement.

You have a big biology exam tomorrow. Which would be the most productive activity tonight? a.Cram all night long and do not sleep before the exam. b.Take medication to sleep more soundly. c.Alternate periods of sleep with study all night long. d.Get a good night's sleep after studying hard.

Get a good night's sleep after studying hard.

Sleepwalking is usually experienced during a.REM sleep. b.Stages 3 and 4. c.Stage 2. d.Stage 1.

Stages 3 and 4.

Which of the following wave forms is seen early in the sleep cycle in response to either internal or external stimuli? a.REM. b.Alpha. c.Sleep spindles. d.K complexes.

K complexes.

What results did Dement and his colleagues observe in REM-deprived subjects? a.The subjects demonstrated no ill effects. b.The subjects became hostile but showed no other ill effects. c.Most subjects showed an increase in REM when they were allowed to sleep. d.Subjects showed severe long-lasting emotional disorders.

Most subjects showed an increase in REM when they were allowed to sleep.

stages of sleep during which rapid eye movements typically do not occur; dreaming does not occur as often

NREM sleep

Sleepwalking almost always occurs during a.NREM sleep. b.dream sleep. c.nightmare stages. d.the early morning hours.

NREM sleep.

A stage of sleep during which rapid eye movements typically do not occur and dreaming is infrequent is known as a.REM. b. NREM. c.paradoxical sleep. d.narcoleptic sleep.

NREM.

Which of the following is also known as a "sleep attack"? a.Narcolepsy. b.Sleep terrors. c.Apnea. d.SIDS.

Narcolepsy.

Which sleep disorder has been linked to an abnormality in the brain mechanisms that control sleep and waking? a.Sleep terrors. b.Sleepwalking. c.Narcolepsy. d. Sleep apnea.

Narcolepsy.

Nightmares and sleep terrors are often confused. Which of the following best describes the distinction between the two ? a.Sleep terrors occur during REM but are not recalled, whereas nightmares are. b.People experiencing a sleep terror will cry out for help, those in a nightmare won't. c.Nightmares occur during REM and sleep terrors occur during NREM and are generally not recalled in the morning d.both b and c.

Nightmares occur during REM and sleep terrors occur during NREM and are generally not recalled in the morning

Which of the following statements about punishment is false? a.Punishment may generalize too far. b.Punishment increases the frequency of undesired behavior. c.Punished children may withdraw from the situation. d.Punishment may later be modeled by the child as a way of solving problems.

Punishment may generalize too far.

Nightmares occur during ________ sleep. a.REM b.NREM c.deep d.stage 4

REM

What is the current consensus of opinion concerning the relationship of REM sleep to emotional stability? a.REM deprivation is harmful to the emotional stability of humans. b.REM deprivation seriously affects an individual's ability to complete complex tasks. c.REM deprivation does not have any adverse effects in humans. d. REM deprivation may have severe consequences in humans.

REM deprivation may have severe consequences in humans.

state of sleep characterized by rapid eye movements , and often associated with dreaming

REM sleep

The observation that bats and other animals with highly sensitive visual systems sleep during daylight and humans sleep during darkness when they are most vulnerable supports which theory of sleep function? a.Sleeping to avoid predation. b.Sleeping as mental reprogramming. c.Sleeping for restoration. d.Sleeping to conserve energy

Sleeping to avoid predation.

It has been observed that in times of famine people sleep more than in times of plenty. Which theory of sleep function does this support? a.Sleeping to avoid predation. b.Sleeping as mental reprogramming. c.Sleeping for restoration. d.Sleeping to conserve energy.

Sleeping to conserve energy.

The suggestion that it is better to study just prior to sleeping is based on which suggested function of sleep? a.Sleeping to avoid predation. b.Sleeping to consolidate memory. c.Sleeping for restoration. d. Sleeping to conserve energy.

Sleeping to consolidate memory.

Josh is asleep. His brain waves indicate high activity, and his blood pressure and heart rate are elevated. Which of the following is not an additional characteristic of this type of sleep? a.A penile erection. b.Rapid shifts of the eyes under closed lids. c.Reports of vivid dreams upon being awakened. d.Sleepwalking.

Sleepwalking.

During the four NREM stages, which of the following words best characterize the activity observed on the EOG machine? a.Fast, high frequency wave forms. b.Slow, low frequency wave forms. c.Slow, high frequency wave forms. d.Nonexistent.

Slow, low frequency wave forms.

light sleep that occurs just after dozing off, characterized by brain waves called theta waves

Stage 1 sleep

Sleep spindles have been shown to occur during which stage of sleep? a.REM. b.Stage 1. c.Stage 2. d. Stage 4

Stage 2.

John has been asleep for approximately 40 minutes. His EEG shows that about 30 percent of his brain waves are approximately 1 cycle per second in frequency and have a high amplitude. What stage of sleep is John in? a.Stage 1. b.Stage 2. c.Stage 3. d.Stage 4.

Stage 3.

Laura has been asleep for approximately 50 minutes. Her EEG shows that 75 percent of her brain waves are 1 cycle per second in frequency and have a high amplitude.What stage of sleep is Laura in? a.Stage 1. b.Stage 2. c.Stage 3. d.Stage 4.

Stage 4.

Why is Peter Tripp's sleep deprivation experience of limited scientific value? a.He was a disc jockey. b.The experiment was conducted in 1959. c.He began to hallucinate during the experiment and it had to be discontinued. d.The experiment was held in an uncontrolled environment.

The experiment was held in an uncontrolled environment.

Which of the following is not a suggested function of sleep? a.To conserve energy. b.To restore depleted neurotransmitters. c.To consolidate memory. d. To aid absorption of nutrients from food

To aid absorption of nutrients from food

Pavlov's dogs were taught to salivate when a bell was sounded. The bell was a.a conditioned stimulus. b.an unconditioned stimulus. c.an unconditioned response d.a conditioned response.

a conditioned stimulus.

Aparadoxal observation of sleep patterns following running a marathon was. a.no change in sleep patterns. b.an increase in sleep time afterwards. c.a decrease in sleep afterwards. d.an increase in REM sleep.

a decrease in sleep afterwards.

A Skinner box is a.a special cage used for studying learning in laboratory animals. b.exactly the same as Thorndike's puzzle box. c.not useful to behaviorists today. d.not used for operant conditioning.

a special cage used for studying learning in laboratory animals.

In sleep deprivation studies conducted in rats, the researchers at the University of Chicago observed that the rats deprived of sleep a.had skin ulcers and increased food intake, yet appeared scrawny. b.had a decrease in body temperature, and hormone shifts in norepinephrine and thyroxine. c.died. d.all of the above.

all of the above.

If you were to lie down under a tree and just relax but not go to sleep, your brain wave pattern would probably be a.alpha. b.beta. c.theta. d.delta.

alpha.

Low frequency, high amplitude brain waves that have been linked to relaxed states and drowsiness are called a.alpha. b.beta. c.theta. d.delta.

alpha.

The two key characteristics of brain waves are a.amplitude and height. . b.frequency and cycles. c.amplitude and frequency. d. amplitude and spindles

amplitude and frequency.

A reinforcer is a.always food. b.always primary. c.a change in the environment. d.anything, so long as it increases the possibility that the response preceding it will be repeated.

anything, so long as it increases the possibility that the response preceding it will be repeated.

Learning by forming a connection between two events, through either Pavlovian or operant conditioning, is called a.observational learning. b.associative learning. c.cognitive learning. d. distributive learning

associative learning.

When a parent slaps a child's hand and then immediately says "No," the parent is unknowingly using ________ conditioning. a.trace b.delayed c.simultaneous d.backward

backward

When researchers destroyed a portion of a cat's reticular formation, the cat, no longer capable of atonia, a.became very active during REM sleep. b.no longer dreamed. c.dreamed incessantly. d. became inactive duringall stages of sleep

became very active during REM sleep.

Rhythms of physiological activity that revolve around a 24 hour period are a.cirumannual rhythms. b.hormonal rhythms. c.circadian rhythms. d. day rhythms.

circadian rhythms.

Another name for Pavlovian conditioning is a.Skinnerian conditioning. b.Operant conditioning. c.Operant conditioning. d.classical conditioning.

classical conditioning.

in pavlovian conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response only after being associated with an unconditioned stimulus.

conditioned stimulus (CS)

In Pavlov's experiments a previously neutral stimulus called the _________stimulus eventually produces a _________ response to indicate that learning has taken place. a.conditioned; conditioned b.unconditioned; reflexive c.conditioned; reflexive d.unconditioned; anticipatory

conditioned; conditioned

If the reinforcement schedule for correct responses has a 1:1 ratio between responses and reinforcements, it is a/an a.partial reinforcement schedule. b.intermittent reinforcement schedule. c.variable-ratio reinforcement schedule. d.continuous reinforcement schedule.

continuous reinforcement schedule.

Insomniais defined as a.a sleep attack. b.difficulty sleeping. c.death during sleep. d. cessation of breathing.

difficulty sleeping.

A stimulus that controls a response by signaling the availability of reinforcement is a a.cumulative curve. b.punisher. c.reinforcer. d.discriminative stimulus.

discriminative stimulus.

theory of hypnosis proposed by Hilgard in which our behaviors become separated from our awareness

dissociation theory

Narcolepsy may be caused by a deficiency of the neurotransmitter a.orexin. b.dopamine. c.noradrenaline. d. thorazine

dopamine.

A person who loses sleep as a result of working an extra shift may expect to a.feel no effects. b.increase concentration. c.be less aggressive. d.dream more than normal after he or she finally gets to sleep.

dream more than normal after he or she finally gets to sleep.

The EMG measures a.brain wave activity. b.electrical activity in the muscles. c.movements of the eyes. d. heart rate

electrical activity in the muscles.

Mental activity that takes place during NREM periods a.is called dreaming. b.is less visual and shorter then REM activity. c.is not as frequent as REM activity. d. does not occur in most people

is less visual and shorter then REM activity.

Some research strongly suggests that hypnosis a.is qualitatively different from normal consciousness. b.is physiologically no different from the normal conscious state. c.is dangerous to most people. d.cannot be studied effectively.

is physiologically no different from the normal conscious state.

When deprived of REM sleep, people later show increased REM sleep activity which is called a.REM depression. b.REM suppression. c.keep dreaming time constant. d. less dream time.

keep dreaming time constant.

REM periods of sleep tend to ________ as the night wears on. a.deepen b.lighten c.shorten d.lengthen

lengthen

The last dream period of the night is usually the a.longest. b.shortest. c.best. d.scariest.

longest.

Thrashing about violently, leaping out of bed, and acting out our dreams during REM sleep a.is normal. b.does not normally occur, but poses no real problems. c.may be indicative of a new sleep disorder called REM behavior disorder. d.only occurs in animals; it never occurs in humans.

may be indicative of a new sleep disorder called REM behavior disorder.

The fact that babies spend more time, and older people spend less time, in sleep seems to support the ________ function of sleep. a.mental reprogramming b.dealing with problems c.restoration d.unconscious expression

mental reprogramming

Whenwe dream, our muscular activity is inhibited in order to protect us fromphysically acting out our dreams. The brain mechanism responsible for this isthe a.pontive reticular formation. b.hypothalamus. c.thalamus. d. cerebellum

pontive reticular formation.

Both________ and ________ increase the probability that a behavior will be repeated. a.negative reinforcement; punishment b.positive reinforcement; punishment c.positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement d.punishment application; punishment by removal

positive reinforcement; negative reinforcement

CS-UCS associations that are more easily learned are a.prepared associations. b.Pavlovian associations. c.selective associations. d.biological associations.

prepared associations.