PSYCH 101 Test 3
The hormone that is typically implicated in aggressive behavior is _____. estrogen thyroxin testosterone oxytocin
testosterone
Joyce has the potential to be an honor student. However, she frustrates her teachers because of her actions. Rather than using her skills to excel, she tends to hide her intellectual abilities to act more like the students she is friends with. She sometimes answers questions incorrectly just to be more like her friends. In the context of the key aspects of social influence, which of the following perspectives explains Joyce's behavior most accurately? Informational social influence Prejudice Defense mechanism Normative social influence
Normative social influence
According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals are most likely to reduce cognitive dissonance by: changing their attitudes to fit the behavior. moving on to a different task. ignoring the conflict. consulting others.
changing their attitudes to fit the behavior.
The ability to multiply two numbers together falls under _____ development. physical cognitive socio-emotional personality
cognitive
An object or activity that arouses sexual interest and desire is called a _____. fetish paraphilia script contraceptive
fetish
A congenital condition in which an individual has genitals that are not clearly male or female is called _____. hermaphroditism androgyny transvestitism gender dysphoria
hermaphroditism
At the preconventional level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development, individuals decide right and wrong based on: society's laws. a sense of duty. individual ethical principles. punishments or rewards.
punishments or rewards.
A bicyclist claims that bicycle racing times would be faster if individuals raced in groups, because the knowledge of being in a group produces more energy to perform better. The bicyclist's claim is based on the concept of: social loafing. cognitive dissonance. groupthink. social facilitation.
social facilitation.
Which of the following is a difference between older and younger adults? Younger adults are usually wiser than older adults. Older adults process information faster than younger adults. Older adults tend to not do as well as younger adults in most aspects of memory. Younger adults usually take longer than older adults to remember information about world knowledge.
Older adults tend to not do as well as younger adults in most aspects of memory.
_____ is a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world. Personality Perception Intelligence Sensation
Personality
Which psychologist articulated the steps of cognitive development from infancy to adulthood? Maslow Piaget Erikson Kohlberg
Piaget
Which of the following terms means that even in the face of adversity, a person shows signs of positive functioning? Assimilation Accommodation Resilience Integrity
Resilience
At age thirty-three, Ricky is a highly ranked partner in a law firm. He lives by himself and doesn't find the time to socialize. He has a lavish house with an elaborate security system and owns a luxurious sports car. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, which of the following can best explain Ricky's discontentment with life? Ricky's physiological needs are not being met. Ricky's need for belongingness is not being met. Ricky has not reached self-actualization. Ricky does not feel safe at home.
Ricky's need for belongingness is not being met.
The Angry/Happy Man experiment (Schachter & Singer, 1962) demonstrated that identical physiological activation could be felt as two quite divergent emotions. This demonstrated the importance of ___________ interpretation in determing emotions. primary drives secondary drives cognitive self-actualization
cognitive
According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the unconscious mind that is shared by all humans is called the _____. archetype animus collective unconscious persona
collective unconscious
In the context of evolutionary psychology, _____ occurs among members of the same sex as they vie for the opportunity to mate with members of the opposite sex. competition bonding compromise cohesiveness
competition
In the context of the "Stanford Marshmallow Experiments", research on delayed gratification indicates that the best way to resist temptation is to: focus on reasons why one should not do the forbidden activity. focus on other activities rather than the forbidden activity. cognitively compare the forbidden activity to similar ones. cognitively contrast the forbidden activity to similar ones.
focus on other activities rather than the forbidden activity.
When a person's blood sugar level falls too low, he feels: energized. hungry. warm. satiated.
hungry
Caroline has volunteered to work with the underprivileged children who are participants in her professor's literacy project. She is hoping that her professor will take this into consideration when calculating her grades. In this scenario, Caroline is demonstrating an expectation of _____. prejudice reciprocity false consensus inoculation
reciprocity
If children cannot grasp the concept of conservation, they are unable to: make judgments based on gut feelings. think intuitively. recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape. represent their world with words, images, and drawings.
recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.
The most significant difference between males and females in the human sexual response pattern identified by Masters and Johnson occurs at the _____. excitement phase plateau phase orgasm phase resolution phase
resolution phase
According to Rogers's humanistic theory, if Gretel receives _____ from her parents, she is least likely to face problems associated with her _____. unconditional positive regard; intrinsic motivation conditional positive regard; belongingness needs conditional positive regard; ego dominance unconditional positive regard; self-concept
unconditional positive regard; self-concept
In Harry Harlow's classic attachment study, they found that monkeys: were more attached to artificial mothers who provided milk. were more attached to artificial mothers who were warm and soft. displayed no preference for either cloth or wire mothers. preferred wire mothers over cloth ones.
were more attached to artificial mothers who were warm and soft.
In the context of social influence, Solomon Asch's experiment demonstrates _____. conformity obedience reactance altruism
conformity
According to research in the area of health and social psychology, who among the following is likely to have the earliest death? A person with a large family A chronically lonely person A married person A person with lot of friends
A chronically lonely person
Which of the following is an acceptable definition of sexual behavior? Sexual behavior refers to activities that are involved in reproduction. Sexual behavior refers to activities that lead to arousal and a sexual response. Sexual behavior refers to activities that are pleasurable to a specific individual. All of these.
All of these.
Which of the following individuals is most likely to obtain a high score on the openness trait of the big five factors of personality? Kim, who likes to conform to popular opinion Jillian, who is practical in all her decisions Jordan, who sticks to strict routines Beverly, who loves experimenting with life
Beverly, who loves experimenting with life
When Cameron was asked if he liked animated movies, he said yes. According to the self-perception theory, which of the following statements is the best explanation for Cameron's answer? Cameron likes animated movies, because his friends like them. Cameron has a positive attitude toward animated movies, so he likes them. Cameron likes animated movies because he has watched and enjoyed all of them. Cameron has been told that he likes animated movies so he believes it to be true.
Cameron likes animated movies because he has watched and enjoyed all of them.
_____ is an unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group. Groupthink Discrimination Deindividuation Prejudice
Discrimination
_____ is the defense mechanism used when the ego shifts feelings toward an unacceptable object to another, more acceptable object. Regression Sublimation Repression Displacement
Displacement
Which of the following statements is true of the disorders of sexual desire and sexual response in men? Lack of sexual desire in men stems from high levels of androgen. Erectile dysfunction is more likely to occur with age. Premature ejaculation is the most common sexual complaint among men above the age of 40. Lack of sexual interest in men is not the cause of any disorders of sexual desire and response.
Erectile dysfunction is more likely to occur with age.
Which of the following sexually transmitted infections (STIs) is bacterial in origin? Genital herpes HIV Gonorrhea Scabies
Gonorrhea
Harold was involved in a serious motorcycle accident. Harold's lateral hypothalamus was damaged as a result of the accident. Under such circumstances, which of the following is most likely to occur in the context of hunger and eating disorders? Harold will lose interest in eating. Harold will gain weight quickly. Harold will indulge in a binge-and-purge eating pattern. Harold will only eat when he's hungry.
Harold will lose interest in eating.
Which of the following perspectives of personality primarily stress a person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities? Trait Psychodynamic Biological Humanistic
Humanistic
Which of the following theories of emotion is best supported by the facial feedback hypothesis? Self-determination theory Cannon-Bard theory Two-factor theory of emotion James-Lange theory
James-Lange theory
Which of the following sexual practices involves no risk of a sexually transmitted infection (STI)? Kissing Anal sex Vaginal intercourse Oral sex
Kissing
_____ is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the brain or the other. Bicameralism Selective optimization Lateralization Ambidexterity
Lateralization
Which of the following neurotransmitters is released during the orgasm phase of the human sexual response pattern? Oxytocin Serotonin Acetylcholine Dopamine
Oxytocin
Which of the following is an example of a high-arousal negative emotion? Irritation Boredom Tranquility Panic
Panic
Which of the following is true of binge eating disorder (BED)? BED typically affects women more than men. The areas of the brain and endocrine system that respond to stress are overactive in individuals with BED. Drugs targeting the functioning of neurotransmitters serotonin and norepinephrine are ineffective in treating BED. The areas of the brain involved in self-regulation and impulse control show enhanced activity in individuals with BED.
The areas of the brain and endocrine system that respond to stress are overactive in individuals with BED.
According to studies over the past half-century, which of the following is a condition under which a person's attitude will guide his or her actions? When the person shows a lack of awareness about the attitude When the person has a vested interest in the issue When the person has not practiced activities supporting the attitude When the person's attitude is positive but weak
When the person has a vested interest in the issue
Which of the following is a difference between men and women in the context of emotion, empathy, and helping? Men are more likely to help than women when doing so does not involve risks to personal safety. Women are more responsive to negative stimuli and men are more responsive to positive stimuli. Women report more anger and irritability than men do. Men report more feelings of sadness and anxiety than women do.
Women are more responsive to negative stimuli and men are more responsive to positive stimuli.
Indiana Jones goes off to foreign lands in search of artifacts hidden in dangerous places and guarded by fierce protectors. Dr. Jones would be described as __________ in arousal theory. foolhardy a person high in nPow a sensation seeker a person high in nAff
a sensation seeker
Puberty marks the onset of: middle childhood. adolescence. infancy. gender identification.
adolescence
According to developmental psychologists, nature refers to: an individual's environmental experiences. an individual's social experiences. an individual's biological inheritance. an individual's emotional characteristics.
an individual's biological inheritance.
George's cubicle at work is spotless. Every item on his desk is arranged according to how frequently he needs it. He gets agitated if something is moved or rearranged. A proponent of Freud's psychoanalytic theory might argue that George is fixated at the _____ stage of psychosexual development. oral anal phallic genital
anal
Of the big five personality traits, _____ might well be the most important in terms of health and longevity issues. openness agreeableness conscientiousness neuroticism
conscientiousness
Leptin and cholecystokinin (CCK) are similar in that they are both associated with: decreasing food intake. low blood sugar levels. high levels of insulin. triggering feelings of hunger.
decreasing food intake.
Felicia tells her mother that she failed the biology test because her professor made the test too difficult. Felicia is attributing her performance to _____ factors. external intuitive stable controllable
external
Drives serve to activate responses that are aimed at reducing the drive, thereby returning the body to a more normal state called __________. stability equilibrium homeostasis physiological balance
homeostasis
The goal of the drive reduction theory is _____. overlearning self-regulation self-actualization homeostasis
homeostasis
Erica, a thirty-year-old woman, has been in a relationship with Cassandra, another woman, for over three years. Erica has always been sexually attracted to members of the same sex and has dated two other women in the past. Erica's sexual orientation can best be described as _____. bisexuality asexuality heterosexuality homosexuality
homosexuality
"Out of sight, out of mind" can describe the behavior of a child who has not mastered the concept of: conservation. separation anxiety. attachment. object permanence.
object permanence.
Mia intends to examine the impact of mother-child interactions during play-time on cognitive development among toddlers. Mia should adopt the _____ method to conduct her study. structured interview self-report observation projective
observation
Random acts of kindness, such as helping a visually impaired person cross the street, are examples of _____. obedience behaviors inoculation discrimination prosocial behaviors
prosocial behaviors
Chad is keen on getting into the best college in the state. However, the college rejects his Apply. When comforted by his parents, Chad explains that he is not disappointed because if he had been accepted by the college, he would have had to move away from home. In this scenario, Chad's explanation best illustrates the defense mechanism of _____. rationalization repression sublimation regression
rationalization
When Karen does poorly on a weekly test, she blames it on the distractions she had at school that week. In this scenario, Karen is using the _____ to justify her performance on the test. mere exposure effect self-serving bias confirmation bias false consensus effect
self-serving bias
Which division of the nervous system is working when we experience emotions? nonsympathetic division of the nervous system sympathetic division of the nervous system parasympathetic division of the somatic nervous system central nervous system
sympathetic division of the nervous system
According to Piaget, accommodation refers to: the parental efforts made to include new children in an existing family structure. the incorporation of new information into existing knowledge. the developmental changes in a child's behavior that facilitate social acceptance by peers. the adjustment of current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences.
the adjustment of current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences.
_____ is the personality trait most strongly associated with prosocial behaviors. Prejudice Extraversion Egoism Agreeableness
Agreeableness
Stanley Milgram's experiment demonstrated the effect of _____. reactance obedience conformity kindness
obedience
_____ is the neurotransmitter most closely linked to learning that certain behaviors are rewarding. Serotonin Dopamine Norepinephrine Glutamate
Dopamine
_____ refers to the social and psychological aspects of being male or female. Sexual orientation Gender Gender bias Secondary sex characteristic
Gender
The most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test is the _____. Rorschach inkblot test (RIBT) Thematic Apperception test (TAT) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory—Revised ( NEO-PI-R)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
Which of the following is a difference between the central and peripheral route to persuasion? The central route is effective when people have the ability and the motivation to pay attention, while the peripheral route is not. The central route involves factors like the source's attractiveness and emotional power, while the peripheral route involves logical arguments. The central route uses short presentations that require very little time, while the peripheral route uses detailed presentations. The central route is more often used by television advertisers as compared to the peripheral route.
The central route is effective when people have the ability and the motivation to pay attention, while the peripheral route is not.
Which of the following is a projective test? Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) Neuroticism Extraversion Openness Personality Inventory—Revised (NEOPI-R)
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
The main class of male sex hormones is: estrogens. androgens. estradiol. cortisol.
androgens
Mariah is an adolescent. She idolizes Gisele Bundchen, the famous supermodel. Mariah desires to be skinny like Gisele because she believes that being thin is considered attractive. In her pursuit of losing weight, Maria often refrains from eating for several full days. She begins to fear the thought of gaining weight and is not satisfied even when she loses weight. Mariah is most likely suffering from: bulimia nervosa. obesity. binge eating disorder. anorexia nervosa.
anorexia nervosa.
An instinct is a tendency that is __________. learned conditioned biological easily controlled
biological
Gary's mother tells him that he must complete his homework before he goes out to play. Gary does not like to disobey his mother but he really wants to go out and play. He convinces himself that his mother has been mean to him lately so he can disobey her just this one time without feeling guilty. Gary is trying to change his attitude to fit his behavior most likely to reduce the _____ he is experiencing. social contagion cognitive dissonance deindividuation egoism
cognitive dissonance
Male zebra finches have brightly colored feathers and begin to sing at puberty. The females are duller in appearance and lack singing ability. The males use musical mating calls to compete with each other for female attention. Since the females are primarily responsible for reproduction, they have to choose the most suitable males to mate with. This type of selection best illustrates the _____. biological approach to gender development social cognitive approach to gender development social role theory of gender development evolutionary psychology approach to gender development
evolutionary psychology approach to gender development
Jack kisses his girlfriend, Sarah, for the first time. The muscle tension she feels in her genital area is characteristic of the _____ phase of the human sexual response pattern. orgasm plateau excitement resolution
excitement
Assimilation allows the person to enjoy a feeling of meaning, because: it modifies current ways of thinking. new experiences create new schemas. experiences fit into his or her preexisting schemas. it makes sense of life's previously incomprehensible events.
experiences fit into his or her preexisting schemas.
Alfred Adler's approach was known as _____ psychology. social behavioral individual collective
individual
Patrick has been confused about his sexual orientation for a few years. Even though he has had many girlfriends, he often feels attracted to men. However, in college, he strongly opposes the idea of same-sex relationships among his friends. According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Patrick's supposed homophobia best illustrates the defense mechanism of _____. reaction formation denial sublimation regression
reaction formation
Which of the following statements best defines conformity? A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard Behavior that resists the explicit demands of an individual in authority The ability of a person to overcome a social influence Unselfish interest in helping another person
A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard
Loggerhead turtles lay their eggs underground, in sandy beaches. As soon as the eggs hatch, the infant turtles crawl out of their nests and move toward the sea. Which of following best describes this pattern of behavior? Motivation Drive Instinct Desire
Instinct
Which of the following best defines teratogen? It is any agent that causes a birth defect. It is a drug that enhances the growth of a fetus. It is any chemical that contains an alcohol group. It is a term used to describe all microorganisms that cause fatal diseases.
It is any agent that causes a birth defect.
_____ perspectives on personality emphasize that personality is primarily unconscious. Humanistic Psychodynamic Social cognitive Trait
Psychodynamic
_____ perspectives on personality emphasize conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals. Biological Psychoanalytic Social cognitive Evolutionary
Social cognitive
Jessica, a young woman, has a strong sexual preference for other women while Jim, a 30-year-old man, is only interested in dating women. In the context of sexual orientation, what similarities do Jessica and Jim most likely share in terms of brain structure? They both have brains in which the right hemisphere is larger in comparison to the left hemisphere. They both have brains in which the right and left hemispheres are symmetrical to each other. They both have brains with a thick corpus callous. They both have brains in which the corpus callosum is partially or completely absent.
They both have brains in which the right hemisphere is larger in comparison to the left hemisphere.
Dr. Watson is interested in the effects of higher than normal amounts of testosterone on the gender of embryos. Dr. Watson's interest fits best into the area of the _____. biological approach to gender development social role theory of gender development evolutionary psychology theory of gender development social cognitive approach to gender development
biological approach to gender development
Jason is working on a problem for his science class and is systematically going over every possible outcome. Jason is in the _____ stage of cognitive development. sensorimotor formal operational concrete operational preoperational
formal operational
Risky shift and group polarization are aspects of _____. social contagion group performance group decision making deindividuation
group decision making
Gus, a successful manager, quits his job and joins college at the age of forty to study art. A proponent of Abraham Maslow's humanistic theory would most likely argue that Gus went back to college because: he had unresolved childhood issues. he wanted to change his persona. he chose to develop his full potential. he wanted to prove that he was superior to others.
he chose to develop his full potential.
Kiara finds an abandoned wallet with $300 in it and no identification. In the context of Freud's psychoanalytic theory, Kiara's decision to keep the money or turn it in will cause the greatest conflict between her _____. conscious mind and collective unconscious id and superego ego and superego physiological need and self-actualization need
id and superego
Brandon attempts to convince his girlfriend, Katherine, to have sex with him. Even though Katherine loves and desires him, her religious beliefs do not permit her to have sex before marriage. According to Freud's structures of personality, Katherine's desire to have sex with Brandon is most likely dictated by her _____. Her decision not to engage in premarital sex is most likely dictated by her _____. id; ego ego; superego superego; id id; superego
id; superego
If 20-year-old Peter is unsure of what he should do with his life and where he fits in, Erikson would most likely agree that Peter did not successfully complete the stage of: intimacy versus isolation. generativity versus stagnation. autonomy versus shame and doubt. identity versus identity confusion.
identity versus identity confusion.
Many elementary school teachers offer prizes to students who read the most books during an academic year. The failure of many students to read books during the summer vacations may be due to a lack of: relatedness. self-actualization. intrinsic motivation. competence.
intrinsic motivation.
Infant attachment is defined as the close emotional bond between an infant and: other infants. strangers. its caregivers. its environment.
its caregivers.
The documentary titled "56 Up" is a great example of a _____________ study in development. cross-sectional correlational genetic longitudinal
longitudinal
A(n) _____ assesses the same participants multiple times over a lengthy period. cross-sectional study longitudinal study accelerated study unobtrusive research
longitudinal study
Polygraph examiners can: read a person's mind. recognize deception with a very high rate of accuracy. monitor physiological responses. All of these.
monitor physiological responses.
Schachter and Singer proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: __________ and __________. physical arousal; fight or flight cognition; behavior physical arousal; labeling behavior; physical arousal
physical arousal; labeling
The _____ phase of the human sexual response pattern involves the continuation and heightening of sexual arousal. orgasm plateau excitement refractory
plateau
The _____ technique in studying infant perception involves searching for a reliable preference for one stimulus over another. habituation preferential looking object permanence non-differential perception
preferential looking
John, who is jealous of his older brother, states that his older brother hates him and is jealous of him. This scenario best illustrates the defense mechanism of _____. regression repression sublimation projection
projection
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, before a person can feel safe, he needs to: satisfy his physiological needs. find intimacy. achieve self-actualization. develop high self-esteem.
satisfy his physiological needs.
Jack and his new girlfriend, Samantha, are having sexual intercourse with each other for the first time. Even though Jack's focus is on achieving orgasm, he spends time on foreplay and increasing Samantha's pleasure, because he knows that this will increase her sexual satisfaction and make her appreciate him more. Jack's idea of what is expected of him sexually is known as a _____. paraphilia sexual script fetish gender schema
sexual script
The _____ approach to gender development suggests that gender behavior is learned through reward and punishment, observational learning, and modeling. biological social cognitive psychodynamic evolutionary psychology
social cognitive
Six people are competing in a tug-of-war competition. First, they compete as individuals, and then they compete as a team. It is observed that when they are competing as a team their combined effort level is less than the sum of their individual efforts. In the context of group influence, this reduction in effort when competing as a team is most likely due to the effect of: obedience. conformity. social loafing. social facilitation.
social loafing.
Harry, a fourteen-year-old, wants to join the army when he is eighteen. He believes that defending the country is a man's job, because men are brave and physically stronger than women. Harry's beliefs and expectations about the responsibilities of men can best be explained by the _____. biological approach evolutionary psychology approach social role theory attribution theory
social role theory
From the perspective of the investment model of close relationships, long-term relationships are most likely to continue when: one person is more committed to the relationship than the other person. both persons have invested less in the relationship. there are few tempting alternatives for the partners. one person has invested more in the relationship than the other person.
there are few tempting alternatives for the partners.
Joanna was born a girl. However, she never identifies herself as female. She refers to herself as Joe and dresses like a boy. Joanna is angry or irritable if anyone treats her like a girl. She is unable to accept the fact that she is biologically a female. In the context of sex and gender, Joanna is most likely a(n) _____. hermaphrodite androgynous individual male transgender individual
transgender individual
According to the Yerkes-Dodson Law, optimum performance is achieved: in the absence of arousal. in the presence of a deterrent. when one is moderately aroused. when one is excessively agitated.
when one is moderately aroused.
