Psych 101/ Unit 6/ CHapter 7

Which statement does NOT present an example of learning?

A baby reflexively pulls back her hand when it is exposed to a hot burner.

CeCe trained a rat to run up a set of miniature steps whenever she plays the theme song to the movie Rocky by giving the rat treats at the same time as the song is playing. After acquisition, if CeCe were to present the song but no longer provide the treats, what would eventually happen?

Extinction—the rat will stop responding to the song.

Which pattern BEST describes learning during the acquisition phase of classical conditioning?

It starts slowly, rises quickly, and then tapers off.

Which is NOT included as one of the key ideas in the definition for learning?

Learning requires short term and long term memory.

_____ reinforcement increase(s) the likelihood of a behavior happening, while _____ punishment decrease(s) the likelihood of the behavior.

Positive and negative; positive and negative

Which person would be part of a diffusion chain?

Renee, who teaches her younger sister how to solve algebra problems

_____ proposed that the cognitive process of expectation occurred between a conditioned stimulus and a conditioned response.

Rescorla and Wagner

_____ is a simple form of learning that occurs when presentation of a stimulus leads to an increased response to a later stimulus.

Sensitization

Which statement about the Little Albert study is FALSE?

Watson's methods are in compliance with today's ethical standards in the treatment of human participants.

The initial pairing of a CS and US in classical conditioning represents the _____ phase of learning.

acquisition

Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment showed how children can learn _____ through observation.

aggression

Normal fear responses are not exhibited in an animal whose connections from the hypothalamus to the _____ have been disrupted.

amygdala

Which behavior is MOST apt to be a biologically prepared response?

avoiding sushi after getting sick following eating it

Parker used to get startled every time the family dog would bark. Now he continues whatever he is doing and appears to not even notice the dog's bark. Parker has probably:

become habituated to the dog's bark.

What approach dominated the field of psychology from the 1930s to the 1950s?

behavioral psychology

The school of psychology MOST associated with learning processes is:

behaviorism

In the Brelands' research, pigs would not drop coins into a box, and, instead, pushed them along the ground with their snout, despite programmed reinforcement. This was evidence of:

biological predisposition

The idea of _____ suggests that conditioning has an evolutionary perspective, in that certain associations will be more easily learned if they help the organism's survival.

biological preparedness

Each species is _____ to learn some things more readily than others.

biologically predisposed

Research indicates the benefits of _____ during a lecture, improving learning by reducing the mind's tendency to wander.

brief tests

Which action would be acquired through observational learning?

brushing one's teeth

Superstitions can be explained by operant conditioning as mistakenly inferring a _____ between a specific behavior and a reinforcer.

causal relationship

Advertisers often pair pictures of attractive people with their products with the expectation that consumers will respond positively to those products. This reaction comes from a reflexive response that is based on:

classical conditioning

Watson and Raynor demonstrated that _____ was responsible for the fear responses in Little Albert.

classical conditioning

_____ can be used to explain why experienced drug users overdose when taking the same amount of their usual drug but in a novel environment.

classical conditioning

_____ has many practical applications, including the relief of food aversions in cancer patients.

classical conditioning

_____ is a type of learning that occurs when a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response.

classical conditioning

In classical conditioning, stimuli that are initially neutral:

come to elicit the conditioned response.

In classical conditioning, a(n) _____ elicits a(n) _____ due to its association with a(n) _____.

conditioned stimulus; conditioned response; unconditioned stimulus

In operant conditioning, the _____ of the behavior influences whether it is likely to occur again.

consequences

If you watch someone to learn how to perform a dance routine and then serve as a model for another student, you are part of a:

diffusion chain

Brian's dog Mitzy gets very excited when she sees her leash because she knows they are going for a walk. Brian replaces Mitzy's leash today with a new one and brings it over to her to get ready to go outside. Brian is surprised because Mitzy doesn't seem as excited as usual. This is MOST likely because Mitzy has:

discriminated between the two leashes.

Kevin's date smiles at him, and he suddenly knows that she probably will return his kiss. Her smile is functioning as a:

discriminative stimulus.

Neuroimaging studies have found evidence that implicit and explicit learning engages:

distinct brain structures in different ways.

A possible explanation for distributed practice being an effective learning strategy versus massed practice is that when we engage in massed practice, retrieving recently studied information is relatively _____, whereas during distributed practice, it is _____ to retrieve information that we studied.

easy; more difficult

Conditioning alone cannot explain why some behaviors are easier to learn than others without taking _____ into account.

evolutionary theory

The Rescorla-Wagner model shows that classical conditioning actually involves a cognitive aspect based on the organism's:

expectations

Essential to the process of learning is that it is based on:

experience

Individual differences are more commonly found in _____ tasks than in _____ ones.

explicit; implicit

Patients with amnesia show deficits in _____ memory but not in _____ memory.

explicit; implicit

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus, _____ will gradually occur.

extinction

Which behavior is LEAST likely to be studied by researchers using operant techniques?

eye blinks

Checking your mailbox is generally reinforced on a _____ schedule, since the mail only comes once per day at about the same time.

fixed-interval

In Shawn's experiment, a monkey must push a lever to get a reward. If the monkey is successful, it gets a piece of banana every 2 minutes. What type of reinforcement schedule is this?

fixed-interval

Which example would be considered a primary reinforcer?

food

In Pavlov's famous studies, the _____ was the unconditioned stimulus, and the _____ was the unconditioned response.

food; salivation

Lucy, a 6-year-old, was recently bitten by her grandmother's terrier. Lucy sees a small dog in the park a week later and begins to cry. MOST likely, Lucy is exhibiting:

generalization

The adaptive ability for organisms to transfer learning of one particular instance to another very similar case is evidence of:

generalization

Pavlov's dogs were conditioned to salivate to a 1000-hz tone due to its pairing with food. After this training, it was found that the dogs would salivate to a 900-hz tone but not to a 500-hz tone. Salivating to the 900-hz tone is an example of _____, and not salivating to a 500-hz tone is an example of _____.

generalization; discrimination

What types of learning have been found in simple organisms like the sea slug Aplysia?

habituation and sensitization

The idea that you can learn how to dance by watching others:

has received some research support.

In studies done on trustworthiness, when participants were told that their partner was trustworthy, they:

ignored the additional feedback they received, acting as if the partner was trustworthy.

Learning that occurs mostly without awareness of both the process by which the information is learned and the consequences of knowing the information is _____ learning.

implicit

Toni's best friend frequently speaks Spanish around her. Toni barely knew Spanish before she met her best friend and one day realizes that she has just followed a short and simple exchange between her best friend and their waiter. Toni's ability to pick up some rudimentary Spanish without trying to do so is a good example of:

implicit learning

You are able to correctly follow rules of grammar or identify culturally important people, yet you are NOT explicitly aware of your memory for these things because of:

implicit learning.

Effects of observational learning can be seen:

in both animals and humans.

Viktor has read and reread a chapter in preparation for a test, and the material feels quite familiar, which convinces Viktor that he's learned the material well enough that he does not need to study it further. He later finds that he did not do well on the test. Victor realizes that his JOLs may have been:

inaccurate

Disruption of the motor cortex during a demonstration of motor skills:

inhibits performance of that skill in the future.

A patient with neuropsychological issues who experiences severe problems with explicit learning is MOST likely to have _____ implicit learning.

intact

Mirror neurons contribute to observational learning through the influence of rote imitation and the influence of the awareness of:

intentionality

Classical conditioning is based on _____ responses, and operant conditioning produces _____ behaviors.

involuntary; voluntary

One characteristic of implicitly learned information is that it:

is difficult to explain to others.

Like classical conditioning, operant conditioning:

is free from explanations involving the mind.

Rereading a chapter can be a poor tool for learning, since it may lead to inaccurate:

judgements of learning

_____ are a person's subjective assessments about what they have learned.

judgements of learning

An important part of learning involves assessing how well we know something and how much more time we need to devote to studying it. Recent research has shown that people's _____ play a critical role in guiding further study and learning

judgments of learning

Tolman's third group of rats showed a dramatic change in their maze behavior when reinforcement was given on the 11th day of their maze running. Tolman called this:

latent learning

Fabrizio is an 8th-grader and studies for his social studies exams using distributed practice, which will MOST likely result in improved _____ of actual classroom learning.

long-term retention

Dunlosky and colleagues (2013) evaluated the overall usefulness of popular study techniques: highlighting, rereading, summarizing, and keyword mnemonics. Which utility assessment rating did these techniques receive?

low

_____ MOST likely play(s) a critical role in the observational learning where organisms imitate the actions of others.

mirror neurons

Brad watches his older brother twirl his spaghetti around his fork using a spoon. Brad then attempts to twirl his spaghetti in the same way. Brad's older brother is serving as a _____ for Brad.

model

Mariah is given practice tests with short-answer questions, which she finds not only improves her later performance on short-answer questions but also improves her performance on _____ questions.

multiple choice

Michelle's parents took away her smartphone for 2 weeks because she failed a class that semester. Michelle's parents are using _____ to affect her study behaviors.

negative punishment

Gina drinks alcohol because it reduces her anxiety. Gina's drinking is being maintained by:

negative reinforcement

Juan's parents told him they would unground him and allow him to go on the school's annual class trip if he raised all of his grades to passing this semester. Juan's parents are using _____ to affect his study behaviors.

negative reinforcement

Liam can make his sister, Lily, give him her toys or candy by whistling. Because she hates the sound so much, Lily will give Liam whatever he wants to make him stop. When Liam stops whistling, it is _____ for Lily.

negative reinforcement

Classical conditioning occurs by pairing a(n) _____ with a(n) _____ to produce a response.

neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus

Unconditioned stimuli _____ require learning to produce the _____ response.

never; unconditioned

Implicit learning is _____ dependent on IQ and changes _____ across the life span.

not; little

Learned food aversions are generally acquired from _____ due to the evolutionary adaptive conditioning of rejecting foods that may be toxic.

novel foods

Which structure is a pleasure center in the brain?

nucleus accumbens

Due to the powerful effects of _____, many parents monitor the content of their children's video games, television shows, and movies so that they will not imitate violent behavior.

observational learning

Younger children may learn some things at a younger age than did their older siblings because of:

observational learning

The studies of observational learning in primates that use tools show that:

observational learning clearly results in better tool-skill acquisition in the monkeys.

Cultural traditions and customs are generally passed down through:

observational learning.

Schedules of reinforcement are based on the fact that conditioned behaviors:

often continue or even become strengthened by irregular reinforcement.

Judgments of learning (JOLs) are often a result of _____ in our learning ability.

overconfidence

Britney's parents are taking her to her favorite theme park over the weekend because she got straight A's on her report card. Britney's parents are using _____ to affect her study behaviors.

positive reinforcement

Rob drinks alcohol because it helps him be more talkative and humorous when socializing with his friends. Rob's drinking is being maintained by:

positive reinforcement

One way to avoid the overconfidence that comes from inaccurate judgments of learning while studying is to use _____ as a learning tool.

practice testing

When participants made decisions about a new dot pattern conforming to a previously viewed prototype, participants who were given the explicit instructions showed increased brain activity in the _____ and a variety of other areas known to be associated with the processing of explicit memories. Those given the implicit instructions showed decreased brain activation primarily in the _____, which is involved in visual processing.

prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and hippocampus; occipital region

Positive reinforcement involves the _____ of a stimulus when a desired behavior occurs, and positive punishment involves the _____ of a stimulus when an undesired behavior occurs.

presentation; presentation

Positive punishment involves the _____ of a stimulus and decreases the likelihood of a behavior, and negative punishment involves the _____ of a stimulus and decreases the likelihood of a behavior.

presentation; removal

Positive reinforcement involves the _____ of a stimulus and increases the likelihood of a behavior, and negative reinforcement involves the _____ of a stimulus and increases the likelihood of a behavior.

presentation; removal

_____ schedules of reinforcement typically produce the highest and most consistent rates of responding.

ratio

Skinner expanded on the work of Thorndike by focusing on:

reinforcement and punishment.

Baby Eva is whining. Her mother lightly spanks her, and her whining increases. For Baby Eva, spanking was a(n):

reinforcer

Any stimulus that increases the likelihood of a behavior is a _____, and any stimulus that decreases the likelihood of a behavior is a _____.

reinforcer; punisher

Negative reinforcement involves the _____ of a stimulus when a desired behavior occurs, and negative punishment involves the _____ of a stimulus when an undesired behavior occurs.

removal; removal

Thorndike's law of effect states that behaviors leading to pleasant situations will be _____, and behaviors that result in unpleasant situations will be _____.

repeated; avoided

How could extinction be used to eliminate Little Albert's fear of a white rat?

repeatedly present the rat without the loud noise

Ivan Pavlov won the Nobel Prize for his work focusing on:

salivation

Which action demonstrates that learning has occurred?

saying "C" when asked to name the third letter of the alphabet

Money gains its power to control behavior through:

second-order conditioning

Harry invites a friend over to play a video game and watch the new trick he taught his pet ferret. While playing a football video game, Harry scores a touchdown and gives a signal to the ferret. The ferret runs over to its cage and "kicks" a miniature football through a small goal post set up in the cage. Harry probably used _____ to get the ferret to perform this trick.

shaping

Ollena is trying to teach her 3-year-old son how to dress himself. First, she has him put on his pants by himself, and she gives him some M&Ms. The next day, she has him put on his pants and his shirt, and she gives him some M&Ms. By the end of the week, her son is dressing himself completely. Ollena made use of:

shaping

Rhesus monkeys readily learn a fear of _____ through observational learning. This is probably due to a biological predisposition for this fear.

snakes

In Skinner's terminology, a reinforcer is positive when:

something is added to the environment.

In Pavlov's famous studies, the _____ was the conditioned stimulus, and the _____ was the conditioned response.

sound; salivation

People stand up and cheer at a soccer game, but not in the library, because of:

stimulus control

Little Albert's fear response to a white rabbit, fur coat, and Santa Claus mask are all examples of:

stimulus generalization.

Mia's angry boss wears a particular type of cologne. One day, Mia is at the mall when she smells the same cologne. The smell produced a momentary feeling of uneasiness in Mia. In this example, what is the unconditioned stimulus?

the boss

After smelling roses at his grandmother's funeral, Carlos feels sad when he gives a bouquet of roses to his girlfriend for Valentine's Day. In this example, the conditioned stimulus is:

the bouquet

Meng believes that he does things that make him feel good and avoids things that make him feel bad. His views are consistent with:

the law of effect

Li always hated having her diaper changed but she loved cake. So, Li's mom decided to use classical conditioning to make diaper changes less miserable. Every time she changed Li's diaper, she would play the same song on a CD and give Li a small bite of cake while she changed her diaper. Now, as soon as Li hears the song, she is happy to have her diaper changed. What is the conditioned stimulus in this case?

the song

Miguel is training his dog, Ringo, to bark when there is a knock on the door. He already knows that blowing on a whistle will make Ringo bark. So, he decides to blow on the whistle and knock on the door at the same time to condition Ringo to bark. What is the unconditioned stimulus in this case?

the whistle

According to the Rescorla-Wagner model, conditioning should be MOST powerful when stimuli are:

unfamiliar

Which example would be considered negative reinforcement?

using an umbrella to avoid getting wet when raining

Although it is not known if you have to buy 1, 10, or 100 scratch-off lottery tickets to get a winner, it is highly probable that if you just keep buying, eventually you will get a winner. In fact, maybe the very next ticket you buy will be a winner. Buying scratch-off lottery tickets is reinforced according to a _____ schedule.

variable-ratio

Slot machines use _____ schedules of reinforcement, which generally result in high, consistent rates of responding without pausing.

variable-ratio

Positive punishers _____ behavior, and negative punishers _____ behavior.

weaken; weaken