psych 1101 CHAPTER 9 DEVELOPMENT

blooming

(neural connections increase) occurs during the first few years of life, and pruning continues through childhood and into adolescence in various areas of the brain. (neural connections decrease)

germinal stage

1-2 weeks. Conception occurs when sperm fertilizes an egg and forms a zygote. A zygote begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge. process of cell division is called mitosis

embryonic stage

3-9 weeks. called this upon implantation. Now blood vessels grow, forming the placenta, a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord. Basic structures of this start to develop into areas that will become the head, chest, and abdomen.

fetal stage

9-40 weeks. Tail disappears. Sex organs.

things a 3 year old should do

:Climbs and run; pedal tricycle, Takes turns; express many emotions; dress self, Names familiar things; uses pronouns, Plays make believe; works toys with parts (levers, handles)

naturalistic observation

A developmental psychologist might use ________ to observe how children behave on a playground, at a daycare center, or in the child's own home.

zygote

A(an) ________ begins as a one-cell structure that is created when a sperm and egg merge.

grasping, crying, sucking

All healthy babies are born with newborn reflexes: inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation.

integrity vs despair

Assess and make sense of life and meaning of contributions. 64 and up.

gross motor skills

Balancing, running, and jumping are all examples of ________ motor skills.

theory of mind

Between 3 and 5 years old, children come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own. This is known as _____. Children can use this skill to tease others, persuade their parents to purchase a candy bar, or understand why a sibling might be angry. When children develop this, they can recognize that others have false beliefs

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Develop a sense of independence in many tasks. ages 1-3.

Industry vs. Inferiority

Develop self-confidence in abilities when competent or sense of inferiority when not. ages 7-11.

critical or sensitive period

Each organ of the fetus develops during a specific period in the pregnancy

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Establish intimacy and relationships with others. 19-29.

Identity vs. Confusion

Experiment with and develop identity and roles. ages 12-18.

oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Freud's stages are called the stages of psychosexual development. According to Freud, children's pleasure-seeking urges are focused on a different area of the body, called an erogenous zone, at each of the five stages of development:

things a 5 year old should do

Hop and swing; uses fork and spoon, Distinguish real from pretend; likes to please friends, Speaks clearly; uses full sentences Counts to 10 or higher; print some letters and copy basic shapes

egocentricism

Jory, a six year old, is picking out a card for his mother's birthday. He picks the card with a picture of Lightning McQueen, reasoning that since he loves Cars his mother does to. What does this exemplify?

Object Permanence

Madeline is seven months old. Her mother is eating a cookie and Madeline wants some. Her mother hides the cookie under a napkin, but Madeline is not fooled. She knows the cookie is still there. What does this exemplify?

children at 6-11 years

Thought processes become more logical and organized when dealing with concrete information. understand concepts such as the past, present, and future. can process complex ideas such as addition and subtraction and cause-and-effect relationships

trust vs mistrust

Trust (or mistrust) that basic needs, such as nourishment and affection, will be met. ages 0-1

assimilation and accommodation

When children learn new information, they adjust their schemata through two processes:

generaitivity vs stagnation

When people reach their 40s, they enter the time known as middle adulthood, which extends to the mid-60s. This involves finding their life's work and contributing to the development of others through activities such as volunteering, mentoring, and raising children. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

a collection of birth defects associated with heavy consumption of alcohol during pregnancy. Small head and eyes lips and nose

attatchment

a long-standing connection or bond with others.

secure base

a parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings.

carol gilligan

a research assistant of Kohlberg, who consequently developed her own ideas of moral development.

cognitive empathy

also known as theory-of-mind, relates to the ability to take the perspective of others and feel concern for others .begins to increase in adolescence and is an important component of social problem solving and conflict avoidance

freud

analyzed the development of a child known as "Little Hans". his findings helped inform his theories of psychosexual development in children

Teratogen

any environmental agent—biological, chemical, or physical—that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus. Alcohol and drugs

primary sexual characteristics

are organs specifically needed for reproduction, like the uterus and ovaries in females and testes in males.

secondary sexual characteristics

are physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs, such as development of breasts and hips in girls, and development of facial hair and a deepened voice in boys.

disorganized attachment

behaved oddly in the Strange Situation. They freeze, run around the room in an erratic manner, or try to run away when the caregiver returns. Abused kids.

kohlberg

believed that moral development, like cognitive development, follows a series of stages. To develop this theory, he posed moral dilemmas to people of all ages, and then he analyzed their answers to find evidence of their particular stage of moral development. he reviewed people's responses and placed them in different stages of moral reasoning

freud

believed that personality develops during early childhood. believed childhood experiences shape our personalities and behavior as adults

nature

biology and genetics

Schemata

children develop this to help them understand the world. these are concepts (mental models) that are used to help us categorize and interpret information. By the time children have reached adulthood, they have created _____ for almost everything.

resistant attachment

children tend to show clingy behavior, but then they reject the attachment figure's attempts to interact with them

Baillargeon

concluded that children knew solid objects cannot pass through each other. his findings suggest that very young infants have an understanding of objects and how they work, which Piaget would have said is beyond their cognitive abilities due to their limited experiences in the world.

Cicely Saunders

created the first modern hospice in England. The aim of hospice is to help provide a death with dignity and pain management in a humane and comfortable environment, which is usually outside of a hospital setting.

postformal thinking

decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts. One way that we can see the difference between an adult in postformal thought and an adolescent in formal operations is in terms of how they handle emotionally charged issues. ages 11-20.

accommodation

describes when you change your schemata based on new information.

baumrind

developed and refined a theory describing four parenting styles: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, and uninvolved.

psychosocial development

emotions, personality, and social relationships.

Erikson's Psychosocial development Theory

emphasizes the social nature of our development rather than its sexual nature. theorist proposed that personality development takes place all through the lifespan

nurture

environment and culture

Kohlberg

felt that more males than females move past stage four in their moral development. He went on to note that women seem to be deficient in their moral reasoning abilities.

gross motor skill

focus on large muscle groups that control our arms and legs and involve larger movements (e.g., balancing, running, and jumping).

fine motor skills

focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions (e.g., grasping a toy, writing with a pencil, and using a spoon).

florence wald

founded the first hospice in the United States. proposed five stages of grief: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance

physical deveopment

growth and changes in the body and brain, the senses, motor skills, and health and wellness.

sensorimotor stage

in Piaget's theory defined as the World experienced through senses and actions. issues: Object permanence and Stranger anxiety. ages 0-2.

concrete operational stage

in Piaget's theory, kids Understand concrete events and analogies logically; perform arithmetical operations. issues: Conservation, Mathematical transformations. ages 7-11.

formal operational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts, Formal operations,postformal Issues in development: Abstract logic, Moral reasoning. ages 12+

preoperational stage

in Piaget's theory, the stage where kids Use words and images to represent things, but lack logical reasoning. issues: Pretend play, Egocentrism, Language development. ages 2-6.

The concept conservation refers to ________.

knowing that even if you change the appearance of something, it is still equal in size as long as nothing has been removed or added

cognitive development

learning, attention, memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and creativity.

Harlow, Bowlby, and Ainsworth

made a study that proved monkeys preferred comfort over food.

prenatal care

medical care during pregnancy that monitors the health of both the mother and the fetus. can reduce the risk of complications to the mother and fetus during pregnancy.

what is normal development

normative approach to development that approach asks

three developmental domains

physical, cognitive, and psychosocial development

Noam Chomsky

proposed that we are all born with an innate capacity to learn language. Chomsky called this mechanism a language acquisition device (LAD)

motor skills

refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects

temperament

refers to innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment.

emerging adulthood

relatively newly defined period of lifespan development spanning from 18 years old to the mid-20s, characterized as an in-between time where identity exploration is focused on work and love.

developmental milestones

specific normative events (e.g., crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty).

germinal, embryonic, and fetal

stages of prenatal development

Francis takes his six-month-old daughter to daycare. A substitute provider is there, and his daughter begins crying. She clings to her father and hides her face. What does this exemplify?

stranger anxiety

Jean Piaget

studied childhood development. focused on children's cognitive growth. believed that thinking is a central aspect of development and that children are naturally inquisitive. children do not think and reason like adults. His theory of cognitive development holds that our cognitive abilities develop through specific stages.

erikson

suggested that how we interact with others is what affects our sense of self, or what he called the ego identity

socioemotional selectivity theory

suggests that our social support and friendships dwindle in number, but remain as close, if not more close than in our earlier years

Heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, cigarettes, and alcohol are all examples of _____

teratogens

menarche

the beginning of menstrual periods, usually around 12-13 years old

avoidant attachment

the child is unresponsive to the parent, does not use the parent as a secure base, and does not care if the parent leaves

spermarche

the first ejaculation, around 13-14 years old.

permissive parents

the kids run the show and anything goes. Permissive parents make few demands and rarely use punishment. Friend parent

adrenarche and gonadarche

the maturing of the adrenal glands and sex glands

authoritative parenting

the parent gives reasonable demands and consistent limits, expresses warmth and affection, and listens to the child's point of view

authoritarian parenting

the parent places high value on conformity and obedience. The parents are often strict, tightly monitor their children, and express little warmth

uninvolved parenting

the parents are indifferent, uninvolved, and sometimes referred to as neglectful. They don't respond to the child's needs and make relatively few demands. Worked or drug addict parent

secure attachment

the toddler prefers his parent over a stranger

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational

theory of cognitive development that unfolds in four stages:

skinner

thought that we learn language in response to reinforcement or feedback, such as through parental approval or through being understood.

developmental psychologist

use approaches in order to better understand how individuals change mentally and physically over time. They include naturalistic observations, case studies, surveys, and experiments.

continuous development

views development as a cumulative process, improving on existing skills. theorists who view development as discontinuous believe that development takes place in unique stages: It occurs at specific times or ages.

psychosocial theory

we experience eight stages of development over our lifespan, from infancy through late adulthood. At each stage there is a conflict, or task, that we need to resolve

Assimilation

when you take in information that is comparable to what they already know

two things needed for healthy attatchement

The caregiver must be responsive to the child's physical, social, and emotional needs; and the caregiver and child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions

things a 4 year old should do

Catch balls; use scissors, Prefers social play to solo play; knows likes and interests, Knows songs and rhymes by memory, Name colors and numbers; begin writing letters

Generativity vs. Stagnation

Contribute to society and be part of a family. 30-64.

Intimacy vs. Isolation

People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to establish emotional closeness and maintain relationships with others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?

egocentric

Piaget described 2-3 year olds as _____ meaning that they do not have an awareness of others' points of view.

Level 1: Preconventional Morality

Stage 1: Obedience and punishment. Behavior is driven by avoiding punishment. Stage 2: individual interest. Behavior is driven by self interest and rewards

Level 2: Conventional Morality

Stage 3: interpersonal. Behavior driven by social approval Stage 4: authority: behavior driven by obeying authority and conforming to social order.

Level 3: Post-conventional morality

Stage 5: social contract. Behavior driven by balance of social order and individual rights. Stage 6: universal ethics. Behavior determined by internal moral principles.

initiative vs guilt

Take initiative on some activities—may develop guilt when unsuccessful or boundaries overstepped. ages 3-6.