PSYCH 1101 Final Exam

Before participating in an experiment, individuals should read and sign the ________ form. A. informed consent B. debriefing C. IRB D. ethics

A

The benefit of naturalistic observation studies is ________. A. the honesty of the data that is collected in a realistic setting B. how quick and easy these studies are to perform C. the researcher's capacity to make sure that data is collected as efficiently as possible D. the ability to determine cause and effect in this particular approach

A

Two forms of associative learning are ________ and ________. A. classical conditioning; operant conditioning B. classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning C. operant conditioning; observational learning D. operant conditioning; learning conditioning

A

Which of the following correlation coefficients indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? A. -.90 B. -.50 C. +.80 D. +.25

A

Operational Definition

A description of how we will measure our variables

Inter-Rater Reliability

A measure of reliability that assesses the consistency of observations by different observers

Reflexes

A motor or neural reaction to a specific stimulus in the environment

Unconditioned Response

A natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus, dog salivating when it sees the meat powder

Classical Conditioning

A process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events

Learning

A relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience

Longitudinal Research

A research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time

Cross-Sectional Research

A researcher compares multiple segments of the population at the same time

Neutral Stimulus

A stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response, tone before paired with meat powder

Unconditioned Stimulus

A stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism, meat powder for a dog

Industrial-Organization Psychology

A subfield of psychology that applies psychological theories, principles, and research findings in industrial and organizational settings

Theory

A well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena

Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs

Abraham Maslow, humanistic psychology

Validity

Accuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure

B.F. Skinner

American psychologist, behaviorist, created the Skinner box

John B. Watson

American psychologist, father of behaviorism, believed the study of the consciousness was flawed, Little Albert study

Carl Rogers

American psychologist, humanist, used client-centered therapy, unconditional positive regard

William James

American psychologist, studied Darwinism, used functionalism, believed that introspection worked, but he relied on more objective measures, including the use of various recording devices, and examinations of concrete products of mental activities and of anatomy and physiology

Forensic Psychology

Area of psychology that applies the science and practice of psychology to issues within and related to the justice system

Counseling Psychology

Area of psychology that focuses on improving emotional, social, vocational, and other aspects of the lives of psychologically healthy individuals

Clinical Psychology

Area of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior

Sports and Exercise Psychology

Area of psychology that focuses on the interactions between mental and emotional factors and physical performance in sports, exercise, and other activities

Sigmund Freud

Austrian neurologist, created the psychoanalytic theory, focused on the unconscious, fascinated by hysteria and neurosis

In Milgram's controversial study on obedience, nearly ________ of the participants were willing to administer what appeared to be lethal electrical shocks to another person because they were told to do so by an authority figure. A. 1/3 B. 2/3 C. 3/4 D. 4/5

B

Learning is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior that ________. A. is innate B. occurs as a result of experience C. is found only in humans D. occurs by observing others

B

Researchers might use ________ when providing participants with the full details of the experiment could skew their responses. A. informed consent B. deception C. ethics D. debriefing

B

Scientific knowledge is ________. A. intuitive B. empirical C. permanent D. subjective

B

Sigmund Freud developed his theory of human personality by conducting in-depth interviews over an extended period of time with a few clients. This type of research approach is known as a(n): ________. A. archival research B. case study C. naturalistic observation D. survey

B

The ________ places less emphasis on research and more emphasis on application of therapeutic skills. A. PhD B. PsyD C. postdoctoral training program D. dissertation

B

________ are defined as observable realities. A. behaviors B. facts C. opinions D. theories

B

________ is to animal research as ________ is to human research. A. informed consent; deception B. IACUC; IRB C. IRB; IACUC D. deception; debriefing

B

Evolutionary Psychology

Based of Darwinism, a behavior must have a significant genetic cause, does not include environmental and social influences, based on correspondence between observations and expectations

Central Nervous System

Brain and spinal cord

Before psychology became a recognized academic discipline, matters of the mind were undertaken by those in ________. A. biology B. chemistry C. philosophy D. physics

C

Longitudinal research is complicated by high rates of ________. A. deception B. observation C. attrition D. generalization

C

One would need at least a(n) ________ degree to serve as a school psychologist. A. associate's B. bachelor's C. master's D. doctoral

C

Researchers must ________ important concepts in their studies so others would have a clear understanding of exactly how those concepts were defined. A. randomly assign B. randomly select C. operationalize D. generalize

C

The major limitation of case studies is ________. A. the superficial nature of the information collected in this approach B. the lack of control that the researcher has in this approach C. the inability to generalize the findings from this approach to the larger population D. the absence of inter-rater reliability

C

Which of the following is an example of a reflex that occurs at some point in the development of a human being? A. child riding a bike B. teen socializing C. infant sucking on a nipple D. toddler walking

C

________ involves observing behavior in individuals in their natural environments. A. archival research B. case study C. naturalistic observation D. survey

C

Cause and Effect Relationship

Changes in one variable cause the changes in the other variable; can be determined only through an experimental research design

Debriefing

Complete, honest information about the purpose of the experiment, how the data collected will be used, the reasons why deception was necessary, and information about how to obtain additional information about the study

Reliability

Consistency and reproducibility of a given result

Personality Trait

Consistent pattern of thought and behavior

A major criticism of Freud's early theories involves the fact that his theories ________. A. were too limited in scope B. were too outrageous C. were too broad D. were not testable

D

A researcher interested in what factors make an employee best suited for a given job would most likely identify as a(n) ________ psychologist. A. personality B. clinical C. social D. I-O

D

A(n) ________ is a list of questions developed by a researcher that can be administered in paper form. A. archive B. case Study C. naturalistic observation D. survey

D

Height and weight are positively correlated. This means that as height ________ weight ________. A. There is no relationship between height and weight. B. Usually, the taller someone is, the thinner they are. C. Usually, the shorter someone is, the heavier they are. D. As height increases, typically weight increases.

D

If someone wanted to become a psychology professor at a 4-year college, then s/he would probably need a ________ degree in psychology. A. bachelor of science B. bachelor of art C. master's D. PhD

D

In ________ the stimulus or experience occurs before the behavior and then gets paired with the behavior. A. associative learning B. observational learning C. operant conditioning D. classical conditioning

D

In the scientific method, a hypothesis is a(n) ________. A. observation B. measurement C. test D. proposed explanation

D

Scientific hypotheses are ________ and falsifiable. A. observable B. original C. provable D. testable

D

Sometimes, researchers will administer a(n) ________ to participants in the control group to control for the effects that participant expectation might have on the experiment. A. dependent variable B. independent variable C. statistical analysis D. placebo

D

Which of the following degrees would be the minimum required to teach psychology courses in high school? A. PhD B. PsyD C. master's degree D. bachelor's degree

D

Which of the following was mentioned as a skill to which psychology students would be exposed? A. critical thinking B. use of the scientific method C. critical evaluation of sources of information D. all of the above

D

Which statement best illustrates a negative correlation between the number of hours spent watching TV the week before an exam and the grade on that exam? A. Watching too much television leads to poor exam performance. B. Smart students watch less television. C. Viewing television interferes with a student's ability to prepare for the upcoming exam. D. Students who watch more television perform more poorly on their exams.

D

_____ means that everyone in the population has the same likelihood of being asked to participate in the study. A. operationalizing B. placebo effect C. random assignment D. random sampling

D

Jean Piaget

Developmental psychologist, focused on cognitive changes during infancy and childhood as we move to adulthood

PsyD

Doctor of psychology degree that is increasingly popular among individuals interested in pursuing careers in clinical psychology

Inductive Reasoning

Empirical observations lead to new ideas; Empirical observations lead to hypothesis

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

Ensuring that all experimental proposals require the humane treatment of animal research subjects

Stanley Milgram

Famous for research he did on obedience,

Case Study

Focus on one person or just a few individuals for a long period of time, observational research

Functionalism

Focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment

Social Psychology

Focuses on how we interact with and relate to others

William Wundt

German scientist, first person to be referred to as a psychologist, wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology. viewed psychology as a scientific study of conscious experience, introspection, established the first psychology lab at the University of Leipzig in Germany in 1879

Psyche

Greek word meaning "soul", often represented as a butterfly

Empirical Knowledge

Grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed time and time again, regardless of who is observing

Biopsychology

How biology influences our behavior

Deductive Reasoning

Ideas are tested against the empirical world; Hypothesis leads to empirical observations

Confirmation Bias

Ignoring evidence that would tell us our hunch is false

Instincts

Innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons

Deception

Involves purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment, but not to the point where the deception could be considered harmful

Correlation

Means that there is a relationship between two or more variables, but this relationship does not necessarily imply cause and effect

Peripheral Nervous System

Nerves

Naturalistic Behavior

Observing behavior in its natural setting, most valid results, ex. Jane Goodall

Illusory Correlations

Occur when people believe that relationships exist between two things when no such relationship exists

Associative Learning

Occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

Biopsychosocial Model

Perspective that asserts that biology, psychology, and social factors interact to determine an individual's healt

Humanism

Perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

Introspection

Process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into its component parts

D.A.R.E. (Drug Abuse Resistance Education)

Program installed in many public schools, still continuing despite strong evidence that it is unsuccessful

Informed Consent

Provides a written description of what participants can expect during the experiment, including potential risks and implications of the research

Attrition

Reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

Experimenter Bias

Refers to the possibility that a researcher's expectations might skew the results of the study

Ivan Pavlov

Russian physiologist, behaviorist, studied classical conditioning

Developmental Psychology

Scientific study of development across a lifespan

Archival Research

Some researchers gain access to large amounts of data without interacting with a single research participant, instead use existing records to answer various research questions

Cognitive Psychology

Study of cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to experiences and actions

Personality Psychology

Study of patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique

Participants

Subjects of psychological research, and as the name implies, individuals who are involved in psychological research actively participate in the process

Hypothesis

Testable prediction about how the world will behave if our idea is correct, and it is often worded as an if-then statement

Psychology

The scientific study of the mind and behavior; behavior as something we can see, mind as something we cannot see (but which can still be measured through behavior, indirectly)

Structuralism

Understanding the conscious experience through introspection

Gestalt Psychology

deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception, by Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Köhler

Empirical Method

method for acquiring knowledge based on observation, including experimentation, rather than a method based only on forms of logical argument or previous authorities