psych 111 test 2

Psychological researchers study genetics in order to better understand the ... that contributes to certain behaviors.

Biology

Which of he following statements best describes trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory.

Both theories are equally accurate; but they apply to different levels of the nervous system.

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's areas

How does a cohlear implant enable the deaf to hear?

It recieves incoming sound information and directly stimulates the auditory nerve to transmit information to the brain.

Two lines appear to be a different length, though in reality they are the same length. This is known as the ________ illusion.

Muller-Lyer

How does the term Gestalt relate to the psychological study of perception?

Perception involves more than simply combining sensory stimuli;therefore, perception is studied as Gestalt.

Several studies have suggested that non-Black participants identify weapons faster and are most likely to identify non-weapons as weapons when the image of weapon is paired with the image of a Black person?

Perceptions our influenced by implicit prejudice and stereotypes.

Which of the following statements about the vestibular sense is false?

The vestibular sense is divided into olfaction, gustation, and audition.

Which of the following statements about olfactory receptors is false?

They are bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves beginHo

What has research by Goolkasian & Woodbury(2010) demonstrated about pattern perception?

Those who are given verbal priming produce a biased interpretation of complex ambiguous figures.

Read the following two sentences. (1) Gre eng rass gr ow son themoun tain. (2) Green grass grows on the mountain. How does the principle of proximity explain why the second sentence makes sense immediately, but the first sentence does not?

We group letters of a given word together because there are no spaces between the letters, and we perceive words because there spaces between each word.

Rosemary had a stroke about a year ago and now she cannot understand what people are saying to her. This is embarrassing for her, so she responds using vague language and tries to make it appear as though she understands. Which area of Rosemary's brain was likely damaged by the stroke?

Wernicke's area

Suppose you are watching a movie on a large screen. For a fraction of a second, the words "Drink Cola" flash on the screen. You do not percieve the words "Drink Cola" because it is beyond your absolute threshold. In this example, the message "Drink Cola" is an example of___.

a subliminal message

... is the electrical signal that typically moves from the cell body down the axon to the axon terminals.

action potentialA

Sariah enters a room with several chirping crickets in it. Upon first entering the room, Sariah can hear the chirping; however, as she begins to talk to her friends, she is no longer aware of the chirping even though it is still there. The fact that Sariah no longer perceives the chirping sound demonstrates sensory ________.

adaption

During the flight or flight response, which of the following endocrine glands is most likely to increase activity?

adrenal

Kimya stares at a bright light and then looks away. After she looks away, she perceives a spot. What is a spot?

afterimage

What term describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus?

afterimage

The ... is involved in our experiences of emotion and tying emotional meaning to our memories.

amygdala

Which of the following is not a hindbrain structure?

amygdala

Sarit is at a bar full of music, chatter, and laughter. He gets involved in an interesting conversation with a woman named Mona, and he tunes out all the background noise. Sarit's friend, Karen, taps him on the shoulder and asks what song just played on the jukebox. Sarit says he doesn't know, even though he is sitting right next to the jukebox and is familiar with popular music. This illustrates the role that ___ plays in what is sensed versus what is perceived.

attention

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe?

audition

The brain contains _____ of interconnected neurons and glia.

billions

___ disparity refers to the slightly different view of the world that each eye receives.

binocular

Inattentional... refers to the failure to notice something that is completely visible due to a lack of attention.

blindness.

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Esther's mother offers her a new dish she's been working on-- a raisin-jalapenos, and eggs. Her stomach churns and she looks away. Feeling disgust and disappointment, and she says "I'm not hungry."

bottom-up

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the cerebral cortex?

breathing

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we

can see

The visible spectrum refers to the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that we....

can see

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ... and ...

central; peripheral nervous systems

Human eggs and sperm contain 23 ..., which are composed of long strands of...

chromosomes;DNA

Petra walks into a brightly lit Psychology lab to participate in an experiment involving the ability to perceive the colors of the rainbow. Which photoreceptors will be most useful during this experiment?

cones

Ravon was born deaf, so he is diagnosed with ________ deafness.

congenital.

Light waves are transmitted across the ___ and enter the eye through the ___.

cornea;pupil

When light levels are low, the pupil will become ________, to allow more light to enter the eye.

dilated

... is a neurotransmitter involved in a mood, reward, addiction, and motor behavior.

dopamine

Diabetes is a(n) ... disorder because insulin is a ...

endocrine;hormone

Clive Wearing could remember which of the following types of memory?

how to play the piano

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

hypothalamus

Which of the following is not an endocrine gland?

hypothalamus

Which part of the eye holds eye color?

iris

Which of the following describes the difference in stimuli required to detect a difference between the stimuli?

just noticeable

Felix is riding his bicycle. His ability to sense how his torso is adjusting to the speed of his cycling and how his legs are pumping up and down is called ________.

kinesthesia

Which term describes the perception of the body's movement through space?

kinesthesia

At the point of the optic chiasm, information from the right visual field(which comes from both eyes) is sent to the ____ side of the brain, and information from the left visual field is sent to the ___ side of the brain.

left;right

In a normal-sighted individual, the ___ focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the ___.

lens;fovea

Within the visible spectrum, our experience of red is associated with ___.

longer wavelengths

Our vestibular sense contributes to our ability to ________.

maintain balance and body posture

Jennifer has been depressed for several months, and she decided to take an overdose of sleeping pills. After taking the pills, her breathing rate decreased dramatically, her heart slowed down, and her blood pressure decreased. Which brain structure is the drug acting on?

medula

The ... is located deep within the brain, and it includes structured such as the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area.

midbrain

psychotropic medications are drugs that treat psychiatric symptoms by restoring ... balance.

neurotransmitter

Tyrahn's rods do not transform light into nerve impulses as easily and efficiently as they should, so he has difficulty seeing in dim light. This is called ________.

night blindness

People who have their corpus callosum severed for medical reasons would be able to tell you about which images shown to ___.

only the right visual field

Which nerve carries visual information form the retina to the brain?

optic

What is the X-shaped structure that sits just below the brain's ventral surface and represents the merging of the optic nerves from the two eyes?

optic chiasm?

The ... nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

parasympathetic

___ refers to the way that sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced; ___ refers to what happens when sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor.

perception; sensation

The ... gland is often referred to as the master gland of the endocrine system.

pituitary

Which of the following is not a forebrain structure?

pons

The ... extends through the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain.

reticular formation

Wesley is in a movie theater with no windows—the only light is low illumination from the emergency lights on the floor. Which photoreceptors will be most useful to Wesley as he attempts to leave the theater?

rods

The .... receives messages from muscles, tendons, joints, and structures in our ear to control balance, coordination, movement, and motor skills.

sensory cortex

Catherine is not a crowded baseball game when she loses track of her son, Nick. Despite the loud cheering and noise of the crowd, she can pinpoint his location when he calls for her because she can distinguish the sound of his voice from the all the other voices. This illustrates ___ theory.

signal detection

Congenital deafiness refers to deafness ...

since birth

Which of the following senses is not routed through the thalamus?

smell

Sensory and motor neurons of the ... nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary.

somatic

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ___.

spinal cord

The ... nervous system is a responsible for responses such as pupil dilation, increased heart rate, and increased respiration.

sympathetic

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

The auditory cortex is located in which lobe of the brain?

temporal

The ... of a neuron contain ... that house neurotransmitters, the chemical messengers of the nervous system.

terminal buttons; synaptic vesicles

Considerable debate occurs regarding the use of anabolic steroid drugs like .... in professional athletes and bodybuilders.

testosterone

Studying close relatives allows behavioral geneticists to determine ________.

the relative contributions of genes and environment in a population.

What kind of processing is exemplified by the following scenario? Shimon offers Mouin some salmon. Mouin thinks, "How nice. My friend is offering fish. I wonder where he got it." This thought leads Mouin to feel happy, appreciative, and curious; he responds with a smile and an extended hand.

top-down

Which type of processing involves the interpretation of sensations and influenced by available knowledge, experiences, and thoughts.

top-down

Your ears receive sound waves and convert this energy into neural messages that travel to your brain and are processed as sounds. This is an example of ________.

transductionS

In addition to sweet, salty, sour, and bitter, what other taste groupings do we possess?

umami and fat content

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will...

undergo no changed in strength, speed, or duration

Akeelah extended her arm in front of her and then extended one of her fingers. She focused on that finger. Next, she closed her left eye without moving her head; then she opened her left eye and closed her right eye without moving her head. She noticed that her finger seemed to shift as she alternated between the two eyes because of the slightly different view each eye had of her finger. What is illustrated by this example?

binocular disparity

What is described by the concept of perception?

how sensory information is interpreted and consciously experienced

What does the place theory of pitch perception suggest?

Different portions of the basilar membrane are sensitive to sounds of different frequencies.

Which field of psychology includes the following concepts: figure-ground relationship, law of continuity, and principle of closure?

Gestalt

What has research shown about processing subliminal messages?

In laboratory settings, people can process and respond to the information outside of their awareness.

Broca's area is located in which lobe of the brain?

frontal

A difference in ... can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives.

genetics

The myelin sheath consists of a(n) ....

glial cell

... is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions(such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

homeostatis

The endocrine system consists of a series of glands that produce chemical substances known as...

hormones