Psych 112 Exam 3

Summarize the history of secondary school enrollment around the world.

the secondary school curriculum in the United States has changed from a focus on liberal arts to a curriculum intended to prepare students for work and citizenship, to a curriculum that includes a wide range of courses from math and english to music and physical edu- cation. These changes have taken place partly in response to the different characteristics of the young people attend- ing secondary school, and partly in response to changes in cultural beliefs about what adolescents need to learn.

What is the cathartic effect and how does it apply to violent music?

music has the effect of calming them down. Heavy metal songs have a cathartic effect on their anger; in other words, they use the music as a way of purging their anger harmlessly The songs express their alienated view of the world and help them cope with the anger and frustration of living in a world they see as hopelessly corrupt Because it has this cathartic effect on their anger and frustration, if anything the music makes them less likely to commit suicide

Identify the ways working in adolescence is related to both positive and negative outcomes.

reports of psychological symptoms jump sharply for adolescents working more than 10 hours a week and continue to rise among adolescents working 20 hours a week or more beyond 10 hours a week, amount of sleep per night declines steadily as work hours increase. working more than 10 hours a week is disruptive to eating and exercise Working at a job that involves learning new skills is positively related to psychological well-being and self-esteem

According to sociologist William Julius Wilson (1996), what conclusion can we draw about the current system of local funding of schools?

- Upgrade education. The current system of local funding of schools perpetuates inequality because poor areas such as the inner cities have a smaller tax base to draw from than wealthy areas do. Financial support for schools should be more centralized and more equal. Also, the quality of teachers in the inner cities should be enhanced through scholarships to attract promising young people to teach in city schools and through reforms in teacher licensing and certification that require teachers to demonstrate compe- tence in the subjects they teach. • Improve school-to-work programs. Young people in urban areas are especially harmed by the lack of effective school- to-work programs in the United States, as shown in their high rates of unemployment. • Improve access to employment. Because most new jobs are opening up in suburban rather than urban locations, young people in the inner cities are at a disadvantage because few of them own automobiles, and public transportation between cities and suburbs is inadequate in many American urban areas. Organized car pool and van pool networks to carry urban young people to jobs in suburban areas would improve their access to employment. Also, because newly available jobs are most often lled not through want ads but through personal contacts, Creating job information and placement centers in urban areas would address this problem. • Provide government-funded public service jobs. Urban areas have many needs that less skilled workers could help to address in public service jobs. Having young people serve in jobs such as nurse's aides, playground supervisors, bridge painters, and library staffers would not only give them useful work experience—and provide a substitute for unemployment payments—but would also enhance the quality of life in the areas where they live, both for themselves and for others.

Identify the five major types of media use and explain why they are especially prominent in adolescence.

1. Entertainment - to have five (non developmental) 2. Identity formation - forging who you are (developmental) 3. High sensation seeking - seeking intense and new sensations (developmental) 4. Coping - it helps me relax and destress (developmental) 5. Youth culture identification - I feel connected to my group bonding over shows (developmental)

Identify the main features of effective sex education.

1. Focus narrowly on reducing one or more sexual behav- iors that lead to unintended pregnancy or HIV/AIDS infection. 2. Base the program on theoretical approaches developed to treat other risky behavior, such as cognitive behavioral theory, which rewards changes in thought and behavior. 3. Give a clear message about sexual activity and condom or contraceptive use and continually reinforce that message. 4. Provide basic, accurate information about risks and methods to avoid pregnancy and STIs. 5. Include activities that teach how to deal with social pressures, such as information that helps them refute frequently used lines like "everybody does it" or activities that generate peer support for withstanding social pressures. 6. Model and provide practice in negotiation and refusal skills, such as how to say no, how to insist on condoms or other contraception, and how to make sure body language supports the verbal message. 7. Use a variety of teaching methods to involve participants and personalize the information. 8. Incorporate behavioral goals, teaching methods, and materials that are specific to the age, culture, and sexual experience of the students. 9. Run the program over a sufficient period of time (at least 14 hours spread over several weeks). 10. Train teachers, youth workers, or peer leaders (generally for at least 6 hours) who believe in the program. abstinence-plus" programs are effective in delaying initiation of sexual intercourse and increasing contraceptive use.

Identify the types of cultural attitudes toward adolescent sexuality (hint: Ford and Beach, 1951).

3 types of cultural approaches to adolescent sexuality: restrictive, semirestrictive, and permissive 1. Restrictive cultures place strong prohibitions on adoles- cent sexual activity before marriage 2. Semirestrictive cultures also have prohibitions on pre- marital adolescent sex. However, in these cultures not strongly enforced and are easily evaded. Adults in these cultures tend to ignore evidence of premarital sexual behavior as long as young people are fairly discreet. However, if pregnancy results from premarital sex, the adolescents are often forced to marry. Aka US 3. permissive cultures encourage and expect ado- lescent sexuality. In fact, in some permissive cultures sexual behavior is encouraged even in childhood, and the sexual- ity of adolescence is simply a continuation of the sex play of childhood. One example of this type of culture is the people of the Trobriand Islands in the South Pacific

Approximately what percentage of American emerging adults attends college after graduating from high school?

70%

In what ways do media resemble peers as a socialization source?

Adolescence and emerging adulthood are times when important aspects of socialization are taking place, especially with regard to identity-related issues such as beginning occupational preparation, learning gender roles, and developing a set of values and beliefs. It is also a time when the presence and in uence of the fam- ily have diminished relative to childhood,

Explain Sternberg's theory of love. How does it apply to adolescents? To those in arranged marriages?

Adolescent love usually lacks long-term commitment, so it is most often characterized by infatuation or romantic love. Adolescents in non-Western cultures also experience passion, but many cultures restrict adolescents' expressions of passionate love because they believe that marriage should be based on family interests rather than individual choice.

Describe the main forms that work has taken from adolescents in traditional cultures.

Adolescents in traditional cultures have typically worked alongside their parents, the boys in work such as hunting, shing, and farming, the girls in work such as gathering, child care, and household work. However, because of globalization, virtually all traditional cultures are moving toward industrialization. The result in many countries is that people in traditional cultures, especially adolescents, are being subjected to hard work in terrible conditions for very low pay, such as on commercial farms and planta- tions, in factories, and in prostitution.

What is the evidence that cigarette advertisements are directed mainly at adolescents rather than adults?

Ads present the idea of independence and being cool Effects of advertisement on brand choice was 3 times as more on adolescents vs adults. The three most popular brands are the most heavily promoted.

What is the main way American adolescents' work experiences differ from adolescents' work experience in Europe and in traditional cultures?

American girls in early adolescence work involves child care. Baby-sitting is the most common first job. For boys, is yard. The majority of jobs held by American and Canadian adolescents in high school involve restaurant work or retail sales. These jobs involve a more formal commitment. You are assigned a certain number of hours a week, and you are expected to be there in European countries who work in apprenticeships. Un- like these other adolescents, American adolescents rarely do work that involves a close partnership with an adult who teaches them and provides a model. Unlike these other adolescents the work done by American adolescents does little to prepare them for the kind of work they are likely to be doing as adults. Consequently, few adolescents see their high school jobs as the basis for a future career

Summarize the Notel study and findings.

At the beginning of the study, aggressive behavior was lower among children in Notel than among children in Unitel or Multitel, but aggressive behavior increased signif- icantly among children in Notel after TV was introduced, so that Notel children were equal to their Unitel and Multi- tel peers 2 years after the introduction of TV. However, the study involved children in middle childhood rather than adolescents, and there is no information on how the ado- lescents of the community reacted. overall the research provides only mixed support for the claim that watching violent television causes adolescents to behave aggressively.

What characteristics are associated with successful teaching styles?

Combination of warmth, clear communication, high standards for behavior and moderate level of control

Identify the major theories of media use and describe the Media Practice Model.

Cultivation Theory argues that watching television gradually shapes or "cultivates" a person's worldview, so that over time it comes to resemble the worldview most frequently depicted on TV. In Mean World Syndrome, the more people watch TV, the more they are likely to believe that the world is a dangerous place, that crime rates are high and rising, and that they themselves are at risk for being a victim of a crime. According to Cultivation Theory, they believe this because television often depicts crime and violence on dramas and news shows, which leads viewers to cultivate a view of the world as mean, violent, and dangerous. Social Learning theory, people will be more likely to imitate behaviors they see frequently performed by models who are rewarded or at least not punished. Like the "Bobo doll"

Explain how family influences adolescents' participation in risk taking behavior.

Family factors that contribute to adolescent risk behavior include high conflict and parents who are neglectful, harsh, or inconsistent. Parental monitoring has been found to be an especially important predictor of adolescent delinquency. Other factors involved in risk behavior include friends' influence, school qualities, neighborhood cohesion, and religious beliefs. Individual factors that predict involvement in risk behavior include aggressiveness, sensation seeking, poor school achievement, low impulse control, and optimistic bias.

Why are Western media often more appealing to adolescents in developing countries than their elders?

First, in developing countries around the world, social and economic change has been extremely rapid in the past 50 years. Today's adolescents often have parents and grandparents who grew up in a time when their country had less economic and technological contact with the West, so that these adults are more familiar with and more attached to their native traditions, Second, adolescents are more capable than younger children of exploring the environment outside of the family, so they are better able than younger children to obtain media products that their parents would not have provided for them. Third, adolescence is a time when young people are forming an identity, a sense of themselves and their place in the world. When social and economic change is rapid and they sense that the world of their future is going to be different from the world that has been familiar to their parents and grandparents, they look outside the family for information and instruc- tion on the world they will inhabit and how they might nd a place in it

What was the first country in which industrialization took place and the first to use child and adolescent labor in industrial settings? Explain why the children were first allowed to attend school part time.

Great Britain. legislation was starting child labor laws. but also had to attend class part time and they thought that it would teach them to be compliant and valuable employees.

How does love apply to those in arranged marriages?

However, in the East, where many cultures have a tradi- tion of arranged marriage, much less has been demanded of marriage Commitment comes first, and passion is welcomed if it exists initially or develops eventually, but expectations of intimacy in marriage are modest. On the contrary, people expect to find intimacy mainly with their family of origin—their parents and their siblings—and eventually with their own children. in many cultures the tradition of arranged marriage has become modified. Today in most Eastern cultures, the "semiarranged marriage" is the most common practice This means that parents in uence the mate selection of their children but do not simply decide it without the children's consent.

Distinguish between internalizing and externalizing problems.

Internalizing problems are problems that primarily affect a person's internal world. These include problems such as depression, anxiety, and eating disorders. Internalizing problems tend to go together. For example, adolescents who have an eating disorder are more likely than other adolescents to be depressed. Young peo- ple who have internalizing problems are sometimes called overcontrolled Externalizing problems create dif culties in a person's external world. Types of externalizing problems include delinquency, fighting, substance use, risky driving, and un- protected sex. Like internalizing problems, externalizing problems tend to go together For example, adolescents who fight are more likely than other adolescents to commit crimes; adolescents who have unpro- tected sex are more likely than other adolescents to use sub- stances such as alcohol and marijuana. Young people with externalizing problems are sometimes called undercontrolled

Identify the protective factors associated with resilience.

Many adolescents exhibit resilience despite growing up in high-risk conditions. Some of the key protective fac- tors that promote resilience are high intelligence, high religiosity, and a supportive relationship with one person within or outside of the family. Emerging adulthood may be an especially important period for the expression of re- silience, as it is a time when people are most likely to have the scope of individual choice that may enable them to make decisions that change their lives for the better.

Compare and contrast school-to-work programs in the US and Europe.

Most European countries have a national school-to-work program that coordinates secondary education with the needs of employers, for example through apprenticeships. In the United States, school-to-work programs have been shown to be effective on a relatively small scale, but cur- rently there is little political support for a national school- to-work program.

Why do Asian-American students tend to do better in school?

Parents high expectations for achievement do the best because they tend to be more involved with the child Parenting style - high demanding press and high in responsiveness is the best for students Asian Americans spend only half as much time socializing, compared with adolescents in other ethnic groups. Because they spend less time on part-time em- ployment, less time on socializing, and more nonschool time on academics, Asian Americans have the highest levels of academic achievement of any ethnic group, including Whites.

Summarize cultural variations in rates of sexual behavior in adolescents.

Premarital sex is common in Western European countries, and African countries such as Nigeria and Kenya report rates of premarital sex similar to those in the West. Premarital sex is somewhat less common in South America, although the large differences in reported premarital sex by male and female adolescents in countries such as Brazil and Chile suggest that males exaggerate their sexual activity, or females underreport theirs (or both). Finally, premarital sex is least common in Asian countries such as Japan and South Korea, where the emphasis on female virginity before marriage is still very strong.

Explain 'school climate'.

School climate—the quality of the classroom interactions between teachers and students—affects students' academic performance and their participation in delinquency. The same qualities of warmth and moderate control that are effective in parenting are also effective in schools.

Compare and contrast the forms that secondary school takes today in different regions of the world.

Secondary education around the world varies greatly in terms of availability and quality. Developed countries tend to provide relatively high-quality secondary education for most ado- lescents. Adolescents in developing countries are less likely to complete secondary school and the quality of secondary education available to them is often poor, but the proportion of adolescents enrolled in secondary school is increasing.

Explain the rates and trends of sexual harassment through adolescence.

Sexual and romantic joking and teasing are a common part of adolescents' peer interactions, making it difficult to tell where the border is between harmless joking and harmful harassment. Indeed, the majority of adolescents who report being sexually harassed also report sexually harassing others Over 60% of college students experiences sexual harassment. middle school and high school almost 50%

What are the advantages and disadvantages of smaller school size?

Small school - lies diversity in offerings students more likely to participate in extracurricular activities Scholars agreed minimum school size is between 500-1000 students

Explain Sternberg's theory of love. How does it apply to adolescents? To those in arranged marriages?

Sternberg proposed that different types of love involve combining three fundamental qualities of love in different ways 3 qualities are passion, intimacy, and commitment. Passion involves physical attraction and sexual desire. It is emotional as well as physical. Intimacy involves feelings of closeness and emotional attachment. Commitment is the pledge to love someone over the long run, Commitment is what sustains a long-term relationship through fluctuations in passion and intimacy.

Summarize Super's theory of occupational development and identify its limitations.

Super's widely used theory of occupational development focuses on adolescence and emerging adulthood as an im- portant period containing stages of crystallization, specification, and implementation. 1. Crystallization period 14 to 18 during High School - thinking about what we want to do but is limited based on our community. (In traditional cultures this doesn't exist) 2. Specification 18 to 22 - Go within what you're going to do. 3. implementation 21 to 24 get a job in your field. 4. Stabilization 25 to 35 - stable in job. 5. Consolidation 35 and up - promotion and going up the work ladder

Identify the major theories of media use and describe the Media Practice Model.

The uses and gratications approach depicts young people as active media users rather than as the passive recipients of media stimulation. This approach recognizes that young people vary in the media choices they make and in their re- sponses to the same media experience. The Media Practice Model applies this approach to adolescents. Uses of media among young people include entertainment, identity forma- tion, high sensation, coping, and youth culture identication

Explain Sternberg's theory of love. How does it apply to adolescents? To those in arranged marriages?

These three qualities of love are combined into 7 different forms of love 1. Liking is intimacy alone, without passion or commitment. This is the type of love that characterizes most friendships. Friendships often involve some level of intimacy, but without passion and without an enduring commitment. 2. Infatuation is passion alone, without intimacy or commit- ment. Infatuation involves a great deal of physiological and emotional arousal, and a heightened level of sexual desire, 3. Empty love is commitment alone, without passion or intimacy. This might apply to a couple who have been married for many years and who have lost the passion and intimacy in their relationship but nevertheless remain to- gether. It also could apply to the early stage of marriage in cultures where marriages are arranged by the parents rath- er than chosen by the young people themselves. However, arranged marriages that begin as empty love may eventu- ally develop passion and intimacy. 4. Romantic love combines passion and intimacy, but with- out commitment. This is the kind of love people mean when they talk about being "in love." It is often experienced as intense and joyful, but it rarely lasts long. 5. Companionate love combines intimacy and commitment, but without passion. It may be applied to married or long- term couples whose passion for each other has gradually waned but who have maintained the other qualities of their love. 6. Fatuous (which means "silly" or "foolish") love involves passion and commitment without intimacy. This kind of love would apply to a "whirlwind" courtship where two people meet, fall passionately in love, and get married, all within a few weeks, before they even have time to know each other well. 7. Consummate love integrates all three aspects of love into the ultimate love relationship. Of course, even if consummate love is reached in a relationship, over time passion may fade, intimacy may falter, or commitment may be betrayed. But this is the kind of love that represents the ideal for many people.

Identify the skills adolescents need to learn in order to be prepared for a job in today's economy.

They concluded that six basic skills are necessary for success at these new jobs: • Reading at a ninth-grade level or higher • Doing math at a ninth-grade level or higher • Solving semistructured problems • Communicating effectively orally and in writing • Using a computer for word processing and other tasks • - - Collaborating in diverse groups

What is the current climate in America high schools versus other Western high schools?

We have a pooerer school climate in US right now. Students are physically there but not mentally there.

How are the associations between working and adolescent development influenced by the number of hours per week adolescent's work?

adolescents and work is that adolescents who work are more likely to use alcohol, cigarettes, and other drugs, especially if they work more than 10 hours a week. working more than 20 hours a week was associated with a variety of types of problem behavior, including vandalism, driving while intoxicated, and beating up someone.

Explain how globalization has both positive and negative effects on adolescents' work in traditional cultures.

all traditional cultures today are being influenced by globalization. An important aspect of globalization is economic integration, including expanding trade between countries and increasingly large-scale agriculture and manufacturing in many cultures and countries that have known only small, local, family-based economic activity until very recently. Globalization has certainly conferred some economic benefits on the people in these cultures. Entry into the global economy is usually accompanied by increased access to electricity, which often makes preparing food, obtaining water, washing clothes and other tasks considerably easier. Entry into the global econ- omy is also usually accompanied by increased access to edu- cation and medical care. the transition from a preindustrial economy to the global economy is proving to be problematic in many places. Currently, many people are experiencing not increased comfort and opportunity but brutal work in terrible conditions for miserable pay. And the burden of much of this work is falling on the shoulders of adolescents, mainly those between 10 and 15 years of age, who are more capable than children of doing useful industrial work and less capable than adults of asserting their rights and resisting maltreatment

Describe the use of violent video games by adolescent boys.

boys (ages 12 to 14) used electronic games to experience fantasies of power and fame, and to explore what they perceived to be exciting new situations. The boys enjoyed the social aspect of electronic games, in playing with friends and talking about the games with friends. The boys also said they used electronic games to work through feelings of anger or stress, and that playing the games had a cathartic effect on these negative feelings. They did not believe that playing violent electronic games affected them negatively.

How are boys who watch sexually explicit online movies likely to view women?

boys who watched sexually explicit online movies were more likely than other boys to view women as sex objects

Define romantic harassment. Who experiences romantic harassment? What are the beliefs of those committing the harassment?

breaking up can inspire "romantic harassment" that involves unwanted pursuit of the ex-partner In one study of female American college students two-thirds reported romantic harassment following the breakup of a relationship. Of these, half were classi ed as mild harassment (such as persistent unwanted telephone calls) and half as "stalking" (being threatened by the ex-partner) the persistent use of psychological or physical abuse in an attempt to continue dating someone after they have clearly indicated a desire to terminate a relationship" (p. 261). Using this de nition, the researchers found that over half of female college students had been romantically harassed at some time. Romantic harassment included behavior such as telephoning late at night, repeatedly telephoning the woman at home or at work, systematically watching or following her in public, sending repeated love letters, insulting her, physically attacking her, and even threatening to kill her. According to the men, they were merely trying to break through the woman's resistance and reestablish the love relationship.

According to research, which cultural group has the lowest educational attainment and why?

educational attainment is lower among Latinos than among Whites, Changes that have taken place in urban areas in recent decades have resulted in a combination of dire conditions that are proving difficult to reverse. The changes began with the decline in high- paying, low-skilled manufacturing jobs As economic activity in the inner cities declined, many people followed the movement of jobs out of the cities into the suburbs.

According to Simmons and Blyth (1987) why did students, from grades 6-10, who attended an 8-4 plan versus a 6-3-3 plan more likely to have higher self-esteem?

evidence suggests that the reason for dif culties with school transitions in early adolescence lies not so much in the timing of the transition as in the nature of adolescents' school experiences in most junior high and middle schools, a scholar who has conducted several studies on early adolescents' school experiences, attributes the difficulties of these transitions to the fact that many adolescents find the environment of middle schools and junior high schools alienating and oppressive

Compare and contrast homosexual experience and sexual orientation

homophobia is still pervasive, and the problems faced by LGB adolescents and emerging adults are formida- ble, but young people today seem to be developing a more exible and tolerant view of sexual variability than their par- ents or grandparents did.

What are the keys to success for intervention programs designed to help potential dropouts?

one promising approach is the establishment of alternative schools for students who are at risk for dropping out. The key to the success of the alternative school programs appears to lie in three factors: attention from caring adult staff members who serve as counselors and social workers; low student-teacher ratios, so that each student receives a substantial amount of attention from teachers; and starting the program in middle school, because by high school stu- dents may have fallen too far behind for the interventions to succeed.

How does the Internet provide possibilities for "identity play"?

positive use of the Internet is that it pro- vides adolescents with an opportunity to practice social communication and engage in "identity play," in which they actively choose how to represent themselves in terms of gender, personality, and conversational style. Adolescents who have particular interests or problems not shared by their peers may be able to find like-minded adolescents online

According to Murnane and Levy (2004), how are high schools are failing to connect adolescents to the new economy?

research suggest that it may be wise for administrators of high schools and job-training programs to revise their curricula to t the requirements of the new information- and technology-based economy. Learning to use computer skills is a growing part of the school cur- riculum, not just at the high school level but from grade school on up. The ability to work in diverse groups is also a teachable skill, and certainly practice in such situations in the school setting would help promote the development of this skill.