Psych 136 CH 4 Pavlovian Applications

In treating Peter's fear of rabbits, Mary Cover Jones used a procedure called _____.

counterconditioning

*paraphilia*

"incorrect love";difficult to treat, perhaps because the behavior involved is itself partly the product of numerous trials of classical conditioning

Phobias and symptoms

-fears are diagnosed as phobias when the anxiety or irrational fear of a particular object or situation are extreme enough to interfere with everyday living

Describe Mary Cover Jones' (1924a, 1924b) work in counterconditioning. Define counterconditioning. Be able to recognize and provide original examples of counterconditioning

3y/o Peter was afraid of rabbits, by pairing it with a positive US of crackers and milk, over time they were able to alleviate his fear of rabbits.Counterconditioning - The use of Pavlovian conditioning to reverse the unwanted effects of prior conditioning.Angela has a fear of spiders. She is given an ice cream cone to eat, and exposed to images, then actual live spiders at a distance, progressing as she doesn't show a fear response.

What is conditioned suppression? (CS)

A reduction in the rate of responding due to the non-dependent presentation of an aversive CS.

Explain how *advertising* uses Pavlovian conditioning methods.

Advertisers attempt to do this by pairing products with stimuli that reliably elicit positive emotions stimulus pairings characteristic of Pavlovian conditioning profoundly impact our choices. *Pavlovian conditioning in advertising and induce people to think logically, basing their choices on rational deliberation. Pavlovian conditioning may be able to accomplish even this.* EX)Students were divided into two groups, one of which had music from Grease, and the other a classical Indian song. While the songs were playing the students were shown a picture of a pen (either beige or blue). Students listening to Grease were more likely to pick the pen they saw when they listened to the song, and students listening to classical Indian music were more likely to pick the pen they hadn't been shown. The US is the song, the UR is the feeling is elicits, the CS is coloured pen, the CR is the same feeling the music elicited.

________ said that Pavlov was one of the greatest geniuses of all time

H. G. Wells

Who study human emotion first

John B. Watson : stimuli innately arouse *fear* or other strong emotional reactions, but objects that are paired with those items will come to elicit those emotions emotional reactions, including not only fear but love, hate, and disgust, are largely learned, and they are learned mainly through Pavlovian conditioning. (conditioned emotional responses.)

Be able to provide and recognize original examples of systematic desensitization

Once the pt is relaxed, have them imagine a happy smiling clown with only a small amount of makeup on, doing some normal activity.

One highly readable little book on research methods mentioned in your text is called ____

Psychological Research: An Introduction

conditioned taste aversion or conditioned food avoidance

Sweet water had become a CS for nausea; in other words, its taste made the animals sick; the CS was saccharin and the US was radiation

What is in vivo desensitization?

Systematic desensitization: is a counterconditioning procedure in which feared stimuli are placed on a hierarchy or scale from least to most fearful. The therapist then gives the fearful individual relaxation training and prompts the client to imagine the least fearful stimulus in the hierarchy, while remaining relaxed. The therapist presents the feared stimuli in progressively more intense forms, encouraging the client to maintain a state of relaxation. If the individual becomes fearful, the therapist reintroduces a state of relaxation and the feared stimulus is presented again in a less intense form (as necessary).

What is systematic desensitization?

Systematic desesitization is a gradual imagining of a very weak form the original fear US while the phobic person is relaxed.

If an aversive stimulus, such as a noxious odor, regularly precedes a pleasant stimulus, such as a tasty meal, the former stimulus may lose much of its unpleasant quality.

TRUE

Political campaign ads attempt to use conditioning by pairing their candidate with stimuli that evoke positive emotions and by pairing the opponent candidate with stimuli that evoke negative emotion

TRUE

Be able to provide and recognize original examples of in vivo desensitization.

The goal of systematic desensitization is for the feared stimulus to become a CS for relaxation. In vivo desensitization, which is not discussed in the text, is similar to systematic desensitization except that real feared stimuli, rather than imagined stimuli, are presented. So, for example, when using in vivo desensitization for snake phobia, real snakes would be used rather than imagined snakes. During the initial stage of in vivo desensitization, the client might, for example, go into a building (while relaxed) where a harmless snake was housed in a secure cage.

Describe how öhman and his colleagues (1976) conditioned fear responses to pictures of snakes.

They had college students look at pictures repeatedly until they had habituated/had no more emotional effect measured by a GSR. They then paired the picture exposures with a shock to the hand, which then evoked a fear response again. Eventually exposure to only the pictures once again evoked a fear expression and this continued.

Describe how Staats and Staats (1958) examined the development of ethnic *prejudices* due to Pavlovian conditioning.

They paired words with a negative connotation with different ethnicities, then asked the participants to rate a list of countries by their likability. Those that had been paired with positive words were rated higher, and those with negative rated lower

Explain why your examples qualify as examples of Pavlovian conditioning

This example may actually not work as well in a predominantly white culture as people are less likely to develop a racist view of their own culture/ethnicity. However, the pairing of negative information that most would consider morally reprehensible with an ethnic group can create a negative Pavlovian association.

Harry teaches an advanced painting class. His goal is to teach students to paint more creatively. Harry will probably measure learning as a change in response _____. Group of answer choices

Topography

conditioned suppression (CS) example

Train rat to bar press for food on VI (varied interval) schedule -Uses operant performance to infer Pavlovian conditioning "The conditioned suppression procedure involves a Pavlovian pairing of a CS with an aversive US, such as an electrical shock. It has been used in a number of situations and is especially useful for studying the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear. The researcher begins by training a rat to press a lever for food reinforcement. Once the rat is reliably lever pressing, the researcher presents a CS such as a tone or light, and terminates the CS with a brief foot shock US. Fear is measured by the extent to which the tone elicits a freezing response and thus suppresses the rat's lever pressing"

Studies of taste aversion demonstrate that conditioning can occur despite a long inter-stimulus interval.

True

Provide a theoretical example of a sentence or two from a hypothetical news story that could induce (a) ethnic prejudices and (b) ethnic affinities through Pavlovian conditioning.

Two women were found murdered in the basement of a home owned by a group of four mid-fifties white males. The men are all known business associates and are being investigated for human trafficking.

the drug a person takes is the _____ and the high it produces is the ________.

US, UR

*aversion* therapy

a CS that elicits inappropriate sexual arousal is followed by a noxious US. When such therapy is effective, the stimuli that once elicited sexual arousal no longer do so and may even elicit feelings of anxiety and discomfort

classical conditioning (Pavlovian conditioning)

a type of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response when it is associated with a stimulus that already produces that response EX) Albert with the rat, and then one of the experimenters hit the steel bar with a hammer. After a few pairings of this sort, Albert began to cry and show other signs of fear as soon as he saw the rat. He had learned, through Pavlovian conditioning, to fear white rats.

Your text describes four basic sources of evidence: anecdotal, case study, descriptive study, experimental study. The least reliable of these is _____.

anecdotal

In _____ therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with a negative stimulus such as shock or an emetic drug.

aversion

Darwin suggested that natural selection is analogous to

breeding

Prejudice is an example of a CER, or ____________.term-19

conditioned emotional response

Blue jays usually do not eat Monarch butterflies. This is an example of a(n) _____.

conditioned taste aversion

Research shows that when women receiving chemotherapy return to the hospital, they show _____.

decreased immune functioning

In _______ conditioning the CS and US overlap

delayed

classical conditioning appears to be a way of helping to diagnose several medical disorders, one of which is ___________________

dimentia/Alzheimer's disease/deafness/autism/OCD

conditioned emotional responses.

emotional and physiological responses that develop to a specific object or situation

Peter's fear of a rabbit was established in a laboratory.

false

Work on selective breeding in ______ over a period of 40 years shows that behavioral characteristics can be selectively bred so that the descendants behave more like a different species than like their own ancestors

foxes

Advertisers pair their products with items that arouse

importance of pairings of stimuli on such things as emotional behavior and choice people consider themselves logical, critical thinkers, not influenced by advertising or other influences that arbitrarily couple neutral stimuli with pleasant stimuli music and attractive photos that function as conditional stimuli for pleasant positive emotion

A follow-up of exhibitionists treated by Barry Maletzky with a variation of aversion therapy showed that those who had undergone treatment involuntarily

improved as much as voluntary patients

Unconditional Stimulus (US)

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

Albert became fearful of the rat because the arrival of the rat regularly preceded ________________.

loud noise (classical conditioning)

The cowbird deposits its eggs in the nests of other birds. This is most likely a ________.

modal action pattern

Advertisers pair their products with items that arouse ________________.

positive emotions; Geral Gorn conducted the first experiment on the role of conditioning in marketing

The CS in the Little Albert experiment was a _____.

rat

In ____________ conditioning, the CS and US occur at the same time.

simultaneous

Researchers tried to change the preferences for two brands of _____ but were unsuccessful when the subjects were strongly attached to a brand.

soft drinks

How does Staats and Staats' research provides a clear experimental paradigm for understanding all sorts of personal prejudices and dislikes that are based not in logic and reason, BUT in arbitrary associations between stimuli.

the development of prejudices is emphasized, but prejudices can be reversed using the same procedures. For example, one very difficult problem in schools is the rejection of some children by their peers. Studies have shown that rejected children often do poorly in school because school itself becomes a source of unpleasant experiences. One clever researcher used verbal conditioning to improve the popularity of 4th and 5th grade students who had been rejected by their peers. This was done by pairing the rebuked children's names with positive words while pairing other children's names with neutral words In the research, Early discovered that in subsequent free play sessions, formerly rejected children were accepted in games by their peers, something that had not happened before.

classical conditioning provides explanations for the basic phenomena of drug addiction, the hight, _________, ________, and __________

tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, relapse

Elnora Stuart and colleagues paired slides of pleasant scenes with __________.

toothpaste