psych 14

GRIT

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension-Reduction—a strategy designed to decrease international tensions.

____________ is an unjustifiable, usually negative, attitude toward a group and its members.

Prejudice

equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it.

stereotype

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people.

conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas.

role

a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave.

social trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.

conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard.

passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship.

social-responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.

prejudice

an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action.

Cynthia thinks that her new neighbor is mean and snobbish. This ____________ will likely influence Cynthia to act negatively toward her neighbor.

attitude

The ______________ indicates that, although we often cannot directly control all of our feelings, we can influence our feelings by changing our behavior.

attitudes-follow-behavior principle

This is the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

companionate love

When we adjust our own behavior or thinking so that it coincides with a group standard, we are exhibiting:

conformity.

Following the introduction of school desegregation in the U.S. and the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, white Americans expressed ___________ racial prejudice.

diminishing

attitude

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events.

Groupthink is fueled by a desire for:

harmony.

normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval.

informational social influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality.

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive.

central route persuasion

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts

peripheral route persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness.

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.

Cognitive dissonance theory is MOST helpful in understanding the impact of:

role-playing on attitude change.

_____________ result(s) from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval, whereas _____________ result(s) from a person's willingness to accept other's opinions about reality.

self-disclosure.

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation.

deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity.

outgroup

"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our in-group

ingroup

"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity.

Researchers find that conformity to the group increases when all of the following occur EXCEPT:

one is made to feel secure; these do happen one admires the group's status. C. the group is unanimous. D. one admires the group's status and attractiveness.

social facilitation

stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others.

Hostilities between a riverfront community's two racial subgroups were dramatically reduced when the threat that the river would flood its banks required them to work together to save their town. This best illustrates the impact of:

superordinate goals.

While walking 30 yards from the ocean shoreline, Mr. Hughes heard a swimmer cry for help. However, he continued walking because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates:

the bystander effect.

companionate love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined.

group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group.

Once people have agreed to a small request, they have a tendency to comply with a larger request. This is known as:

the foot-in-the-door phenomenon.

While visiting the Bergin-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian is said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is best explained in terms of:

the just-world phenomenon.

groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives.

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them.

social psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another.

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present.

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition.

social loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable.

just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get.

foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request.

ingroup bias

the tendency to favor our own group.

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs.

cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes

attribution theory

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition.

scapegoat theory

theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame.

The fundamental attribution error involves:

underestimating situational influences on another's behavior.

discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members.

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others.

In terms of the bystander effect, the best odds of our helping someone include all of the following EXCEPT:

we are in a hurry; the rest are C. the victim is similar to us. D. the victim appears to need and deserve help. A. we are in a good mood.