PSYCH 2000 - chapter 6

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert?

emotion (fear/phobia) can be a conditioned response

Learning that occurs while watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say is called ________ learning.

obervational

__________ occurs when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus.

stimulus generalization

Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning?

when a dog rolls over, she gets a treat and is more likely to roll over next time she is given the command

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is REMOVED to INCREASE the future likelihood of a behavior.

negative reinforcement

Which term best describes rewarding successive approximations of a target behavior?

shaping

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus?

extinction

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning.

latent

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes) if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________.

negative reinforcement

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy book being dropped would represent ________. In other words, the conditioned response happens when the door slams, but NOT when the book drops.

stimulus discrimination

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus).

unconditioned response

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable intervals. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience?

variable interval

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this?

variable interval

In operant conditioning, what process describes ADDING something aversive to DECREASE the future likelihood of behavior?

positive punishment

What is the main idea of operant conditioning?

Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments.

Which of the following is NOT true of punishment?

Punishment has no adverse effects or problems

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a/an ________.

conditioned stimulus

Which of the following is an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule?

taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m.

Which schedule of reinforcement is the most powerful and resistant to extinction?

variable ratio