PSYCH 2300 - EXAM 1

What does APA standard 8 deal with?

- IRB - informed consent - deception - debriefing - animal research - research misconduct

Which of the following is Not an example of a being a producer of research? A. Attending a psychological conference B. Adminsitering a questionnaire of PTSD symptoms C. Observing the behavior of rats who have been socially isolated D. Measuring dopamine levels in patients with schizophrenia

A

What is a margin of error? A. A statistical figure that creates a range in which the true value for a population is expected to lie. B. The probability of making a Type I or Type II error. C. A figure that quantifies how good an operational variable characterizes a conceptual variable of interest. D. A value used to determine how strong a correlation is between two variables.

A. A statistical figure that creates a range in which the true value for a population is expected to lie.

Which of the following is an example of basic research? A. An experimental psychologist who examines people's ability to perceive a "sweet" taste B. An industrial-organizational psychologist who is interested in the components of job commitment C. A clinical psychologist who examines the effectiveness of drama therapy in helping children who have been abused D. An educational psychologist who examines how mind-set ("intelligence is innate" or "intelligence can be achieved") affects academic performance

A. An experimental psychologist who examines people's ability to perceive a "sweet" taste

An alternative explanation for an outcome is known as a/an: A. Confound B. Alternative C. Confederate D. Secondary explanation

A. Confound

Lana is writing her first empirical journal article. Although she thinks she knows why she found the results she did, she also wants to mention some alternative explanations for her findings. In which section will she mention these alternative explanations? A. Discussion B. Results C. Method D. Introduction

A. Discussion

An independent variable is one that: A. Is manipulated B. Is measured C. Is kept constant D. Has one level

A. Is manipulated

Occam's razor states that the simplest solution is the best, all things being equal. This speaks to a theory's... A. Parsimony B. Falsifiability C. Theorizing D. Empiricism

A. Parsimony

Which of these is true if a causal claim does NOT meet the criteria of covariance between the variables? A. The claim becomes a Frequency claim B. The claim becomes an Association claim C. The claim still remains a Causal claim D. The claim can no longer be made

A. The claim becomes a Frequency claim

Anderson is reading his morning paper and reads the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked to complete a math test by either a male math major or a female math major. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major compared with a male math major. Which of the following is a constant in this study/headline? A. The sex of the participants B. The effort on math problems C. The sex of the role model D. The number of researchers

A. The sex of the participants

The problem with the Availability Heuristic is which of the following? A. We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of. B. We rely on the opinions of others rather than on our own opinions. C. It keeps us from examining our own experience. D. We will never be right in our conclusions.

A. We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can quickly think of.

A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as __________. a. An IACUC b. An AIRB c. An AWA d. An IRB

An IACUC

Which of the following is an association claim? A. "A majority of Americans like dogs" B. "Owning a dog related to higher life satisfaction" C. "Dog traveled 500 miles to find its owners" D. "Being visited by dogs in the hospital causes decreases in recovery time"

B. "Owning a dog related to higher life satisfaction"

What is the importance of the Theory-Data Cycle? A. Hypotheses setup the experimental design used to test a theory. B. Hypotheses are used to determine whether a theory is supported or not. C. Data is collected to draw a hypothesis. D. Hypotheses determine the limitations of your theory.

B. Hypotheses are used to determine whether a theory is supported or not.

Benjamin is a social psychologist who studies marriage. He believes that marital satisfaction has two components: the ability to trust one's partner and a belief that one can be a good spouse. He conducts a study to test his ideas. Assuming that his data match his theory, which of the following statements should he make? A. "The data prove my theory." B. "My theory is generalizable." C. "The data provide support for my theory." D. "The data complicate my theory."

C. "The data provide support for my theory."

Establishing construct validity would probably be most important for which of the following? A. A measure of obesity B. A measure of the number of seizures a person has per week C. A measure of religiosity D. A measure of blood pressure

C. A measure of religiosity

Which of the following is possible? A. A measure is neither reliable nor valid. B. A measure is both valid and reliable. C. A measure is reliable but not very valid. D. All of the above are possible.

D. All of the above are possible.

Who started phrenology?

Franz Joseph Gall

define basic research

Research that is done specifically to add to our general understanding of psychology (Ex: distinguishing the components of extroversion or predicting the time it takes a person to determine whether an object is a face or another object)

what is a constant

a variable held at one level

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Upon receiving IRB approval, Dr. Kline trusts his graduate student to conduct the study. However, his graduate student does not conduct the study and instead provides Dr. Kline with invented results that support his hypotheses. This is known as which of the following? a. Data fabrication b. Data falsification c. Plagiarism d. Intellectual property destruction

a. Data fabrication

define validity

appropriateness of a conclusion or decision

Which of the following is NOT an example of coercion? a. A researcher telling participants that he will be fired if he unable to recruit at least 50 participants. b. A researcher offering homeless participants $1,000 to participate in a study c. A researcher offering 3 points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study d. A researcher hinting to participants that their employer will be told if they do not participate

c. A researcher offering 3 points of extra credit to college students to participate in a study

Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study? a. Participants were not treated respectfully. b. Participants were harmed. c. Participants were not treated by actual doctors. d. Participants were from a disadvantaged social group.

c. Participants were not treated by actual doctors.

According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection? a. Members of minority racial groups b. Immigrants c. People with Down's syndrome d. College students

c. People with Down's syndrome

The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines have _________ principles and __________ standards. a. 3, 10 b. 3, 8 c. 3, 5 d. 5, 10

d. 5, 10

A correlation-based statistic called __________ is commonly used to determine internal reliability. a. Pearson's r b. Kappa c. A scatterplot d. Cronbach's alpha

d. Cronbach's alpha

What's another word for discriminant validity?

divergent

define causal claim

effect of a manipulated variable on a measured variable

What type of research/treatments should we consume/trust?

evidence-based

define measurement

how we operationalize a construct

how many levels can a variable have?

infinite, but it HAS to have at least 2

What is the Theory-Data cycle? Briefly explain it.

it is a continuous process of evaluation - questions lead to hypotheses - hypotheses lead to collection of data - data either supports or does not support the theory

What type of variable is measured? Manipulated?

measured - DV manipulated - IDV

what does construct validity deal with?

operationalization

define frequency claim

prevalence of a measure in a population

define association claim

relatedness of two measured variables

what is in a review journal article?

review of previous work in a field

What is research in psychology based on? What implications does this have on the evaluation of claims?

scientific methodology - claims can be evaluated rigorously

define empiricism

the approach of collecting data and using it to develop, support, and/or challenge a theory

what do theories provide?

the foundation for testable questions

what did phrenology claim?

the size of the parts of the brain can determine a persons traits

What is the significance of operational and conceptual variables?

they can change how we define and measure a variable

what does it mean/what is the significance of psychologists being empiricists?

they don't just make claims that are not data driven

what is the "bridge" between basic and applied research?

translational research

what must we be wary about as consumers of research?

we must be careful which claims we trust

what are the 3 criteria for causality?

- covariance - internal validity - temporal precedence

A psychiatrist is testing a drug that treats depression. He has given the drug to all his patients and all of them have experienced a decrease in depressive symptoms. Although this is interesting, his experience is limited because he does not have a: A. Reliable way to measure depressive symptoms B. Hypothesis C. Comparison group that did not receive the drug D. Psychotherapy to supplement the drug

C. Comparison group that did not receive the drug

What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic? A. Conclusions drawn from behavioral research are probably true. B. It means that behavioral research involves probability sampling. C. Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases. D. Behavioral research requires multiple studies to be convincing.

C. Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.

Which of the following validities CANNOT be examined in all research claims? A. Construct validity B. Statistical validity C.Internal validity D. External validity

C.Internal validity

who is a consumer of research?

EVERYONE (directly or indirectly)

Which of the statements below are true of IRBs (select all that apply)? - They must include a psychologist as a member - Private research institutions must have IRBs by law - Institutions doing research using federal funding must have IRBs by law - IRBs are responsible for approving research on humans and animals - IRBs must include a community member - IRBs are present to ensure the scientific method is being used properly - IRBs are present to safeguard partcipants' welfare - IRBs are composed of at least 4 people - IRBs are listed under Ethical Standard 8 by the APA - IRBs must include a scientist

- Institutions doing research using federal funding must have IRBs by law - IRBs are present to safeguard partcipants' welfare - IRBs are listed under Ethical Standard 8 by the APA - IRBs must include a scientist

Which of the following are subcategories of quantitative variables? (Select all that apply) - Ratio measures - Operational measuers - Qualitative measures - Nominal measures - Oridnal measures - Interval measures

- Oridnal measures - Interval measures - Ratio measures

what does statistical validity deal with?

- accuracy of measuremen - type 1 & 2 errors

what are the 3 types of research?

- basic - applied - translational

what are the 3 main examples of motivational biases?

- cherry picking - confirmatory hypothesis testing - bias blindspot

what does internal validity deal with?

- confounds - random assignment

what are the 4 types of validity?

- construct - statistical - external - internal

what are the 3 measures of reliability?

- correlation coefficient (r) - interrater (Kappa for categorical) - internal (cronbach's alpha)

what are the 3 types of journal articles?

- empirical - review - meta-analysis

what are the 5 validities to consider?

- face - content - criterion - convergent - discriminant

what are the 2 main problems with basing your beliefs off of intuition?

- faulty thinking - motivational biases

what are the 3 types of claims?

- frequency - association - causal

what are the 3 main examples of faulty thinking?

- good stories - availability heuristic - present/present bias

what is in an empirical journal article?

- initial reports - methods - statistics - results

What are the 2 main problems with basing your beliefs off of experience?

- no comparison group - has confounds

what are the scales of measurement?

- nominal - ordinal - interval - ratio

what is in a meta-analysis?

- quantitative technique - summarizes magnitude of previous results (AKA effect size)

what does external validity deal with?

- representativeness

what are the 3 forms of measurement?

- self-report - observational - psychological

What are the 4 components of good theory?

- supported by data - falsifiable - parsimonious - not attempting to prove anything

what 2 things does measurement affect?

- validity - reliability

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Valencia decides to test the internal reliability of her measure. Which of the following results would make her happy? alpha = -0.98 alpha = 0.95 alpha = -0.03 alpha = 0.10

.95

What are the 5 APA ethical principles?

1. Beneficence and Nonmaleficence 2. Fidelity and Responsibility 3. Integrity 4. Justice 5. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity

Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan's prediction that students who experience all of the three needs will experience greater satisfaction with their psychology class is an example of which of the following? A. A hypothesis B. A theory C. Data D. Research

A. A hypothesis

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. Why is this choice potentially problematic? A. According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection. B. Prisoners do not make good participants since they may not tell the truth. C. Prisoners are unable to give informed consent. D. More prisoners may want to participate than Dr. Kline can actually study.

A. According to the Belmont Report, prisoners are entitled to special protection.

Anderson is reading his morning paper and reads the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked to complete a math test by either a male math major or a female math major. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major compared with a male math major. In this study, the authors were interested in students' math effort. Which of the following would NOT be a reasonable operational definition of math effort? A. An earnest attempt to solve math problems B. The number of math classes taken in college C. A score on a standardized measure of math effort D. The number of math problems students answered correctly

A. An earnest attempt to solve math problems

When reading about a single empirical research study, you would be most likely to find a detailed description of the study's methods and results in which of the following sources? A. An empirical journal article. B. A review journal article. C. The popular press. D. An edited book.

A. An empirical journal article.

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete Dr. Sheffield has decided to test the discriminant validity of his new measure. He has a group of first-time GA attendants complete his measure, and finds that they score higher than a group of people who do not attend the group. Which of the following results would provide evidence for discriminant validity? A. He finds that the GA attendees score higher on his measure than the non-GA attendees. B. He finds that more recent GA joiners score higher than veteran GA attendees, who are more recovered. C. He finds that the measure of gambling is not correlated with a measure of life satisfaction in the same two groups of people. D. He finds that the measure he used is also associated with people's past diagnoses of pathological gambling

A. He finds that the GA attendees score higher on his measure than the non-GA attendees.

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. To test his measure, Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people in Gamblers Anonymous (GA) and another group in Alcoholics Anonymous (AA). He finds that people in the GA group have higher scores on his new measure than people in the AA group. This procedure is known as a: A. Known-groups paradigm B. Group evaluation paradigm C. Test-retest paradigm D. Prediction paradigm

A. Known-groups paradigm

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Valencia calculates a correlation coefficient (r) to examine the relationship between Question 1 and Question 2 and between Question 1 and Question 3. She finds a correlation coefficient of r ? -0.73 between Questions 1 and 2 and a correlation coefficient of r ? 0.74 between Questions 1 and 3. Which of the following is true of her findings? A. There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale. B. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 and Questions 1 and 3 are in the same direction. C. The correlation between Questions 1 and 2 is much weaker than between Questions 1 and 3. D. The negative correlation between Question 1 and Question 2 is bad for Dr. Valencia.

A. There appears to be good internal reliability in the scale

Researchers at a beverage company conclude from an initial study that their new mineral water improves the metabolism and promotes health. Many followup studies conclude that the water has no such benefits. What kind of mistake did the first study make? A. Type I Error; It claimed the water had health benefits when in fact it didn't. B. Type II Error; It claimed the water had health benefits when in fact it didn't. C. Type I Error; It claimed the water had no health benefits when in fact it did. D. Type II Error; It claimed the water had no health benefits when in fact it did.

A. Type I Error; It claimed the water had health benefits when in fact it didn't.

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. If Dr. Sheffield's measure does not actually measure pathological gambling, his measure is said to lack which of the following? A. Validity B. Conceptualization C. Operationalization D. Reliability

A. Validity

Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Deci and Ryan's general statement of how the three needs are related to growth and fulfillment is an example of which of the following? A. A hypothesis B. A theory C. Data D. Research

B. A theory

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to his supervisor, who is also an expert in pathological gambling. His supervisor says that his measure appears to test all the components of pathological gambling, including feeling restless when attempting to stop gambling, jeopardizing jobs in order to keep gambling, and using gambling to escape from problems and a bad mood. Given this information, Dr. Sheffield's measure has evidence of which of the following? A. Discriminant validity B. Content validity C. Criterion validity D. Predictive validity

B. Content validity

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Dr. Valencia is concerned about the validity of the measure of narcissism recommended by her colleague. She sends a copy of the measure to the faculty members in her psychology department to look at and they all tell her it looks like it will measure narcissism. She now has evidence of which of the following? A. Discriminant validity B. Face validity C. Content validity D. Concurrent validity

B. Face validity

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Valencia analyzes the data she gets from her students. She looks for the relationship between each of the individual questions. She sees that participants who agree with Question 1 also agree with Question 3 and disagree with Question 2. This is a test of which of the following? A. Interrater reliability B. Internal reliability C. Test-retest reliability D. Construct reliability

B. Internal reliability

Anderson is reading his morning paper and reads the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked to complete a math test by either a male math major or a female math major. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major compared with a male math major. Which of the following is a variable in this study/headline? A. The sex of the participants B. The sex of the role model C. The major of the participants D. The math test

B. The sex of the role model

Vanessa claims that she sleeps better when she falls asleep to music. She has a comparison group, because she has noticed that she does not listen to music every night, only when she remembers to plug in her iPod. She typically remembers her iPod on nights when she is able to finish studying earlier. What problem do you see in Vanessa's reasoning about sleeping better to music? A. Vanessa's belief that she sleeps better with music is not falsifiable. B. Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner. C. Vanessa is biased because she sleeps in the same bed every night. D. There is no problem with Vanessa's reasoning.

B. Vanessa may be sleeping better because she is less distracted by studying/going to bed sooner.

Anderson is reading his morning paper and reads the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked to complete a math test by either a male math major or a female math major. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major compared with a male math major. In this study, the authors recorded how many math questions (out of 10 questions) participants tried to solve. This is an example of which of the following? A. A constant B. A variable's level C. A measured variable D. A manipulated variable

C. A measured variable

Journals and magazines are similar in all the following ways EXCEPT: A. Both tend to have articles written by several different contributors. B. Both tend to be released monthly or quarterly. C. Both tend to have their articles peer reviewed. D. All of the above are true. E. None of the above are true.

C. Both tend to have their articles peer reviewed.

Sasha believes that she is a nice person. To confirm this, she asks all her friends whether she is a nice person and they all agree that she is. Sasha concludes that she is a nice person and says she has evidence of it. However, she does not ask any of her enemies whether they think she is a nice person. This is an example of which of the following? A. Availability heuristic B. Being swayed by a good story C. Cherry-picking of evidence D. Overconfidence

C. Cherry-picking of evidence

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield has now decided that he wants to test his measure on some university students (who some estimates say have a 6% prevalence rate of compulsive gambling). He has a group of 100 university students complete his measure. He also has them complete two other measures (one that measures addictive behavior in general and one that measures general attitudes toward gambling). He finds that his new measure is positively associated with each of these other measures. This procedure has provided evidence for the _______________ of Dr. Sheffield's measure. A. Content validity B. Predictive validity C. Convergent validity D. Discriminant validity

C. Convergent validity

Which of the following is the reason that scientific journals use peer review? A. It is cost effective. B. It is more efficient/faster. C. It ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality. D. It encourages collaboration among researchers.

C. It ensures that the studies published are of the highest quality.

Patrick is confident that his short-term memory is better than most people's. He knows this because compared with his friends, he can remember more names than they do. Which of the following should we do? A. Believe that his short-term memory is better that most people's because confident people are more often accurate B. Believe that his short-term memory is better than most people's because he has a comparison group C. Not believe that his short-term memory is better than most people's because confidence does not ensure accuracy D. Not believe that his short-term memory is better than most people's because there are few individual differences in short-term memory

C. Not believe that his short-term memory is better than most people's because confidence does not ensure accuracy

When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered? A. Reduction B. Refinement C. Replacement D. Recycling

C. Replacement

Dr. Valencia is considering conducting a study examining whether narcissistic people have poorer social interactions than those who are not narcissistic. One of her first tasks is to determine which of her participants are narcissistic and which are not. She decides to use the scale created by a colleague, the Mayo scale. Question 1 reads, "I tend not to think about other people as much as myself." Question 2 reads, "I do not have a high opinion of myself." Question 3 reads, "I think other people think I am really special." Before using the measure in her study, Dr. Valencia gives the measure to a group of students on Tuesday. She gives the measure to them again on Thursday. She then compares the scores between the two days. This is a test of which of the following? A. Interrater reliability B. Internal reliability C. Test-retest reliability D. Construct reliability

C. Test-retest reliability

Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing? A. The statistical validity of the study B. The internal validity of the study C. The external validity of the study D. The construct validity of the study

C. The external validity of the study

Which of the following would be an example of an observational measure for stress? A. The cortisol (hormone) level of a participant's blood sample B. A participant's rating of their stress on a 1 to 5 scale question C. The number of times a participant is reported yelling by their family members D. The amount of time participants spends tightly clenching their fists

C. The number of times a participant is reported yelling by their family members

Deci and Ryan (1985, 2001) have proposed that there are three fundamental needs that are required for human growth and fulfillment: relatedness, autonomy, and competence. Susan predicts that students who have these needs met in their psychology class feel happier and more satisfied with the class. She collects data and finds that students who feel more related and competent do feel happier but that feeling more autonomous does not seem to matter. Susan thinks that maybe autonomy is only necessary when people are in situations in which they are not being evaluated. Susan's hypothesis was not completely supported by her data. What does this mean? A. Susan must have collected the data incorrectly. B. Susan must have analyzed the data incorrectly. C. The theory may need to be amended. D. The theory is completely wrong.

C. The theory may need to be amended.

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. To address the Belmont Principle of Beneficence, Dr. Kline would need to ask which of the following questions? A. Are the people in my study going to benefit as much as the people not in my study? B. Can the participants in my study give full, informed consent? C. What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants? D. Am I trained sufficiently to conduct this study?

C. What can I do to decrease the potential harm experienced by my participants?

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline is deciding whether he needs to give participants a reason for waking them up several times during the night. He knows that he cannot tell them the real reason, but he is unsure whether he should deceive them (give them a false reason why he is waking them up) or provide them with no cover story at all. Which of the following issues should be considered most heavily when deciding whether or not to use deception? A. Whether his IRB will approve the use of deception B. Whether he can create a convincing story that his participants will believe C. Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception D. Whether his participants will be angry when they find out he used deception

C. Whether he can conduct the study just as well without deception

Dr. Hoda measures job satisfaction and number of years of education. In examining her scatterplot, she sees that the cloud of points has no slope. This indicates which type of relationship? A. Negative association B. Positive association C. Zero association D. There is not enough information to answer this question

C. Zero association

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. As a psychologist who primarily does research, Dr. Kline is most concerned with which APA standard of ethics? A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8

D. 8

Which of the following phrases would indicate that a researcher is making a causal claim? A. Seems to decrease B. Suggests a change C. Enhances D. All of the above would indicate a causal claim

D. All of the above would indicate a causal claim

Ellie is looking for a summary of research on the effects of childhood abuse on adult functioning. Which of the following scientific sources would NOT be an ideal source? A. A meta-analysis B. A review journal article C. A chapter in an edited book D. An empirical journal article

D. An empirical journal article

When reading an empirical journal article "with purpose," why should you read the abstract first? A. Because it is the shortest section B. Because it is written by the journal's editor C. Because it appears in PsycINFO D. Because it provides an overview of the article

D. Because it provides an overview of the article

To evaluate how well a study supports a frequency claim, you need to focus on evaluating which of the following validities? A. Internal validity and construct validity B. Internal validity and external validity C. Statistical validity and external validity D. Construct validity and external validity

D. Construct validity and external validity

Stefan wants to make a causal claim in his dissertation. Which of the following is necessary? A. He must make a frequency claim first. B. He must manipulate his two variables. C. He must measure his two variables. D. He must conduct an experiment.

D. He must conduct an experiment.

The example of the "Mozart effect" in the chapter was used to demonstrate that... A. Music can affect our memories. B. Music composed by Mozart has a unique effect on people's intelligence test scores. C. Media coverage of scientific research is beneficial because the popular media disseminated accurate scientific findings to a wide audience. D. Journalists don't always provide an accurate description of research findings.

D. Journalists don't always provide an accurate description of research findings.

Dr. Stewart is an editor of a psychology journal. She wants to ensure that reviewers give honest reviews of the papers they are asked to read. Which of the following could she do to increase the likelihood of honest feedback? A. Increase the number of peer reviewers B. Give reviewers a longer amount of time to read papers C. Use reviewers from fields other than psychology D. Make sure the identity of peer reviewers is unknown

D. Make sure the identity of peer reviewers is unknown

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report? A. The Principle of Integrity B. The Principle of Respect for Persons C. The Principle of Beneficence D. The Principle of Justice

D. The Principle of Justice

Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering R.E.M. (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter R.E.M. sleep and then he will wake them. After 1 minute of being awake, he plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter R.E.M. sleep again, he wakes them up again and follows the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire 8-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Dr. Kline asks his participants to provide informed consent. Doing this is adhering to which principle of the Belmont Report? A. The Principle of Beneficence B. The Principle of Justice C. The Principle of Integrity D. The Principle of Respect for Persons

D. The Principle of Respect for Persons

Which of the following is true of operational definitions? A. Operational definitions and conceptual definitions are the same thing. B. There is only one operational definition that is possible for each conceptual definition. C. Conceptual definitions are created after operational definitions are determined. D. The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process.

D. The specification of operational definitions is one of the creative aspects of the research process.

Dr. Sheffield is a clinical psychologist who specializes in treating pathological gambling. Pathological gambling is defined as being unable to resist impulses to gamble. Bothered by not having a good measure that he can give to clients to determine whether they are suffering from this condition, he creates a new measure of pathological gambling. The measure has 15 questions and it takes 20 minutes to complete. Dr. Sheffield decides to test the criterion validity of his measure. Dr. Sheffield gives his measure to a group of people that includes suspected problem gamblers and non-gamblers. What additional step from the options below must he do to get evidence for criterion validity? A. Give the measure to a group of people attending Gamblers Anonymous meetings B Give a measure of alcohol addiction to the same group of clients C. Ask the participants to give their opinion on whether the measure is valid D. Two months later, ask the same group of people to report how many times they have gambled recently

D. Two months later, ask the same group of people to report how many times they have gambled recently