psych 242 exam 1 study guide
Fidelity
(establish trust with the people with whom you work)
Beneficence and nonmaleficence
(strive to help and strive to do no harm)
Integrity
(you're upholding a professional standard of conduct, presenting our field in an accurate and honest way)
Broader definition of culture
- any and all potential salient ethnographic, demographic, status or affiliation identities Any group that shares a theme or issues
Cross sectional design
- assess or compare a participant or group of participants at one particular point in time. tend to be easier and more efficient
Microaggressions
- comments or actions made in a cross cultural context that convey prejudicial, negative, or stereotypical beliefs and may suggest dominance or superiority of one group over another
Emic
- differs in that it recognizes and emphasizes culture specific norms Considers clients behaviors thoughts and feelings with the context of the clients own culture rather than imposing norms of another culture on the client
Longitudinal designs
- emphasize changes across time, often making within-group comparisons from one point in time to another, requires more time.
etic
- emphasizes similarities between all people Assumes universality among all people and generally does not attach importance to differences among cultural groups Dominant in early days of psychology
Enforceable
- ethical standards section includes rules of conduct that can mandate minimal levels of behavior and can be specifically violated
Aspirational
- general principles section describes an ideal level of ethical functioning, or what to strive for
External validity
- generalizability of the result- to what extent is the same finding valid for different settings and populations? Sample characteristics Characteristics of research participants do not map onto population ACT+ERP study with only PSYC 101 students Stimulus characteristics Features of study constrain generalizability Highly trained therapists in RCT Reactivity Different response because know they are in a study/assessment Participants always complete H.W. for a DBT study The more controlled and internally valid an efficacy study is the more dissimilar it can become from therapy in the real world
Integration
- in which the individual adopts much of the new culture and retains much of the original
Marginalization
- in which the individual rejects both the new and the original culture
Statistical significance
- indicates a significant difference exists between two groups (those who received treatment and those who did not) Difference scores (pre/post) on a measure are larger than chance The difference between two groups' scores on a measure greater than chance <5% chance the difference score would occur due to random error (e.g., internal/external validity threats) Example: score on a substance abuse measure decreases from 89 to 75 after tx. difference=14 pts Doesn't necessarily mean the two groups differ much in real world terms
Remedial approach to ethics
- involve just doing enough to avoid any trouble that might come from a violation of ethical standards
Within group design
- involves comparisons of participants experience the same condition or conditions
Between group design
- participants in different conditions receive entirely different treatments Often such studies involve two conditions or groups, one of which (the experimental condition) receives the experimental treatment, whereas the other (the control group) does not receive the experimental treatment
Tarasoff case
- poddar said he wanted to kill tarasoff, warned therapist and therapist told police but not tarasoff The duty to warn/protect Informed consent- when you sign something Also need informed consent for assessment, psychotherapy, regarding research "As early as feasible" informing of the client
Clinical significance
- real world, measured more quantitatively Did the intervention have a meaningful impact on functioning?
Internal validity
- refers to the extent to which the change in the dependent variable is due solely to the change in the independent variable History Influence of outside events NCAA championship game (NC has high rate of depression, NCAA would be influential variable) Hurricane harvey Repeated testing Familiarity and memory for response May affect results bc of familiarity Achievement testing/BDI-II Statistical regression Extreme scores move toward mean Post-tx testing of individuals with high anxiety scores Selection biases Recruiting students in 8 am class for tx group and in 2 pm class for control group (might be more tired)
Effectiveness`
- refers to the success of a therapy in actual clinical settings in which client problems span a wider range How well it works in the real world No untreated control group
Mixed group design
- researchers merge the approaches to studying exercise and depression described in the two previous examples
Celia Fisher
- served as chair of the American Psychological Association's Ethics Code Task force Wrote book called decoding the ethics code Proposes model for ethical decision making: Prior to any ethical dilemma arising, make a commitment to doing what is ethically appropriate Become familiar with the american psychological association ethical code Consult any law or professional guidelines relevant of the situation at hand Try to understand the perspectives of various parties affected by the actions you may take. Consult with colleagues (always protecting confidentiality) for additional input and discussion Generate and evaluate your alternatives Select and implement the course of action that seems most ethically appropriate Monitor and evaluate the effectiveness of your course of action Modify and continue to evaluate the ethical plan as necessary
Efficacy
- the success of a particular therapy in a controlled study conducted with clients who were chosen according to particular study criteria Efficacy of a form of therapy is how well it works "in the lab" where it is practiced Individuals receive alternate or no treatment Random assignment to a treatment or controlled group Cognitive behavioral therapy has been listed as a treatment with demonstrated efficacy for panic disorder Aim to minimize any element of the study that may bring into question the causal connection between the treatment and the outcome Bolsters study's internal validity
Tripartite model of personality identity
- three level model in which all levels hold the same degree of importance Individual level- all individuals are like no other individuals Group level- premise is that all individuals are like some individuals Universal level- all individuals are like all other individuals
Narrow definition of culture
- typically point to ethnicity and race as the defining cultural characteristics
Positive approach to ethics
- would involve making every effort to ensure that one's professional behavior was as consistent with ethical principles as possible
Psychotherapy
1940s and 50s this became a significant role in clinical psychology Psychodynamic approach dominated (behavioralism surfaced and so did the humanistic or "client centered" approach
Mcfall's manifesto
1991 Talking about quality control in the psychology field, proposing a manifesto to make training and standards more universal The cardinal principle: scientifical clinical psychology is the only legitimate and acceptable form of clinical psychology The boulder model of training is misleading because: there is no difference between science and practice. The boulder model is clinical training, but there is more to it Clinicians must insure their practice is both scientific and clinical The only form of legitimate clinical psychology is one that has practice and science The first corollary: psychological services should not be administered to the public (except under strict experimental control) until they have satisfied these four criteria The exact nature of the service must be described clearly The claimed benefits of the service must be stated explicitly These claimed benefits must be validated scientifically Possible negative side effects that might outweigh any benefits must be ruled out empirically Second corollary: the primary and overriding objective of doctoral training programs in clinical psychology must be to produce the most competent clinical scientists possible
Training (for clinical psychologist)-
6-8 years Doctoral degree (Phd. or Psy.D.) 5-7 years psyd - more for people who don't want to do research, not typically in university setting Phd- learning to be a researcher who does clinical practice Predoctoral internship- 1 year Focused primarily on clinical work Postdoctoral work- 1 year (year of supervised experience) Licensure- take a couple of different exams to become licensed to practice
Which of the following statements best represents Lilienfeld's argument that eliminative reductionism has undermined the scientific value of the field of psychology as a whole? A. Neuroscience can explain everything related to thoughts, emotions, and behaviors; so, other subfields of psychology are superfluous. B. There is no need for psychology because everything about humans can be explained by common sense. C. Psychologists have been reduced to only studying "soft sciences" so their contributions are irrelevant. D. There is a reduction in the need for psychological services because medical doctors are capable of handling all psychopathology.
A. Neuroscience can explain everything related to thoughts, emotions, and behaviors; so, other subfields of psychology are superfluous.
Meta-analyses provide data that represent _______________. A. the summation of findings from multiple separate studies. B. changes in subjects across time. C. common qualities among groups of people. D. unique qualities of individual subjects across multiple studies.
A. the summation of findings from multiple separate studies.
Professional counselors
Aka LPC's, counselors Earn a master's degree Complete training in two years Little emphasis on psychological testing or conducting research Providing service to clients Specialize in areas such as career, school, addiction, couple/family, or college counseling.
Eli Todd (1762-1832)
American Let patients have input in their own decisions
.William Tuke (1732-1822)
Appalled by asylums- devoted life to changing these conditions and treating the mentally ill with respect Called his facility a "retreat"`
General principles
Aspirational-describe an ideal level of ethical functioning or how psychologists should strive to conduct themselves. Offer more broad descriptions of exemplary ethical behavior 5 general principles Ethical principles Beneficence and nonmaleficence "Psychologists strive to benefit those with whom they work and take care to do no harm" Fidelity and responsibility "Psychologists establish relationships of trust with those with whom they work. They are aware of their professional and scientific responsibilities to society and to the specific communities in which they work" Integrity "Psychologists seek to promote accuracy, honesty, and truthfulness in the science, teaching and practice of psychology" Justice "Psychologists recognize that fairness and justice entitle all persons to access and benefit from the contributions of psychology and to equal quality in the processes, procedures, and services, being conducted by psychologists" Respect for people's rights and dignity "Psychologists respect the dignity and worth of all people, and the rights of individuals to privacy, confidentiality, and self-determination"
A call for research
Assessment Empirically based behavioral rating scales for children Refinement of the MMPI (into the MMPI-II) DSM-III- specific criteria to improve reliability Current professional developments
Three primary components to multicultural competence as applied to clinical/counseling work
Awareness, knowledge and skills
If a study has statistical significance then it will also have clinical significance. A. True B. False
B. False
Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons proposed by Lilienfeld that laypeople do not consider psychology a "science?" A. Individuals believe that daily life experiences and commonsense are adequate training in psychology. B. Individuals believe that the label "science" should only be reserved for chemistry, biology, and physics. C. The majority of individuals do not agree that psychology uses scientific methods to understand the way people behave. D. Psychology is viewed as having less rigorous scientific standards than other "hard sciences."
B. Individuals believe that the label "science" should only be reserved for chemistry, biology, and physics.
In what way has the "familiarity" heuristic impacted the perception people have of psychology as a "difficult science?" A. Everyone knows someone with a mental illness, so everyone feels like an expert. B. Individuals have a lot of experience with their emotions, behaviors, and interacting with others, so it seems easier to understand. C. Because so many theories seem like common sense, the field does not seem difficult. D. Students usually make high grades in psychology courses so it is perceived as easier.
B. Individuals have a lot of experience with their emotions, behaviors, and interacting with others, so it seems easier to understand.
cheating case points of consideration
Beneficence vs. maleficence- harm to boyfriend vs. harm to girlfriend Fidelity- trusting relationship with male client/female client Responsibility- upholding ethical boundary of confidentiality? Respect for people's rights- boyfriend's autonomous decisions 4.01 confidentiality 10.01 and 10.02- therapy Informed consent Therapy with couples- establish roles, communication of information, what information will be shared, etc.
Which of the following accurately describes a primary role of a social worker? A. Conduct psychological assessments B. Conduct empirical studies to examine the effectiveness of different forms of therapy C. Assist clients who have mental health needs by identifying and connecting them with resources in the community (e.g., employment, housing, outpatient treatment providers) D. Prescribe medications for individuals with less severe psychopathology (e.g., mild anxiety, mild depression).
C. Assist clients who have mental health needs by identifying and connecting them with resources in the community (e.g., employment, housing, outpatient treatment providers)
Pignotti eventually began to doubt the scientific validity of TFT. Which of the following was NOT one of her areas of doubt? A. People who were not benefitting from TFT and VT were having their failures explained away with ad hoc hypotheses. B. Misrepresentation of data in the literature to spin it such that TFT was shown to be significantly more effective than other therapies. C. Callahan was noted to be a con artist who did not practice what he preached and was only interested in tricking people to try TFT to earn money. D. Grandiose claims of success that were not supported by empirical evidence.
C. Callahan was noted to be a con artist who did not practice what he preached and was only interested in tricking people to try TFT to earn money.
Case studies take which of the following approaches to studying clinical phenomena? A. Analogue B. Cross-sectional C. Idiographic D. Nomothetic
C. Idiographic
School psychologists are most likely to engage in which of the following clinical activities:? A. Diagnostic interviews B. Long-term therapy C. Intellectual assessment D. Teacher evaluations
C. Intellectual assessment
In which of the following settings are clinical psychologists most likely to work? A. University Psychology Departments (e.g., academia) B. University Counseling Centers C. Private Practice D. Psychiatric Hospitals
C. Private Practice
Efficacy is to _______________ as effectiveness is to _________________. A. within-groups design; between-groups design B. between-groups design; within-groups design C. internal validity; external validity D. external validity; internal validity
C. internal validity; external validity
The "birth" of clinical psychology
Categorizing mental illness was hard Intervention-sigmund freud Late 1800s First systematically developed psychotherapeutic techniques Assessment- Eli Kraepelin Father of descriptive psychiatry Gave terminology to mental disorders Eventually led to to the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM) 1899 Analyzed symptom similarities and differences among large groups of people Co occurring symptoms=syndromes
confidentiality: other issues
Children More open if assured parents won't know Parents have right to be informed Discuss what will be shared/ not shared up front Forensic No confidentiality court/third party has access to all information Forensic warning Research Participants data needs to be secured/coded for confidentiality
We're not
Counseling psychologists Less severe presenting problems Not as common in inpatient hospitals University counseling centers School psychologists Tend to work in schools More limited professional focus (learning needs and disabilities) School-related assessment School- based prevention programs Social workers Emphasize societal factors in clients' problems Master's degree to practice Training emphasizes fieldwork over formalized assessment and research Discharge planning Advocacy Case management Policy development More flexibility in job than counseling masters They are the top level, can work in more severe units (hospitals with eating disorders, schizophrenia, etc) eating disorders, schizophrenia, etc) counselors/therapists Master's degree Less severe psychological issues vocational/career counseling Daily stressors Life transitions Psychiatrists Medical degrees/physicians Limited "psychiatric" training in medical school 5 year psychiatric residency Emphasize physiological/biochemical systems to explain psychopathology Utilize pharmaceutical interventions Prescription privileges PCP's provide more mental health services than any healthcare profession Limited training in research/assessment/psychotherapy/cognition/development
Tommy was referred for treatment for ADHD. His psychologist recommended gathering baseline data on his behaviors, providing him with medication and evaluating his behaviors, removing the medication to reevaluate his behavior, and then providing him with medication again and evaluating his behavior. This "outcome study" best reflects which design? A. quasi-experiment B. analogue C. meta-analysis D. ABAB
D. ABAB
Professional counselors are more likely to have what type of educational training compared to clinical psychologists? A. Ph.D. in Counseling Psychology B. Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology C. Psy.D. in Counseling D. Master's Degree in Counseling
D. Master's Degree in Counseling
Which of the following is NOT a fundamental training difference between psychiatrists and clinical psychologists? A. Psychiatrists go to medical school whereas clinical psychologists go to a doctoral graduate program. B. Psychiatrists typically emphasize the biological etiology (i.e., cause) of mental illness whereas clinical psychologists usually consider multiple etiologies (e.g., biological, social, behavioral). C. Psychiatrists first approach to treatment is typically medication whereas most clinical psychologists do not prescribe medications. D. Psychiatrists are only able to treat mild pscyhopathology whereas clinical psychologists treat severe psychopathology.
D. Psychiatrists are only able to treat mild pscyhopathology whereas clinical psychologists treat severe psychopathology.
Which of the following did Lilienfeld NOT discuss as a negative effect of public skepticism of psychology? A. Individuals are reluctant to seek help from mental health professionals. B. Psychology has been overlooked for national funding. C. The misunderstanding of psychological research by laypeople and politicians. D. The decline in students who wish to pursue careers in psychology.
D. The decline in students who wish to pursue careers in psychology.
pre 1700s view of mental illness
Demonic possession Hippocrates (~400 B.C.) was an exception Biopsychological model
Assessment methods
Development, validation or expanded use of new instruments; the establishment of normative data for specific populations on an assessment tool; a comparison of multiple assessment tools to one another; or other research questions. Diagnostic issues Explore issues of diagnosis and categorization regarding psychological problems Professional issues Examine elements of their own profession through empirical research Teaching and training issues Pursue research questions related to how to educate those entering the profession
chronology of clinical psychology
Did not exist till the turn of the 20th century Moral treatment First clinic War Biological reductionism
Assessment of intelligence
Edward Lee Thorndike Each person possesses independent intelligences Charles Spearman Led a group of theorists who argued for the existence of "g" a general intelligence thought to overlap with other abilities
Social workers
Focused work on the interaction between an individual and the components of society that may contribute to or alleviate the individual's problems. See clients products as products of social ills- racism, sexism, poverty, abuse, etc. Connect them with social services: welfare agencies, disability offices, job training sites. Are more involved in clients world (visit home or workplace) Help with transitioning Earn a master's degree rather than a doctorate
Psychiatrists
Go to medical school and are licensed as physicians Allowed to prescribe medicine Clinical psychologists= appreciate biological aspects psychiatrists= emphasizes biology to the extent that disorders are viewed as psychological abnormalities in the brain Tend to fix with medicine Favor medicine more
measuring therapy outcome: essential questions
How should psychotherapy outcome be measured Questionnaires and written surveys interview and direct observation of the client in or out of therapy sessions What should be measured when assessing psychotherapy outcome What aspects do we hope to change about the client Must consider which outcome is most important for the study When should the outcome be measured Could be immediate Or at follow ups after a week, month or even year Who should rate the outcomes Clients are not always as reliable The therapist Family members, friends, spouses, law enforcement
Multiple relationships
If the dual role makes it difficult for the psychologist to remain objective, competent or effective Exploitation or harm to the client Therapist client relationship is characterized by unequal power
confidentiality (4.01)
In general, psychologists are ethically obligated to maintain confidentiality Jaffee vs. Redmond Exceptions: suicidal thoughts, child abuse, elder abuse, duty to warn (Tarasoff) 4.04- minimize intrusion on privacy disclose only for scientific/professional purposes and only with persons clearly concerned with such matters 4.05- disclosures Only for a valid purpose such as to: 1) provide needed professional services, 2) obtain appropriate professional consultations, 3) protect the client/patient, psychologist, or others from harm 4) or obtain payment for services (cannot break confidentiality and complain to the bank if payment is late) 4.06- consulting with colleagues Do not reveal identifying information; reveal only to extent necessary to achieve purposes of consultation
Ethical standards
Includes enforceable rules of conduct If a psychologist is found guilty of an ethical violation it is a standard (not a principle) that has been violated) More specific than general principles Applies to a more targeted aspect of professional activity 10 categories including 89 individual standards Resolving ethical issues Competence- those who are sufficiently capable, skilled, experienced and expert to adequately complete the professional tasks they undertake. Not having a doctoral degree or license in psychology does not automatically make you competent Continuing education Cultural competence Burnout-refers to a state of exhaustion that relates to engaging continually in emotionally demanding work that exceeds normal stresses or psychological "wear and tear" of the job. Human relations Privacy and confidentiality Advertising and other public statements Record keeping and fees Education and training Research and publication Assessment Therapy
the experimental method
Independent variables are those variables in the study that are manipulator Dependent variables are those variables that are expected to change as a result of changes in the independent variable Experimental studies often take the form of randomized clinical trials (RCTS) Test the outcome of a particular manualized therapy on a particular diagnosis Begins with recruitment and selection of participants who meet the criteria for the diagnosis Then each participant is randomly assigned to a group that receives the therapy or another group that does not receive the therapy The target variables are assessed at the outset and at the end of the study Pros Random assignment manipulation/control of variables Cons External validity threats Not generalizable- that much control takes away from how much life naturally works
case studies
Involve a thorough and detailed examination of one person or situation Typically they include descriptive observations of an individual's behavior and an attempt by the researcher to interpret it Idiographic approach- emphasizing or revealing the unique qualities of each person to the nomothetic approach They are not experiments Pros Unique phenomena Generate hypothesis Cons Internal validity threats Lack of control External validity threats Not generalizable Examples Using ERP with dissociative identity disorder Using CBT with child- onset schizophrenia
Cultural competence
Knowledge of diverse cultures Appreciation of heterogeneity within groups (e.g., the south) The role of acculturation Awareness of and efforts to combat microaggressions Cultural self- awareness
quasi-experiments
Less scientifically sound than experimental designs; nonetheless, they are frequently used in clinical psychology Ex: looking at therapy for overcoming phobias Does not have complete random assignment (to be a true experiment, it must have completely random assignment)
Philippe Pinel (1745-1826)
Liberator of mentally ill in france Mentally ill are not possessed by devils
late 1700s
Moral therapy Pinel/tuke
meta analysis
Most powerful tool used by clinical psychologists A statistical method of combining results of separate studies to create a summation of the findings Should incorporate all of these steps Formulate the research question, including reasonable important testable hypothesis Obtain a representative study sample. Determine and explain the criteria by which individual studies will be included or excluded. Consider unpublished reports as well as published Obtain information from individual studies. Take into account the specific methodology of each individual study and ensure that reliability is adequate when coding previous findings Conduct appropriate analysis. When combining effect sizes from individual studies assign appropriate weights to each, such that a larger scale studies count more than small scale studies Reach conclusions and offer suggestions for future research
vignette about husband and wife (husband with a gun and is violent) Points of consideration
Nonmaleficence- harm to female vs. male client Fidelity- establishing trust with male client Integrity- promote honesty? Are we being honest if we don't report relevant clinical information? Respect for people's rights-autonomous decisions 1.02- conflicts between law/ethics Is it illegal to not report a crime? 4.01- maintaining confidentiality 4.05-disclosure Discuss limits early!!!
Dorothea Dix (1802-1887)
Not enough hospitals to treat mentally ill More than 30 state institutions for the mentally ill
Julea ward case points of consideration
Points of consideration Justice-all persons access to services Benefice and nonmaleficence- julea may not have wanted to harm the client with her biases, also maybe she couldn't relate and be helpful Respect for people's rights- respecting client's right to have their own beliefs in how their sexuality works Fidelity- could a relationship of trust be established? 2.01 (b)- boundaries of competence Practice only within boundaries of competence When an understanding of sexual orientation is "essential for effective" services, the psychologist obtains necessary training/supervision/etc or makes an appropriate referral Comfort vs competence (willing to gain competence) 3.01- unfair discrimination- do not engage in discimination based on sexual orientation 3.06- conflict of interest- psychologists refrain from taking on a professional role when personal interests could impair their objectivity, competence, or effectiveness
challenges/ criticism of EBP
Presentation of statistical results Effect size Empirically supported (vs unsupported) Proposed statistics Percent recovered/percent improved Residual post-treatment symptomatology Sustained efficacy
School Psychologists
Primary function is to enhance the intellectual emotional social and developmental lives of students Frequently conduct psychological testing Develop programs for educational and emotional needs of students Consult adults involved in students lives
A-B; ABAB
Pros More internal control (vs. case study) Standardized measures Operational variables Cons External validity threats Not generalizable Removing treatment- unethical (depressed person)
Doing what (clinical psych)
Psychotherapy Applied and basic research Assessments Consultation- help lawyers choose jury's, sesame street first aspergers character teaching/supervision
Publication Bias
Publish significance File-drawer problem Presenting information in a deceptive manner Highlighting less prominent, but significant results Withholding all studies that were not significant Reworking hypothesis
What do we mean by "culture"
Race, religion, nationality Gender Sexual orientation Socioeconomic status Age Specific individual circumstances Examples? Subcultures and interacting cultural variables The white south Dallas, texas- "rich south" Greenbow, alabama- "redneck south" Lafayette, Louisiana- "cajun south
Justice (treating everyone fairly and equally, everyone has equal access to services, be aware of your biases)
Respect for people's rights (have autonomy, respect everyone's right to make their own decisions)
Counseling psychologists
Significant overlap between counseling psychologists and clinical psychologists Historically clinically=more disturbed patients counseling= less pathological clients Graduate students occupy the same internships Differences clinical= more disturbed patients, hospitals, psychiatric units counseling= less disturbed, more university setting Both endorse the eclectic orientation more than any other, but clinical endorses behaviorism more strongly, counseling endorse humanistic/client-centered approaches counseling= vocational testing and career counseling, clinical= interested in applications of psychology to medical settings
managed care and ethics
Some managed care companies pressure their therapists to not use all resources to save money (therapists caught in tug of war) Clients must be diagnosed with a DSM disorder for their managed care companies to pay for treatment Pressure to falsely assign Technology- when therapy is done via computer, the clinical psychologist and client may not be able to fully appreciate all aspects of communication Gives rise to concerns about confidentiality
Heterogeneity in every culture
Stems from differences in acculturation- when people find themselves in a new cultural environment they may respond in a variety of ways, especially with regard to adopting elements of the new culture or retaining elements of their original culture
Hindsight bias
Tend to say you already knew something after hearing the results
ethics in clinical assessment
Test selection- psychologist's competence, clients culture, language and age, test reliability and validity Rest security- psychologists should prevent the questions, items and other test materials they use from the public domain Test data- raw data the client provided during the assessment Can release test data
Lightner Witmer (1867-1956)
The father of clinical psychology In the late 1800s psychologists didn't practice, they studied Birth name: david Opened first clinic at upenn Worked with children whose problems were in school setting with learning and behavior Said psych should be for everyone- not just the crazies Defined psychology as related to medicine, education and social work But said not just anyone should be allowed to practice clinical psychology, should be a professional Founder of school psychology studied under James McKeen Cattell Used psychology to HELP people Critical, impolite, argumentative Targets included APA, peers, field of psychology Ideas not testable; presented theories as facts, not hypotheses Ideas were ahead of the time and against mainstream ideas A few raised eyebrows at APA
Multiple baseline
Treatment applied at different locations; time periods; different people Helps prevent maturation effect (effect of time)
work settings clinical psychologists
Universities Can still do research and treatment, but others also teach VAMC's Number one employer of psychologists in the united states (PTSD, veterans, behavioral health, there is one in durham) Private practice Individual, group practice, group therapy Less severe mental illness General hospitals Can work on a treatment team Health services Psychiatric hospitals In butner NC Where individuals who cannot take care of themselves are sent until they can take care of themselves More severe psychological disorders
The role of IQ testing.. And war
WWI (1914-1918) Quickly evaluate "mental fitness" of military recruits Army alpha (verbal, could read, higher intelligence) and army beta (nonverbal, couldn't read) First time we tested mental age vs chronological age Standardization and normative comparison Discipline of clinical psychology officially recognized 1919
Another war... more clinical psychology
WWII- veterans needed counseling (shellshock) Large influx from europe to US of psychologists (such as freud) Not enough psychiatrists so turned to clinical psychologists VA veterans founded training programs for psychologists 1949 the boulder conference The boulder model Psychologists should both be researcher and physician) 1940s-1960s Significant growth in clinical psychology New therapies (behavioral, experiential) New tests (personality) First DSM published in 1952 Women and minorities stated becoming psychologists Insurance started covering Challenging the status quo Assessment- clinical vs statistical (Meehl)- use both! Personality v s environment (mischel)- emphasize past behavior and situational factors, not as much personality, used behavioral approaches Intervention Eysenck vs psychotherapy 1952 critical analysis of people using psychodynamic therapy vs no therapy, realized there was no difference
analogue designs
When clinical psychologists seek to study clinical populations or situations but are unable to access them adequately they might conduct an analogue design Involves the approximation of the target claim or situation as a substitute for the "real thing" Involves participants whose characteristics resemble but don't exactly match the target populations
correlational methods
When neither an experiment nor a quasi-experiment is plausible Examine the relationship that exists between two or more variables Do not identify variables as either independent or dependent Cannot conclude that one variable causes causes changes in another Pros Good external validity No manipulated variables Descriptive Identifying relationships between variables Generate hypothesis based on conceptual relationships Cons Internal validity threats Lack of control No causality No manipulation, no random assignment Can be a third variable influence (ex: therapy, maybe just talking in general about feelings) Example Comparing the achievement test scores of individuals with autism spectrum disorder who received early intervention to individuals with ASD who did not receive early intervention Too many possible other variables
mid 1800s
dorothea dix
What is EBP?
evidence based practice: EBP leads to clinical practice guidelines How is the empirical evidence best translated into practice Empirically supported treatments (EST)
Assimilation-
in which the individual adopts much of the new culture and abandons much of the original
Separation-
in which the individual rejects much of the new culture and retains much of the original
