(PSYCH 266) Chapter 1 Review

In the nature-nurture issue, nature refers to an organism's _____, nurture to its _____.

biological inheritance; environmental experiences

According to Piaget's theory, two processes underlie children's cognitive construction of the world:

organization and adaptation

Piaget's four stages of cognitive development

start at birth and continue through adulthood

Two-year-old Julia is learning to talk, and her parents would say that her favorite word is "no." This would be considered normal for a child in Erik Erikson's life-span stage of

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Vygotsky's theory emphasizes how _____ guide(s) cognitive development.

Culture and social interaction

Hidalgo, at 8 years old, is very good at addition and subtraction but has a hard time understanding the complex algebraic problems that his 14-year-old sister does. Hidalgo is currently in which of Jean Piaget's stages of development?

Concrete operational

Roger looks back on his life and feels that he failed to reach his potential, squandered opportunities, and hurt a lot of people. At 82 years of age, he knows it is too late to make amends. Roger is slipping into

Despair

The _____ consists of links between a social setting in which an individual does not have an active role and the individual's immediate context.

Exosystem

Sandrine is now able to use abstract thought as well as logic. Piaget would say that she is in the _____ stage of development.

Formal operational

Jessica, 16, is in the process of deciding what she wants to study in college. She wants to be an engineer one day and a painter the next day. Erik Erikson would say Jessica is in the _____ stage of development.

Identity versus identity confusion

The elementary school years, in which children need to direct their energy toward mastering knowledge and intellectual skills, is when Erikson's stage of _____ takes place.

Industry versus inferiority

During early adulthood, Erik Erikson's developmental stage of _____ occurs.

Intimacy versus Isolation

Caitlin, age 25, has a good job as a financial analyst but she has few friends and has had no success in dating. She admits that being close to others is a problem for her. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, Caitlin is at risk of reaching the state of

Isolation

In Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental theory, which of the following is true of the sensorimotor stage?

It lasts from birth to about 2 years of age

The _____ involves the culture in which individuals live.

Macrosystem

The _____ involves relations between microsystems, or connections between contexts.

Mesosystem

According to Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory, a person's family, peers, school, and neighborhood constitute his or her

Microsystem

Johnny is attempting to resolve the crisis of initiative versus guilt. According to Erik Erikson, he is most likely in

Preschool (third stage; occurs in children ages 3-6)

Human infants go through an attachment period. John Bowlby calls this a _____ period, meaning that for optimal development attachment should occur during this period.

Sensitive

McKenzie, age 2, wants to do everything on her own. Her mother punishes her when she attempts to pour her own milk or tries to answer the phone. Erikson would say that McKenzie is likely to develop a sense of

Shame and doubt

According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory, a lifelong expectation that the world will be a good and pleasant place to live sets in during the _____ stage.

Trust versus mistrust

Kelly responds to her infant's needs in a consistent and timely way. When he is tired she puts him down for a nap, and when he is hungry she feeds him. Erikson would say that Kelly is helping her son to develop a sense of

Trust

Erik Erikson's developmental theory consists of _____ stages that last from the first year of life to _____.

eight; late adulthood

The term generativity as described in Erikson's seventh stage of development primarily reflects a concern for

helping the younger generation to develop and lead useful lives

The first stage in Erikson's theory is

trust versus mistrust

Edwin was a neglected child in his infancy. Now, at 31 years of age, he is highly cynical about the world and feels that no one can be relied upon. In his relationship, he is suspicious toward his partner, and these feelings eventually lead to the breakup of the relationship. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, this indicates that Edwin did not successfully resolve the _____ stage of development, which in turn is causing him to experience _____ in his current developmental stage.

trust versus mistrust; isolation