Psych 3

Jim overhears a classmate explaining toa friend that peopleare free to do what theychoose with theirlives and that the meaning of theirlives is whattheygive to it. He further explains that peoplehave unique ways of looking at the world, known as unique frame of reference. The classmate is describing the views of

Carl Rogers

_____ refers to the reasonably stable patterns of emotions, motives, and behavior that distinguish one person from another

Personality

Mark sees an attacker approaching him with a knife. During his reaction, he experiences increased energy and a faster heart rate. This is caused most directly by

adrenaline and noradrenaline.

While crossing the street Jennifer looks to her left and sees an oncoming truck. She first experiences the

alarm reaction.

Vaccinations often introduce a small amount of antigen so the immune system produces _________, which remain in the bloodstream for years to fight off the disease in case of re-exposure.

antibodies

Kristen has a cold, and her body reacts to the virus in her system. This virus is considered a(n)

antigen.

Gender differences in response to stress are thought to be related to _________.

hormones

Which of the following targets cognitions to reduce the state of arousal caused by stress?

meditation

Which of the following is true concerning African Americans and cancer?

more likely to contract most forms of cancer than European Americans

Lili has a headache after a day of frustrating events. Most likely she is experiencing a ________ headache.

muscle-tension

Greg becomes a chain smoker in his early teens. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, he is fixated at the _____.

oral stage

Jesse has migraine headaches. Which of the following is characteristic of migraine headaches?

perception of unusual odors

Which group is more likely to commit suicide when depressed?

perfectionists

Mariana is a 14-year-old girl dating a 19-year-old boy. Her parents are unhappy and forbid her from meeting him. She fights with them regularly because she believes that she loves him. She even threatens to run away with him. This scenario best represents Mariana's _____

personal fable

Katie studies the relationship between psychological factors and the workings of the immune system. This field of study is called

psychoneuroimmunology.

Nicholas develops a new assessment tool to measure the psychological concept of extraversion. He finds that individuals who take the test repeatedly tend to score similarly each time. Which dimension of assessment has Nicholas established?

reliability

13-year-old Judy is poor at math. Her teacher, Ms. Kobes,helps her out by providing her with a list of tips and tricks that she can use to become more proficient at the subject. According to Vygotsky, Ms. Kobes is using _____ to help the child.

scaffolding

A _________ is a pattern of action or a "mental structure" involved in acquiring or organizing knowledge.

schema

According to Ainsworth, securely attached children

seek interaction with their mothers upon reunion.

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called _________.

self-actualization

Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called _____ by social cognitive theorists.

self-efficacy expectations

According to Carl Rogers, _________ refer(s) to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming

self-ideals

Which of the following is a focus of Erikson's theory?

social relationships

According to Piaget, children in the formal operational stage of cognitive development have

the ability to hypothesize

According to research performed by Kohlberg, children at the preconventionallevel base their moral judgments on _____

the consequences of behavior

Nadine has a newborn baby boy. The first time her husband turned on the television,the baby drew up his legs and arched his back in response to the sudden noise.In this scenario, the baby exhibited the _____.

Moro reflex

Edgar was upset about something a friend said to him the previous day. He figured that he'd better not mention it to this friend because then this friend would be angry with him. This is an example of the effects of ________ on stress.

irrational thoughts

____ is also termed as modeling.

observational learning

According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____.

reality principle

Kathy hurt her back. She is afraid to go to the doctor because she is worried it is serious, but she is also concerned that it will only worsen without treatment. This is

avoidance-avoidance conflict

The social cognitive theory is criticized because _________.

it pays less attention to genetic variation in explaining individual differences in behavior

Which of the following is consistent with Erikson's stage of ego integrity versus despair?

People focus on letting go and accepting their place in the sweep of history.

Paul is concerned about his risk for cancer. Which of the following is true of the development of cancer?

People normally develop cancerous cells.

Illness and disease are affected

by genetic predispositions

The development of mutant cells that take root in the body is known as

cancer.

Psychological hardiness is characterized by

challenge, commitment, and control.

The preoperational stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is characterized by:

children attributing life and consciousness to physical objects.

According to Piaget's theory of cognitive development, decentration in the concreate operational stage refers to

children being able to center on two dimensions of a problem at once

According to Erik Erikson, _________ is a firm sense of who one is and what one stands for

ego identity

Alfred Adler's individual psychology focuses on

feelings of inferiority and the creative self.

According to Freud, the id follows the _____.

pleasure principle

According to Kohlberg, moral reasoning is based on a person's own moral standards at the _________

postconventional level

Sigmund Freud was the first to develop the _____ of personality.

psychodynamic theories

Introverts and people who live alone are more prone to developing the common cold under stress because of a lack of

social support.

A demand made on an organism to adapt is called

stress.

Which of Jeffrey Arnett's five features of emerging adulthood is defined by people having an optimistic belief that the world lies before them?

the age of possibilities

A student is starting a math exam. After reading the first question, they convince themselves that they will fail even though they studied for the test. What should this student do?

Take a deep breath and tell themselves I can do this. I am prepared.

Which of the following tests is an example of an objective test?

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

Steve has just completed a personality assessment in which he was shown a series of cards one at a time and asked to make up stories about them. Which of the following tests is he most likely to have taken?

The Thematic Apperception Test

Vacationing in Paris versus vacationing in Rome could be an example of an ______________ conflict

approach-approach

Dawn wants to be a veterinarian because she wants to help animals remain healthy. On the other hand, she knows she does not like to see animals suffering from illnesses. This produces a(n) ________ conflict

approach-avoidance

Lewis has been kicked in the head. When it becomes inflamed,

more blood flows to that region.

Timmy's father does not demonstrate affection with Timmy, forces Timmy to act in specific ways, anddoes not allow Timmy to ever disagree with him. According to Diana Baumrind's theory on parenting styles, Timmy's father displays a(n) _____ style of parenting

authoritarian

According to Ainsworth, infants who show _________ are least distressed by their mother's departure

avoidant attachment

Eysenck focused on the relationships between two personality traits: _________ and emotional stability-instability

introversion-extraversion

Which of the following situations best describes Watson and Skinner's beliefs regarding behaviorism?

A man donates to charity because his parents rewarded this behavior

When under a great deal of stress, the body secretes these hormones in which of the following orders?

CRH, ACTH, cortisol

___ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.

Carl Jung

According to Erikson, which of the following is the goal of adolescence?

Ego identity

A psychology professor argues that the nature of the mother-infant relationship and social relationships are more crucial determinants of personality than sexual urges. In addition, she argues that we are conscious architects of our own personality. The professor's views are closest to those of _____.

Erik Erikson

Lewis generally comes across as a quick-tempered individual. His anger is easily triggered by trivial situations. According to Eysenck's dimensions, which of the following is true of Lewis?

He is extraverted and unstable

Boris has been under a great deal of stress. Which of the following is most likely true?

His immune system is weakened.

Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?

Humanistic theorists

According to Arnett, which of the following is a feature of the stage of emerging adulthood?

Identity exploration

Which statement most accurately depicts the role of "predictability" as discovered in research on stress?

It decreases the impact of stress

All of the following are irrational beliefs many people have (according to Ellis) EXCEP

It is unreasonable to expect complete competence at everything we do

Which one of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

It was too vague to scientifically measure the psychic structures

Who among the following is at the greatest risk for cancer?

Kathy, who works outside, smokes, and is depressed.

Who would be most at risk for CHD when looking only at the type of work they do?

Mark, who has a job with high psychological demand and low decision control

Which of the following is an illustration of the defense mechanism of repression?

Mary witnessed the death of her sister when she was young but cannot remember it now.

Which of the following is a focus of the psychodynamic theory?

The far-reaching effects of childhood events

Individuals who experience more car accidents and often arrive early for appointments are _________ personalities

Type A

Which personality type is associated with migraine headaches more so than muscle- tension headaches?

Type A

Betsy paces herself in her work, tends to be less impatient, and also tends to be less ambitious. She fits a ________ pattern.

Type B

Karen Horney believed that the view that girls feel inferior to boys was based on _____.

Western cultural prejudice

For a patient suffering with painful arthritis the doctor may prescribe

a daily dose of the Comedy Hour.

The Electra complex involves

a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother

According to Ellis, a situation like failing a test, which results in stress is called a(n)

activation event.

When introducing himself to new people, Aaron says that he is a Catholic, Argentinean, and a grandfather of three. He defines himself in terms of these relationships that he maintains with other people. According to the sociocultural perspective on personality, this kind of description is characteristic of:

collectivists.

According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism, _________, agreeableness, and openness to experience

conscientiousness

William feels as if he has too much to do and not enough time to accomplish these things. These thoughts are considered

daily hassles

When an individual can no longer cope with ongoing stress and becomes ill, they have reached the ________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome.

exhaustion

_________ is mental flexibility as shown in learning rapidly to solve new kinds of problems.

fluid intelligence

Jerry has poor social skills and lives on his own. When he is under stress,

he is more likely to develop an infectious disease

_________ are simple, inborn responses elicited by specific stimul

reflexes

Skinner believed that the effects of _________ on behavior should be emphasized

reinforcement

Dominic learned that there is a system in the body that recognizes and destroys foreign agents. This system is properly called

the immune system.

Inflammation is caused by

the immune system.

Vygotsky's sociocultural theory focuses on:

the influence of teachers on children's cognitive development

Bobby spilled water accidentally on his father's computer, but contrary to expectations, Bobby did not get grounded. His father acknowledged that it was a mistake and assured Bobby that he still loved him, despite the unfortunate incident. Bobby's father's response is an example of _____.

unconditional positive regard

A two-year-old child has a pet dog called Sophie. The child visits her neighbor's house and sees their pet dog. Even though the neighbor's dog is larger and of a different color, the child points to it and calls it a dog. Which of Piaget's cognitive processes is the child demonstrating?

Assimilation

______ in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century.

Existentialism

Which of the following represents the correct developmental sequence of Sigmund Freud's stages of psychosexual development?

Oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital

Kelly has devoted her weekends to working in a homeless shelter. Due to her philanthropic activities, her manager has considered her for a promotion at work. According to Watson and Skinner, which of the following statements will most likely explain Kelly's motivation to do social work?

She has been rewarded for altruistic behaviors previously.

Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage of psychosocial development in children?

They are dependent on their primary caregivers.

Individuals who are relaxed, patient, forgiving and focus on the quality of life are

Type B

Which of the following did Karen Horney's views emphasize?

Unconscious sexual impulses are less important than social relationships in childhood.

The _________ functions according to the moral principle

superego

_________ are parents who generally leave their children to themselves

uninvolved parents

Freud said that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____.

conscious, unconscious, and preconscious

According to ethologist Konrad Lorenz, a(n) _________is a period of time when an instinctive response can be elicited by a particular stimulus

critical period

Which of the following is true of Carl Jung's analytical psychology theory?

emphasizes the collective unconscious and archetypes.

Eric has high blood pressure, and his doctors have found no specific cause. This is most properly called

essential hypertension.

One theory about the way humor functions to help people cope with stress is that humor is correlated with

immune system efficiency.

Greg is attempting to decide whether he should stay home or exercise at the gym. He wants to stay home because he likes to relax, but then he will feel guilty that he is not exercising. If he were to go to the gym, he would be glad that he is exercising but unhappy because he does not enjoy the exercise itself. This is ________ conflict

multiple approach-avoidance

Peter has decided to manage his stress related to his statistics class by talking to his professor, his TA and joining a study group. Peter is engaging in

problem-focused coping.

shawna is in her mid-fifties. Her college-going son lives in a separate apartment in the same city while her parents live with her. She cooks meals for her son regularly and does his laundry. At the same time, she looks after her parents, who are dependent on her. Shawna is facing the difficulties of the _____

sandwich generation

Which of the following is a feature of Erikson's intimacy versus isolation stage?

Establishment of close relationships

Kyra is a historymajor and talks to her grandfather regularly. She calls him her human dictionary because he can give her the meaning of almost every word that she asks him. She is also surprised at how well versed he is in domestic and international current affairs and how easily he can talk about historical events. In this scenario, Kyra's grandfather is best displaying _____

crystallized intelligence

Individuals who are more likely to exhibit irrational beliefs that can put them at a higher risk for anxiety and depression are

dependent on social approval and perfectionist.

Lena is a mother of two. From the time her first child was born, Lena has been working at a school and managing every aspect of her children's lives. She believes that she must contribute to her family as well as society. According to Erik Erikson, Lena is best demonstrating ____

generativity

Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes _________.

self-awareness