Psych 302 Exam 2
Three types of claims?
Frequency, Association, Causal
The American Psychological Association's ethical guidelines have ________ principles and ________ standards.
5, 10
What is a construct?
A conceptual variable - abstract concepts like "shyness" or "intelligence." Must be carefully defined at the theoretical level, and these definitions are called conceptual definitions.
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Refer to Research Study 3.1 to answer the following five questions. In this study, the authors recorded how many math questions (out of 10 questions) participants tried to solve. This is an example of which of the following?
A measured variable
What is the difference between a measured and a manipulated variable?
A measured variable is observed and recorded, manipulated the researcher controls the variable
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Refer to Research Study 4.1 to answer the following thirteen questions. Imagine that Dr. Kline is a clinical psychologist who volunteers his time at a local prison counseling several inmates. Because of his connections there, he is considering using prisoners as his participants. The institutional review board (IRB) that reviews his committee must have which of the following as a member?
A prisoner advocate
Which of the following has NOT been used as a defense of animal research by animal researchers?
Animal research requires less research funding than human research.
RESEARCH STUDY 3.2 Dr. Ramon makes the following claim: "Watching television leads people to spend less time communicating with their spouses, study says." Dr. LaSalle makes the claim: "Research shows that making more money correlates with spending less time talking with your spouse." Refer to Research Study 3.2 to answer the following three questions. Which type of claim is Dr. LaSalle making?
Association claim
How did the chamomile tea experiment demonstrate all three examples of causality?
Covariance - difference between tea and placebo group Temporal precedence - tea came before rating of colic Internal validity - random assignment, double-blind placebo control.
What 3 things are needed to establish causality?
Covariance, temporal precedence and internal validity
RESEARCH STUDY 3.4 Dr. Kang, a cognitive psychologist, conducts an experiment examining the effect of emotion on memory. He provides lists of 15 words to two groups of participants at his university. He puts the names of all the participants in a hat. The first 20 names he assigns to Group A, and the last 20 he assigns to Group B. Group A is given a list of words that are very emotional in content (e.g., passion, murder). Group B is given a list of words that are neutral in content (e.g., houseplant, desk). He then measures how many words each group is able to remember after being distracted for 5 minutes by watching a video about the history of the university. He finds that Group A remembers 15% more words than Group B. Refer to Research Study 3.4 to answer the following seven questions. Which of the following makes Dr. Kang's study an experiment?
He manipulated one variable and measured another.
Justice
How are participants selected? Do they represent the people who will benefit from the study?
Construct validity
How well the variables in a study are measured or manipulated. The extent to which the operational variables used in a study are good approximation of the conceptual variables.
A local committee that reviews research that is conducted on animals is known as ________.
IACUC
Internal validity
In a relationship between one variable (A) and another (B), the extent to which A, rather than some other variable (C), is responsible for the effect on B.
When making causal claims, which one of the validities is the most important?
Internal validity
What types of questions is the researcher considering when she concerns herself with these validities?
Interrogating causal claims
Which of the following is NOT true of the Belmont Report?
It was written primarily in response to medical experiments performed in Nazi-occupied Europe.
Can a minor give consent?
Minor can give "ascent" but parents must give "consent"
Which of the following ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report was NOT committed in the Tuskegee Study?
Participants were not treated by actual doctors.
According to the Belmont Report, which of the following groups of people is entitled to special protection?
People with down syndrome
How do respect for persons, beneficence and justice relate to the 5 general ethic principles established for APA?
Under Beneficence: beneficence and nonmaleficience, fidelity and responsibility, integrity. Under Justice: justice. Under Respect for persons: respect for people's rights and dignity
What issues derive from the Belmont Report?
Respect for Person's, beneficence, and justice
How should we discuss validities of studies? What should we say vs. what should we not say?
Say this: "How's the construct validity?" "Is external validity relevant here?" "Can the study support a causal claim?" NOT this: "The question is, is the study valid?" "That is not a valid study."
What is a variable?
Something that varies, so it must have at least two levels or values.
Which of the following is NOT a research claim?
Teens spend too much time texting and driving.
External Validity
The extent to which the results of a study generalize to some larger population, as well as to other times or situations.
Dr. Hadden wants to conduct a study that will allow him to make claims that apply to all college students. Which of the following validities is he prioritizing?
The external validity of the study
RESEARCH STUDY 4.1 Dr. Kline is planning on conducting a study next semester. He is curious as to whether sleep deprivation is associated with poorer cognitive performance. For example, if you sleep poorly the night before a big exam, will you do worse? Dr. Kline is especially curious about selective sleep deprivation, where people are kept from entering REM (rapid eye movement) sleep. Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to monitor brain waves, he plans to let participants sleep until they enter REM sleep and then he will wake them. After the participants are awake for one minute, Dr. Kline plans to let them return to sleep. As they enter REM sleep again, he will wake them again and follow the same procedure. He plans to do this through the entire eight-hour sleep session. The following morning, participants will be asked to take a sample SAT test. Refer to Research Study 4.1 to answer the following thirteen questions. Dr. Kline's decision about the type of participants to recruit should be informed by which of the following principles of the Belmont Report?
The principle of justice
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Refer to Research Study 3.1 to answer the following five questions. Which of the following is a constant in this study/headline?
The sex of the participants
RESEARCH STUDY 3.1 Anderson is reading his morning paper and sees the following headline: "Female Engineering Majors' Effort on Math Problems Depends on Sex of Role Model." (This headline is based on a study conducted by Stout, Dasgupta, Hunsinger, and McManus, 2011.) In the study, female students were asked by either a male math major or a female math major to complete a math test. Female students tried to solve more of the math problems when asked by a female math major than they did when asked by a male math major. Refer to Research Study 3.1 to answer the following five questions. Which of the following is a variable in this study/headline?
The sex of the role model
What is operationalization?
Turning a concept of interest into a measured or manipulated variable.
What is measurement?
a variable whose levels are simply observed and recorded
Association claim?
argues that one level of a variable is likely to be associated with a particular level of another variable. Said to be correlated, or covary, meaning they vary together.
Causal Claim?
argues that one of the variables is responsible for changing the other
Beneficiance
cost-benefit analysis for participants, cost-benefit for society
Which of the following studies would probably NOT require an in-person IRB meeting to obtain approval?
d. An anonymous survey asking whether students want the campus mascot be changed
Frequency claim?
describe a particular rate or degree of a single variable. Claims that mention the percentage of a variable, the number of people who engage in some activity, or a certain group's level on a variable
Positive Association
high goes with high and low goes with low
Negative Association
high goes with low and low goes with high
Respect for Persons
informed consent and protection of vulnerable populations
Zero Association
no association between the variables
What two priorities must researchers balance, when doing research?
protecting research participants and upholding broader human rights, and gaining knowledge and finding a clear answer to a research question
Statistical Validity
the extent to which a study's statistical conclusion are accurate and reasonable. Extent to which study minimizes the probabilities of two errors - Type I error and Type II error.
Research fraud
to invent, falsify or distort study data ollie about how a study was conducted
plagiarism
using another person's words or ideas without giving them proper credit and instead passing them off as your own
scientific misconduct
violating a basic and generally accepted standards of honest scientific research, such as research fraud and plagiarism