psych 312

Dr. Oz discovers that the correlation between frequency of sex and health is .20. What percentage of variability in health is accounted for by frequency of sex?

4%

Which of the following is a potential problem with the method of authority?

An answer from an expert may be wrong (e.g., it may only reflect the personal, subjective opinion of the expert) An expert may be giving answers outside his or her area of expertise An expert may have reasons to mislead you (all of the above)

Which of the following describes the difference(s) between random sampling and random assignment?

B and C (CORRECT) Random assignment is used assign individuals to the different conditions of the experiment, while random sampling is used to select individuals from the population Random assignment is used to increase internal validity, while random sampling is used to increase external validity Random sampling is used assign individuals to the different conditions of the experiment, while random assignment is used to select individuals from the population

Which of the following refers to a probability sampling technique that does not require a sampling frame?

Cluster sampling

To make a causal inference three conditions must be satisfied. Which of the following is NOT one of these three conditions

Correlation: increases in one variable must be associated with increases or decreases in the other variable

Which method of assessing reliability would be best to use to measure a state (i.e., something that changes across short periods of time) like mood?

Cronbach's alpha

To examine the relationship between alcohol use and impulsivity Dr. Johnson administers a survey measuring alcohol use and impulsivity to a group of adolescents. She then administers the same survey to the same group of people 10 years later (when they are young adults). She computes the following 4 correlations: i) alcohol use and impulsivity during adolescence, ii) alcohol use and impulsivity during young adulthood, iii) alcohol use in adolescence and impulsivity during young adulthood, iv) alcohol use during young adulthood and impulsivity during adolescence. What type of design has Dr. Johnson used to better understand the relationship between these two variables?

Cross-Lagged Panel Design

Elizabeth is conducting a naturalistic observation study on women who have given a child up for adoption. To conduct the study, she decides to actively take part in a support group for women who have given up a child for adoption and she decides to NOT inform the group of her true identity as a researcher. Which of the following observational research methods is Elizabeth using?

Disguised participant observation

The Rosenhan study, in which healthy individuals admitted themselves to psychiatric hospitals by falsely claiming to hear voices, was used as an example of _________________.

Disguised participant observation

Which of the following is NOT a key feature of the experimental design?

Ecological validity

_________________ refers to when responses obtained in a research context generalize to behavior in a natural setting

Ecological validity

What is wrong with the wording of the following survey question? "Do you not agree with the outrageous tax increases proposed by the government?"

It is a leading/loaded question It is a double-barreled question It contains negative wording Correct! -A and C

Which of the following is/are limitations of participant observation?

It requires the use of a coding system and content analysis There is a risk that the observer will influence the behaviors being observed There is a risk that the observer may become too involved and lose objectivity Correct! -B and C

Which of the following forms of deception is/are not permitted?

Not telling participants about possible risks in the study

What term is used to describe a correlation coefficient between two dichotomous variables?

Phi Coefficient

Dr. Peterson is interested in the correlation between gender and income. She has collected gender and annual income data on 100 participants and now she needs to compute the correlation coefficient. Which type of correlation coefficient does she need to compute?

Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficient

_________________ refers to the extent to which the findings can be generalized to other populations.

Population validity

Based on the outcome of a study a researcher may do one of several things. Which is NOT something a research can do based on the results of one study?

Provide proof for a theory

According to the American Psychological Association Ethics Code principle of 'Fidelity and Responsibility' ___________________________.

Psychologists should behave in a trustworthy manner and they need to behave responsibly by adhering to professional codes of conduct and not exploiting people

When we analyze data in a non-mathematical manner by trying to find themes we are using ______________.

Qualitative analysis

Eye color is an example of a ______________________.

Quantitative variable Qualitative variable Correct Answer A and C Participant variable

Which of the following refers to a response set where people complete a survey mindlessly, without paying attention to the questions being asked?

Random Responding

Which of the following is a major disadvantage of between-subjects designs?

Random assignment does not always work to produce equivalent groups

The three Rs that are considered in animal research are:

Reduction, Refinement, Replacement

If I am interested in the average GPA of all psychology students at WSU and I randomly select 100 psychology students at WSU and compute their average GPA then the individuals I have selected are the _______________ and all psychology students at WSU are the ____________________ of interest.

Sample; population

Dr. Sinha is interested in the proportion of students at WSU who have used marijuana in the past month. Which of the following sampling techniques should Dr. Sinha use to select a sample for his study?

Simple random sampling

A researcher wants to characterize the political attitudes of students at a university. He plans to evaluate a sample of 200 students and he wants to be sure that the ages and genders of individuals in the sample accurately represent the distribution of ages and genders for the entire student body at the university. What would be the best sampling method for the researcher to use?

Stratified random sampling

A researcher watches videotapes of children working on math problems in the simulated classroom in her lab. He observes their strategies for solving the problems and codes the various strategies into one of four types. Which of the following observational methods is this researcher using?

Structured observation

A researcher would like to compare the effectiveness of two different teaching methods (Method I vs. Method II) for teaching third-grade mathematics. Students are randomly assigned to either Dr. Smith's morning class in which using Method I is used, or Dr. Smith's afternoon class in which Method II is used. At the end of the school year, each child is given a standardized mathematics achievement test and the two groups' mean scores are compared. Which of the following is an extraneous variable in this experiment?

Students' pre-existing math abilities

The __________________ reviews research protocols that involve non-human animals.

The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)

For which of the following methods is reactivity a concern?

Undisguised participant observation

A researcher is interested in testing the effectiveness of a new drug in treating depression. His/her research is best categorized as:

applied research

Danielle's mother always told her to dress warmly when going out in the cold so that she doesn't get a cold. Danielle's belief that being cold increases one's chances of getting a cold was acquired from:

authority

Cues that influence participants' beliefs about the hypothesis being tested and the behaviors expected of them are referred to as:

demand characteristics

The goal of correlational research is to:

describe the strength of the relationship between variables describe the direction of relationship between variables describe the causal link between variables Correct!- a and b

The 3 main goals of science are:

description, prediction, explanation

Dr. Samson has recently completed a study and the results were quite unexpected. To ensure that his finding is reliable he decides to replicate the study using the same procedures as the previous study. This is called a(n):

direct (exact) replication

____________________ refers to the extent to which scores on two different measures of different constructs do not relate to each other

divergent validity

Latin square designs (partial counterbalancing) ensure that ____________________________.

each condition precedes each other condition one time each condition appears at each ordinal position each condition follows each other condition one time Correct! all of the above

Experiments with higher mundane realism have higher ___________ validity.

ecological validity

Robert has noticed that he and his friends always tend to get sick in the winter when it is cold. Based on his experiences and observations, Robert has come to the conclusion that being cold increases one's chance of getting a cold. His belief was acquired from _________________.

empiricism

A researcher brings students into a laboratory to determine whether hunger affects test performance. The researcher finds that students who are hungry have lower grades on the tests than students who are not hungry. However, when the researcher replicates the same study in the classroom, she finds that hunger does not affect test performance. The researcher's original study lacked ______________ validity.

external validity

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a good hypothesis?

general

Assume that you have the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) scores for all graduating psychology majors from WSU. If you want to use those scores to estimate the average GRE scores for graduating psychology majors across America, then _____________ is your ___________________.

graduating American psychology majors; population graduating American psychology majors; sample graduating WSU psychology majors; sample Correct!- A and C

The coefficient of determination ______________________________________.

indicates the proportion of variability of Y accounted for by X is equal to the correlation coefficient squared is equal to the correlation coefficient Correct! a and b

I know that my dog and my neighbor's dog are both frightened by sudden movements. Therefore, I conclude that sudden movements frighten all dogs. This is an example of:

inductive reasoning

Correlational research has low ____________.

internal validity

When random assignment to groups does NOT work properly and the two groups in a between-subjects experiment have different characteristics at the beginning of the experiment then the ___________ of the study is threatened.

internal validity

Case studies have low ____________

internal validity external validity construct validity Correct! -a and b

Relative to experimental designs, observational research designs tend to have relatively ___________.

low internal validity and high external validity

To ensure that participant characteristics do not become confounds researchers can use:

matching of the participant characteristics a within-subjects design random assignment Any of the above (correct)

In an effort to duplicate the stressors involved with working at a large company, researchers go to great effort to ensure that the stressor they use and the laboratory setting they create is similar in all respects (e.g., noise, temperature, room setup) to that of a major multinational corporation. The researchers are attempting to increase:

mundane realism

Mr. McDonald finds that the lower the price of hamburgers he sells in his restaurant, the more hamburgers he sells. This relationship can best be identified as __________________________.

negative

A student researcher decides to test whether personality affects students' perceptions of the quality of instruction at their school. Before the student officially administers her test to the entire student body, she conducts a trial run with 10 students in her psychology class. This trial run is called a _________.

pilot study

As number of hamburgers consumed decreases, weight decreases. This is an example of a _____________ correlation.

positive

If Dr. Johnson uses impulsivity during adolescence to predict alcohol use during young adulthood, then impulsivity during adolescence would be considered the ________ and alcohol use during young adulthood would be considered the ____________ .

predictor variable, criterion variable

When the experimental setting is psychologically involving for participants we can say the study has good:

psychological realism

According to the Belmont Report's principle of 'Justice' __________________________.

the benefits and risks of research must be distributed fairly and disadvantaged populations should not be exploited in research that benefits the privileged

Prior to World War II, guidelines for research ethics were established by ________________________.

the church the Nuremberg Code the Belmont Report none of the above, there were no formal guidelines-THIS ONE IS CORRECT, none of the above.

Which of the following does NOT need to be included in a consent form?

the hypothesis for the study

Which of the following methods of acquiring knowledge will most often lead to the most accurate conclusions?

the scientific method

Which of the following is not a feature of science?

the subject matter studied

Which of the following sampling techniques is used in observational research to select a representative set of time periods in which observations will occur?

time sampling

If I conclude that there is a relationship between weight and memory test performance based on the results of my study, when in reality no such relationship actually exists, then I have made a(n) ___________.

type I error

If I conclude that there is no relationship between cannabis use and memory test performance based on the results of my study, when in reality there is a relationship between these variables and I have just missed it, then I have made a(n) ___________.

type II error

The case study on "S", that was published by Luria, focused on an individual

with a remarkable memory

Which of the following would be the best rating scale to measure the frequency people exercise?

A scale with 5 points marked: Less than once a year, once a year, once a month, once a week, once a day

___________________ means that participant's identities are not known.

Anonymous

Which of the following is a research approach in which the researcher does not actually collect original data, but instead analyzes already existing data?

Archival research

Which of the following is NOT an empirical question?

Are humans inherently good or evil?

Which of the following is/are difference(s) between structured observation and naturalistic observation?

Compared to naturalistic observation, the environment is more structured in structured observation Compared to naturalistic observation, the behaviors of interest are more limited and specific in structured observation Structured observation is more qualitative than naturalistic observation Correct! -A and B

___________________ is an approach to analyzing archival data that involves a systematic examination of qualitative information in terms of predefined categories.

Content analysis

A researcher who stands outside the CUB and asks every person passing by to complete a survey on sexual attitudes, is most likely using which of the following sampling techniques?

Convenience sampling

Which of the following best describes a random-selected orders design (random counterbalancing)?

From the entire set of all possible orders, a subset of orders is randomly selected and each order is administered to one participant

Which of the following is the worst operational definition of hunger?

How hungry the participant feels

The __________________ reviews research protocols that involve humans.

Institutional Review Board (IRB)

Which of the following ethical principles set forth by the American Psychological Association did Andrew Wakefield violate when he fabricated data to show a link between vaccines and autism?

Integrity

What is wrong with the wording of the following survey question? "Do you agree with the tax increases and maternity leave increases proposed by the government?"

It is a double-barreled question

Which of the following is a discrete variable?

Number of friends

The _________________________ was the first to establish that "The voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential."

Nuremberg Code

Which of the following statements about observational research is NOT true?

Observational research is non-experimental Observational research can be exploratory or theory driven Observational research can be qualitative or quantitative but it is mostly qualitative Correct!-All of the above statements are true

Which of the following statements about simulation studies is/are accurate?

Simulation studies typically have lower external validity than field studies Simulation studies typically have higher external validity than laboratory experiments Simulation studies typically have lower internal validity than laboratory experiments Correct Answer-all of the above

Which of the following describes the difference between single-factor two-level experimental designs and single-factor multilevel experimental designs?

Single-factor two-level designs include two levels of the independent variable, while multilevel designs include more than two levels of the independent variable

Which of the following is a benefit of structured observation?

Structured observation is more efficient than naturalistic observation and participant observation There is increased control over the setting and extraneous variables with structured observation Structured observation has more external validity than naturalistic and participant observation Correct! -A and B

Which of the following is/are true about case studies?

The results can be used to prove a theory They may provide inspiration for developing theories and hypotheses They can provide unique insights into rare conditions Correct Answer- B and C of the above

If a researcher's study is classified as minimal risk then ________________________.

a and b-correct answer was a and b the study entails no greater risk than those normally encountered in everyday life the researcher's protocol may go through expedited review or be exempt the researcher's protocol must go through full board review

Researchers using structured observation typically use ________________ to classify participants' responses into mutually exclusive categories.

a behavioral coding system

Dr. Mishley has recently completed a study examining the effects of music (no music, music) on memory. All of the participants scored 9 or 10 out of 10 on the memory test and when she compared the two groups' mean scores there was no significant difference. Her failure to detect a difference between the groups was likely due to:

a ceiling effect

Dr. Eich manipulates people's moods to determine whether changes in mood cause changes in memory performance. However, he is not sure that his manipulation of mood is really causing people's mood to change. In this case, he should:

add a manipulation check by measuring mood after the manipulation

What is the term used to describe when a non-competent individual agrees to participate in a study?

assent

A researcher is interested in which receptors a new drug to treat depression binds to. His/her research is best categorized as

basic research

In which of the following designs do different participants participate in the different conditions of the experiment.

between-subjects within-subjects You Answered matched-groups Correct Answer b and c

Assume the drug company adds a third group to their study that receives a placebo. Which inferential statistics test should they use to determine whether the difference in the mean depression scores across the three groups is statistically significant?

chi-square tests t-test post hoc tests ANOVA Correct! B and D if the ANOVA is significant

If Dr. Samson was concerned with the construct validity of his study then he should conduct a:

conceptual replication

Scores on Dr. Smith's measure of extraversion are found to correlate strongly with the already established ('gold standard') Eysenck Extraversion Introversion Scale. Dr. Smith's measure of depression can be said to have ___________________________.

concurrent validity

___________________ means that participant's identities are known but will not be disclosed.

confidential

Researchers are studying the effects of negative feedback on children's aggression. The researchers are concerned that aggression as it is measured in their study (administering blasts of noise to confederates), does not accurately capture aggression as they originally defined it. They are concerned with ______________ validity.

construct validity

When researchers use a theory to arrive at a more specific hypothesis they are using _______ reasoning.

deductive

Visual illusions, such as the rabbit/duck illusion, provide a demonstration of one problem with which of the following methods of acquiring knowledge?

empiricism

The main function of Institutional Review Board is to:

evaluate whether proposed research with human participants complies with federal ethics regulations

We can distinguish pseudoscience from science by:

evaluating the source of the claim evaluating the claim being made evaluating the evidence for the claims being made (all of the above)

Double blind studies control for ____________.

experimenter expectancy effect placebo effects Correct!- a and b demand characteristics

Dr. Cuttler is interested in examining the mechanisms through which exercise improves memory test performance (i.e., determining the reasons why exercise improves memory). Which goal of science best describes her interest?

explain

In order to detect curvilinear relationships researchers must:

include more than two levels of the independent variable

IQ is measured on a(n): _______________ scale.

interval

Survey research ______________________________.

involves using questionnaires to ask people about themselves involves using interviews to ask people about themselves involves direct observations of behavior Correct! -a and b

Using a sample of 100 people Paul found that the correlation between IQ and GPA is .50. He wants to determine whether the relationship he found is a result of a third variable (number of hours that students spend studying), so he conducts a partial correlation analysis. He finds that after the number of hours spent studying is controlled for, the correlation between IQ and GPA drops to .02. This pattern of results suggests that:

the correlation between IQ and GPA is a result of the third variable (number of hours that students spend studying)

Dr. Oz discovered a correlational study that showed that the frequency men have sex is positively correlated with their health. Based on these findings he suggests that men should have more sex to improve their health. The problem(s) that Dr. Oz has failed to consider is/are:

the directionality problem the third variable problem Correct Answer- a and b none of the above (there is no problem with his suggestion)

In Dr. Eich's study __________________ might be considered a confounding variable.

the lighting conditions

In a single blind study _______________ does not know if a placebo or treatment was administered. In a double-blind study ___________________ do(es) not know if a treatment or placebo was administered

the participant; the participant and the researcher

In order for a vulnerable person (e.g., an inmate) to participate in research __________.

the vulnerable person must assent Correct Answer a and b- (this one is correct) BOTH a parent or guardian must provide consent a or b

Experimenter expectancy effects can be reduced by:

training experimenters to behave in a consistent manner automating the procedures (e.g., having a computer give the instructions) using a double-blind study Correct!- all of the above

In a _________________ design, all participants complete all of the different conditions of the experiment.

within-subjects

Dr. Eich is interested in studying the effect that participants' mood has on their ratings of people's attractiveness. He uses a technique to manipulate participants' mood. Participants in the happy mood condition are told to think about happy events in their lives while listening to upbeat music in a bright room. Participants in the sad mood condition are told to think about sad events in their lives while listening to depressing music in a dark room. Participants are then asked to rate the attractiveness of 20 different people using a scale ranging from 0 (not at all attractive) to 10 (super-hot). In this experiment, the independent variable is ____________________ and the dependent variable is _____________________.

mood/attractiveness ratings

Sampling bias (obtaining a non-representative sample) can occur whenever _______________.

nonprobability sampling techniques are used a sampling frame is incomplete or inaccurate many of the sampled individuals refuse to participate (i.e., a low response rate) Correct! -all of the above

A scale that consistently displays a weight that is exactly 10 pounds heavier than the object placed on it is _________________.

not valid

A group of students in a cooking class wants to find a faster way to bake a cake. They know that it takes 30 minutes to bake a cake at 350 degrees, so they figure that it should take only 15 minutes to bake at 700 degrees. Which of the following methods of acquiring knowledge are the students using?

rationalism

Dr. Johnson subsequently wants to attempt to predict alcohol use during young adulthood using impulsivity during adolescence. Which of the following statistical techniques would she need to use?

regression

When a sample has the same characteristics as the target population, the sample is said to be a ____________________.

representative sample

Which method of assessing reliability involves administering a measure (or measures) at two different points in time?

test-retest reliability

A research who administers a lengthy multiple-choice style survey to a large sample of people is most likely using a _________________ approach to conducting his/her study.

quantitative

Closed ended questions provide a more ___________ approach, while open-ended questions provide a more ______________ approach.

quantitative, qualitative

Which of the following is not a valid correlation coefficient?

r = +2

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables?

r = -.70

Which of the following correlation coefficients would be considered medium in size?

r = .35

For reliability, we worry about __________. For validity, we worry about ___________.

random measurement error/systematic error

Assume we are conducting a study with 4 conditions and we want 48 people in each condition. How many participants would we need to recruit if we plan to use a within-subjects design with complete counterbalancing?

48

Chris and Susan are writing up a literature review for a research paper. Which of the following references should they choose as their source of up-to-date scientific information?

A recently published peer-reviewed journal

A researcher who deceives participants by informing them that their IQ is 20 points below their actual IQ is engaging in __________________.

Active deception

Which did the American Psychological Association (APA) established first?

Animal research guidelines

What is a confounding variable?

An extraneous variable that varies systematically with the IV

Which of the following designs help to control for the directionality problem in correlational research?

Cross-Sectional Research Design Prospective Design Cross-Lagged Panel Design Correct Answer- b and c

There is typically a trade-off between ____________ and ________________.

internal validity; external validity

Mixed methods research involves _________________.

Collecting qualitative and quantitative data in one study

A researcher would like to compare the effectiveness of two different teaching methods (Method I vs. Method II) for teaching third-grade mathematics. Students are randomly assigned to either Dr. Smith's morning class in which using Method I is used, or Dr. Smith's afternoon class in which Method II is used. At the end of the school year, each child is given a standardized mathematics achievement test and the two groups' mean scores are compared. Which of the following is a confounding variable in this experiment?

The time of day the class took place

The unethical Tuskegee study involved:

failing to provide treatment for men with syphilis

Karl Popper stated that theories and hypotheses must be stated in such a way that they can potentially be shown to be false. This is referred to as the:

falsifiability criterion

Survey rating scales that require participants to choose between two options (e.g., yes/no) are called ____________________.

forced-choice scales

Kristine is trying to decide on which of three graduate schools to attend. She visits three different campuses and ultimately decides on WSU because it just feels right to her. Kristine is using _____________ to make her decision on which graduate school to attend.

intuition

An effect that is statistically significant ________________________________________.

is unlikely due to chance

According to the ____________, all else being equal larger samples will be more representative of the population

law of large numbers

Compared to laboratory studies that use the experimental method, field studies have:

low internal validity and high external validity

In a matched-groups designs, researchers:

match participants on one or more characteristics (usually the dependent variable or something closely related to the dependent variable), and each individual in the matched set is randomly assigned to complete a different condition of the experiment

Shirt size as indicated by XS, S, M, L, XL is measured on a(n) ________________ scale.

ordinal

The three main ethical principles contained in the Belmont Report are:

respect for persons, beneficence, justice

Questionnaires may be better than interviews because ______________________.

response rate is generally higher there is increased anonymity there is less concern with interviewer bias Correct!- b and c

For a study using a within-subjects design to compare two treatments, a researcher expects that practice in the first condition will improve the participants' scores in the second condition. If the order of conditions is completely counterbalanced so that half the participants receive treatment A first and half receive treatment B first, then the practice will improve:

scores in condition A for half the participants and scores in condition B for half the participants

When an interesting discovery, such as Fleming's discovery of Penicillin, is a result of an accident or luck, the finding is said to be attributed to:

serendipity

A study on helping behavior investigated the effects of both the gender of the victim and the socioeconomic status of the victim. After the study, the researchers became concerned that their analysis of the data (using two separate t-tests to analyze the independent effects of the two variables) does not provide an accurate test of their hypothesis. They are concerned with ______________ validity.

statistical validity

The drug company who makes Paxil is interested in determining the efficacy of a new drug to treat depression. They have two groups of participants; the experimental group receives the new drug while the control group receives Paxil. Which inferential statistics test should they use to determine whether the difference in the mean depression scores across the two groups is statistically significant?

t-test