PSYCH 315 study questions
Infants and young children require more sleep than older children, teenagers or adults. According to pediatric recommendations, how many hours of sleep is recommended for children younger than 6 years of age?
10-14 hours of sleep
Vaccines provide protection against infectious disease. According to multiple studies, approximately how many young children (depending on age) are actually vaccinated?
73% to 92%
According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics and USCB data, what percent of children are estimated to have at least some form of health care insurance coverage?
94%
Which would not be an example of a parental behavior that conveys gender stereotypes?
A father sharing his experience working with his many competent male colleagues during dinner with his family
A child lacks the mental capacity to solve a two-digit by two-digit multiplication problem. Which example below serves as a representation of scaffolding?
A teacher helps the child learn the first step in the multiplication problem, which allows the child to then solve the next step.
Which is not an example of communicative accommodation?
Adjusting vocabulary when talking to an infant
Which is an accurate statement about the context of attachment?
Ainsworth's attachment categories are found consistently across various cultures and socio-economic groups.
Which example does not reflect a common overregularization in grammar?
At home, Dana asked to "talk" with grandma over the phone.
A trained observer watches a child engage in exploratory behavior at home and uses a set of descriptive cards to rate the child's overall attachment to her mother. Then, the mother uses the same set of cards to evaluate to her child's own attachment behavior. This type of attachment evaluation is known as the
Attachment Q-Sort.
Which statement best reflects what researchers have learned about infant-directed speech?
Babies prefer to listen to infant-directed speech relative to adult-directed speech.
Which curriculum promotes math skills with activities and stories that target children's abilities to solve problems and improve reasoning abilities?
Big Math for Little Kids (BMLK)
Which statement about children and sleep is true?
Children and teenagers are fairly flexible in their adaptation to hours of sleep, so less sleep has minimal impact.
What impact does socioeconomic status (SES) have in the context of language and literacy?
Children from low SES households have nearly half the vocabulary compared to those from high SES backgrounds, largely due to differences in their exposure to language from caregivers.
Disease can impact any person regardless of where they are in the world or what their status is. According to a figure by Braveman and Barclay (2009), what relationship does family income have with health conditions?
Children in homes with poor economic resources have higher rates of disease.
Poverty affects children across all ethnicities but in certain groups may lead to more risk for negative health outcomes. Which of the following is true for children who experience child maltreatment, neglect or exposure to violence?
Children in low-income homes have greater odds of experiencing or seeing all forms of abuse.
Wimmer and Perner (1993) created a task in which a child places an object in one cupboard and leaves the room. Then, the child's mother comes in and moves the object to another cupboard. Children between the ages of 3 and 9 are shown this scene and asked where they expect the child would look for the object upon returning to the room. Which response describes typical responses to this question?
Children on the younger end of the 3-9 range say the child would look for the object in its new location, while older children say the child would look in the original location.
Which statement best describes the connection between moral reasoning and theory of mind?
Children who pass false belief tasks are more likely to consider a transgressor's beliefs and intentions about a situation when judging wrongdoing.
Researchers have found that theory of mind can actually help children with deception and persuasion. Which explanation best explains this connection?
Children who understand theory of mind recognize they can create false-beliefs in others.
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), which is responsible for the most deaths throughout the world?
Chronic disease
Conjunctions such as "when" "but" or "and" are increasingly used by children as they develop their language skills. What do these conjunctions allow children to do?
Conjunctions allow children to construct complex sentences with nested clauses
Which is not a scaffolding strategy?
Connecting to background knowledge
A study (Tamis-LeMonda et al., 2013) explored ethnic differences using a set of blocks containing math symbols, letters and images. The researchers observed that Chinese mothers taught symbolic math-related concepts most, followed by African-American mothers and lastly, Latinx mothers. What does this finding suggest?
Cultural disparities in math performance that appear early on will disappear later as long as parents change in their behaviors around math
Why might children from different cultural communities differ in executive functioning skills and abilities?
Cultures may differ on parental emphasis and value of self-control and self-regulation.
As caregivers read books to their children, they provide children with opportunities to develop many skills. However, not all reading interactions are similar. Which statement best captures the idea of dialogic reading?
Dialogic reading is a style in which adults ask questions to prompt children to participate and engage.
Which has not been observed in cross-cultural research of infant emotional development and attachment?
Differences in whether infants actually form an attachment with their caregivers
Thomas and Chess's temperament profiles were clustered into which three categories?
Easy, Difficult, Slow-to-warm-up
Which would you recommend to enhance the quality of parent-infant interactions?
Encourage parents to model or mirror the emotions of infants back to them.
Eva, a young girl from Peru, and Charles, a young boy from the United States, are both asked to share a handful of highly coveted play tokens with a child they did not know. Which would best capture the role of cultural orientation in determining resource allocation behaviors?
Eva would be more likely to share her tokens equally compared to Charles.
Juan, a 4-year-old preschooler, is crying loudly because a classmate took away a favorite toy of his during recess. Which coping intervention would be most effective for Juan?
Explain to the classmate that his actions caused Juan to cry, and he should give the toy back.
Studies show that animals and children alike that are raised in stimulating environments differ in the development of synaptic connections compared to those in impoverished circumstances. What does this suggest about the role of the home environment?
Exposure to enriched experiences such as music education and sensitive caregiving may lead to complex synaptic connections.
As children's physically develop, they gain greater control over their bodies. Which type of skills relies primarily on large muscle groups in arms, legs and torso?
Gross motor skills
Individuals with younger siblings are more likely to lie (O'Connor & Evans, 2018). What does this mean in terms of social-cognitive development?
Having siblings is associated with more advanced theory-of-mind performance.
. A child is reading aloud in class. As he carefully reads the word giraffe he starts by breaking the word into parts and realizes almost instantly that the g in giraffe makes a j sound. What does this suggest about the child?
He has developed code-related skills such as phonological awareness.
What aspect of Early Head Start is provided to families that may specifically promote infants' and toddlers' language development?
High-quality care
Which is not true about rates of child maltreatment?
Improvements in tracking using recent technology advances allow for exact statistics on rates of maltreatment.
Which accurately represents what is known about basic emotions in infancy according to Darwin?
Infants from all cultures display basic emotions such as happiness and sadness early in infancy.
Which is true of cultural influence on emotional development?
Infants' interpretation of basic emotions differs in various regions around the world.
Which is true about the use of corporal punishment on young children?
It is associated with higher rates of antisocial behaviors and mental health problems.
Three-month-old Jessica smiles as her father walks into the room. This reaction is evidence that
Jessica has developed a social smile.
Two-year-old Josiah accidentally spilled his drink on the floor. He quickly ran to his room where he sat quietly. An explanation for this behavior might be that
Josiah feels guilty that he spilled his drink.
Judy DeLoache used a scale model to hide a toy under a toy couch identical to a life-size couch in the room. A 4-year-old could find the real toy under the life-size couch after realizing the scale model was a copy of the room. According to DeLoache, why were 30-month-olds unable to find the toy in the same way?
Lack of dual representational skills
which will impact how phonemes combine into words?
Language
A study found doubling vegetable and fruit servings to children led to an increase in consumption of those foods but not calorie intake. What conclusions can be made?
Larger portions of healthy foods will increase healthy eating without risk to being overweight.
Over recent decades, multiple studies have found that the nature of child-related injuries and accidental fatalities have changed. Which is a likely explanation for this change?
Laws and policies around safety and other guidelines have led to improved safety precautions, and injuries have declined.
Children living in impoverished neighborhoods are at greater risk for chronic lead exposure. Which statement about this exposure is true?
Lead exposure can lead to lower intelligence, verbal and visual-motor deficits, and physical ailments.
Children living in impoverished neighborhoods are at greater risk for chronic lead exposure. What is true about the symptoms of prolonged exposure?
Lead leads to lower intelligence, verbal and visual-motor deficits, and physical ailments.
According to research which is the best method to help infants and toddlers learn word?
Live interactions with an adult
Actigraphs have been used to assess children's activity patterns and quality of sleep. Which of the following is not true based on findings from studies using these devices?
Most children experience frequent sleep disruptions from night terrors.
Which would best illustrate the concept of hostile attribution bias?
Nancy is convinced Greta used up the teal crayon just to make her mad, ignoring the fact that Greta's picture was of a teal-colored elephant.
Younger children compared to older children tend to be hospitalized more often as the result of unintentional injuries. Which is not an example of unintentional injury?
Neglect (physical and/or emotional)
A child at dinner time refuses to eat food that is "too green.".One parent promises to reward the child with dessert and another parent threatens to take away the child's phone. Which approach will be more successful?
Neither tactic is optimal, threats or bribes do not allow the child to develop self-control.
A parent teaches her 2-year old to count to 5 by herself, but the child does not understand the meaning of the numbers when counting. Does this mean the child has a possible developmental delay in understanding number concepts?
No, children will not learn the meaning of number words (and how they map to the items in a set) until 3.5 or even older.
Which is a noncommunicable, chronic disease?
Obesity, which leads to diabetes, heart disease and other issues
A study by Corriveau and Harris (2009) found 3-year-olds preferred to side with family members (familiarity) in an object-naming experiment, even if the family member was wrong. Comparatively, older children as young as 4 were more willing to disagree with familiar caregivers and favored someone who provided accurate information to them. What could explain this phenomenon?
Older children can weigh reliability against familiarity
A group of 3-year-old and 5-year-old children were shown a picture book of a boy who rescued a bird that had broken its wing. When the bird's wing healed, the boy sadly said goodbye to his new friend an
Only the 5-year-old group recognized the presence of mixed emotions.
_______ predicts preschoolers' theory-of-mind performance.
Parental sensitivity
Wellman and colleagues (2001) analyzed cultural data on theory of mind. What did they find about social-cognitive development in different cultures?
Patterns in development are very similar across all cultures.
Ashton has a hard time learning the alphabet and is behind the class. The teacher notices Ashton also has no supplies for school and wears the same outfit repeatedly. What conclusion could be drawn from this connection?
Poverty conditions may be impacting Ashton's ability to learn.
Which kind of programs are most successful at the reduction of childhood obesity?
Programs that focus on nutrition combined with physical activity
Which is the best response towards young children who may be picky eaters?
Provide ample access to a variety of foods—without pressure—and encourage healthy eating.
Cindy is a child who has a predictable routine with dinner, sleep time, going to school and repeating the process daily. Rupert has a similar routine at his mom's, but when he stays with his dad on weekends he stays up late and often skips breakfast. Which statement about Rupert's and Cindy's sleep is accurate?
Rupert may experience less sleep than Cindy, because irregular bedtime routines and inconsistent parenting may lead to less sleep on average.
Tanya (18 months old) is presented with sentence, "the dog is blinking at the cat." Tanya knows the words fly and cow, and through her understanding of the grammatical structure points to a picture of a dog that is licking a cat. This illustrates how _______ aids young children in the learning of new words.
Syntactic bootstrapping
Which statement best captures school influences on children's social-cognitive development?
Teachers expose children to mental state talk, which promotes theory of mind understanding.
Charity is caring for two infants in her home. One is 3 weeks old and the other 5 months old. As Charity sang, she noticed both infants smiling. What likely explains this behavior in both infants?
The 3-week-old is likely smiling in response to the sound while the 5-month-old displays a social smile to express happiness toward the familiar caregiver.
In an experiment, Chinese- and American-born preschoolers are told they can earn tokens for prizes for each math problem they complete. The children are given a choice to either spend their tokens as they earn them for smaller prizes or save the tokens until the end to receive a bigger prize. Which is the most likely outcome of this experiment?
The Chinese children prove more likely to save their tokens for a single, bigger prize
All of the statements about preschool education are true except
The benefits of preschool depend on the availability of reinforcement in a stimulating home environment.
A parent has placed two young children in front of an computer to watch videos in hopes of educating them. According to research what limitations may there be?
The lack of social interactions and contingency in videos and other screens hinders growth and learning.
Young children raised in homes with professional parents may show more language development and larger vocabularies compared to children raised at or near poverty levels. What do researchers Hart and Risley suggest is a possible explanation for these differences?
The researchers estimate that young children in poverty have heard 30 million fewer words in their first years of life than peers in homes with more resources.
Cultural practices around reading and storytelling differ by community. Which cultural-specific example is true?
The strategy documented in European American middle-income families in the United States (actively involving children in the creation of stories through questioning and active participation) is not emphasized in Latinx, Chinese and other cultural communities where parents are more likely to control the story
Both Harlow and Bowlby's work help us better understand attachment.
The work of both emphasized an evolutionary view of attachment.
Which is true about the language development of children who hear two languages from infancy?
Their course of development in each language mirrors the course of monolingual children.
What behaviors suggest that a toddler might have an early understanding of their own gender identity?
They display greater interest in stereotypical own gender toys than other-gender toys
Two-year-old Samuel has started to display anger when things don't go his way. His parents wonder if this is normal. Which would be an accurate statement to share with Samuel's parents?
This is normal as he is now developing basic emotions and is able to express them.
Brennon and Dale are brothers who moved across the country after their father died. They are in a new state with little knowledge of the areas and had little time to process the sudden move. They are cared for and are generally supported with resources at home. For such a transition, what type of stress are they likely to experience?
Tolerable stress from the event of a father's death
Which activity is considered a gross motor skill?
Turning and twirling on a playground
Over 200 million children in developing countries are estimated to not reach full developmental potential and nearly all deaths of children under age 5 occur in developing countries. What is a specific effort by UNICEF to address the disproportionate rates of death of children under the age of 5 in developing countries?
UNICEF has brought in volunteers to educate parents and local leaders.
Theory of Mind refers to which of the following?
Understanding that others have their own beliefs, knowledge, and thoughts
Which feature has not been studied as an example of infant-directed speech?
Whispers
Parents of eight-month-old fraternal twins, Adrienne and Addison, found that each child responds very differently to noises and activity levels in the room. Addison is bothered by increased activity while Adrienne appears to enjoy the extra activity. After noticing this, one parent will often take Addison off to a quiet side of the room, away from the high noise and activity. According to research, is this a wise decision?
Yes, this is an example of goodness of fit between parenting and child temperament.
Which reflects evidence for emotional discrimination in young children?
Young infants show different responses to happy versus angry expressions in other people.
Which best describes the role sibling relationships play in moral development?
Younger children who are nurtured and mentored by their older siblings tend to show more empathy towards others.
who was Genie
a child who survived years of abuse and neglect as a child and never fully developed language skills
A prime example of spatial cognition would be seen when a child understands that
a hexagon shape will not pass through a square-shaped hole.
Research on infant looking behaviors suggests that by 4-5 months of age, most infants show
a preference for prosocial behaviors in others.
Which explains why sleep problems in early childhood may be connected to childhood obesity?
a. Sleep problems interfere with activity levels during waking hours. b. Sleep problems interfere with caloric levels during waking hours. c. Sleep problems interfere with hormones related to growth, maturation, and energy homeostasis, which affect eating habits. d. Parents who are lax about their children's sleeping habits may also tend to be lax about eating or activity habits.
Rosie, an 18-month-old in the young toddler classroom, is cared for by two responsive caregivers. One caregiver is very expressive while the other is quiet and more reserved. Rosie's father has noticed that Rosie responds to the very big smiles of one caregiver, but also responds to the very subtle smiles of the other caregiver. This could be evidence of the child's
ability to discriminate gradations in emotions.
According to research (Manella et al., 2020), children demonstrate higher acceptance towards a new food
after 8-15 exposures to the food.
when might a child experience a "vocabulary growth spurt"?
after a few months of growth in vocabulary, around 18 months of age
The limbic system controls children's emotional expression and emotion-regulation. The amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. Which of these is central to registering emotions that are positive and negative, including the emotion of fear?
amygdala
Countries like China, that tend to emphasize cultural ideologies of collectivism, harmony, and modesty, are more likely than Western cultures to
are less likely to display strong emotional expressions in social situations.
infants begin to babble and vocalize when parents interact with them. About what age will infants begin to produce syllables or babbles
as young as 6 months
Over the last few decades, many parents have often opted out of vaccinations for their children. This has led to breakouts of measles or other outbreaks of diseases that have largely been eradicated. One factor in this development was the 1998 report from a British physician falsely linking a common vaccine to
autism
at what age does infants gaze start
by 18 months
Chomsky believed that children are innate endowed to learn language. which provides support to back Chomsky's claim?
children show creative uses of language and an ability to generate an infinite number of sentences they never heard.
The causal connection between violent media and aggression remains unclear because
children who view violent media may already be prone to aggressive behavior.
which statement best reflects a dynamic systems theory perspective?
children's active participation in their environments creates ways to connect words and meanings
which theory attempts to explain how children develop the ability to draw meaningful associations among various related words and concepts?
connectionist theory
Sleep ______ refers to the establishment of a single episode of nighttime sleep, whereas sleep _______ refers to the ability to move from wakefulness to sleep states.
consolidation; regulation
After being read the story of the Heinz Dilemma, Karen was asked whether Heinz was right in breaking into the pharmacists' store to steal the drug for his wife. Karen responded, "Yes, Heinz should have stolen the drug, because it is the role of the husband to protect and save his wife." Karen's response best reflects a _______ of moral reasoning
conventional level
Research has found that infants indicate a sense of self through their reaction to contingency experiences. An example of a contingency experience could include the infant
cooing after kicking a mobile with their foot.
Which structure in the brain facilitates coordination between two sides of the body?
corpus callosum
Although Yumi was born in America, her favorite memories are her parents taking her to the annual Asian Festival and making delicious Japanese delicacies during traditional holidays while her grandparents share exciting stories about their lives in Japan. According to Diane Hughes, these experiences would be an example of
cultural socialization.
A young child has difficulty breathing due to persistent lung infections and liver and kidney complications connected to a genetic disorder. What chronic disease could this be?
cystic fibrosis
Mischel and Mischel's (1987) famous marshmallow task, in which children were given a choice to either eat one marshmallow immediately or wait for the chance to get a second marshmallow, represents a type of _______, which measures children's ability to forgo an immediate, smaller reward for a larger reward later.
delay of gratification task
The concept of goodness of fit
describes the alignment between the child's temperament and the expectations of that child's environment.
hree-year-old Tina enjoys having pretend-play time with her older sister. 3-year-old Marcelle, on the other hand, does not have a sibling close in age and often plays by herself. Compared to Marcelle, Tina is more likely to
develop an earlier understanding of false-belief
Jason is an 18-month-old child. He sees his mother bump her foot and yell out in pain. Jason quickly pats his mother's foot. Jason's behavior
displays development of "moral goodness" reflected in prosocial behavior.
A parent with the ability to manage negative emotions and cope with everyday stressors or what is known as _______, is more likely to develop a positive relationship with their child.
distress tolerance
Little Tomas can see a toy horse inside a plastic toy barn on the floor. His mom on the other side of the room cannot see into the barn. When asked what his mom can see Tomas describes she can see a brown horse inside the barn. What cognitive limitation of young children does this situation present?
egocentrism
Gerald was excited to show his mom the ceramic cup he had painted that day in class, but when he opened his backpack, he discovered it had broken in half! His mother responded, "I know you are upset, but with a little glue, we can mend it and you will feel better." His mother's response would be an example of a(n)
emotional coaching
Lila covers her ears immediately as the fireworks show begins to avoid getting upset. Lila is displaying
emotional self-regulation.
_______ are a type of short story used to test young children's knowledge about how a character in a story feels or might act in a particular situation.
emotional vignettes
Alice has been diagnosed with CAH (congenital adrenal hyperplasia), as she was exposed to higher-than-normal levels of androgens in utero. As a child, Alice is likely to
engage in more masculine play based behavior.
Jamal, who is 32, cannot remember who his teacher was when he was 7 years old, but he remembers specific, vivid details from his classroom and the day he fell and needed to get stitches. What kind of memory has Jamal stored?
episodic memory
Whenever Miguel gets angry with his little sister, he pushes her to the ground. In response, his father spanks him. Over time, Miguel's experience will likely lead him to
escalate his aggressive behavior.
Nicholas told his mother that his friend Chang won the class math contest earlier that day. His mother responded, "well, Chinese people are good at math." This type of sentence is an example of
essentialism.
The evolutionary theory that an infant's emotional tie to the caregiver is an evolved response that promotes survival reflects a(n)
evolutionary view of attachment.
Bert has been classified as possessing an insecure/disorganized attachment style. It is most probable that he
experienced a low-quality parent-child relationship with at least one caregiver.
. Research has shown that parents who consistently engage in emotion talk with their children have children that are more likely to demonstrate all the following except
experiencing more internalizing problems when attending school.
which scenario is an example of neglect
failing to provide basic needs to a child
Sage is a 14-month-old who will often cry loudly when in a new situation or is introduced to new people. Rothbart might say that Sage is high in the temperament dimension
fear and inhibition
Some tasks that would appear simple to adults may be more challenging for children, an example being threading buttons of various shapes with a length of yarn. What type of skills would be needed to work with small objects?
fine motor skills
Gina's parents consistently encourage her to play with her new toy doll rather than playing with trucks with her brother. This would be an example of
gendered parenting
Isolde was given a batch of her mothers' delicious chocolate chip cookies to bring to school. Upon opening the box, Isolde discovered that some of the cookies were bigger than others. Based on the findings from resource allocation studies, we would expect Isolde to
give bigger cookies to friends and smaller ones to nonfriends.
According to some researchers, in the false-belief task, a key requirement is for children to remember where the original object was placed and where it was moved to. Researcher's attribute which of the following as a possible explanation for such age-related improvements?
growing skills in executive functioning
As children acquire language skills during early childhood, they display impressive expansion in their vocabularies, which best reflects
growth in semantic networks
Margarita has grown up in a large, Hispanic family. Margarita's often cared for by female members of the family but spends little time with her father and other male family members. One possible explanation for this is the
he tendency for large families in certain cultures to show clearly defined gender roles.
A mother who spoke both English and Spanish while her baby is just a newborn can expect which of the following?
her baby will show equal preference for both languages
Ainsley has difficulty tolerating new social situations and tends to react fearfully when asked to try something new. It is likely that Ainsley has a _______ temperament.
highly inhibited
Kevin and his sister Molly were eating popsicles on their front porch. Kevin ate his quicker than Molly did and, deciding he wanted more, grabbed hers and ate it as well. Freud would say that Kevin's behavior was largely driven by his
id
A researcher watches from a one-way mirror as a young child, who had been separated from her mother for five minutes, is reunited. The researcher notes that the child seems to avoid eye contact with her mother and prefers to play alone. Based on these observations, the researcher might be likely to classify the child as
insecure avoidant.
Jayanthi stayed close to her mother upon entering a new home and became extremely upset when her mother left the room. Even when her mother returned to the room, Jayanthi was not easily comforted. The type of attachment relationship expressed by this behavior is most likely
insecure resistant
Chomsky suggested that children are innately endowed with the ability to learn language, when he attributed to
language acquisition device
As children grow, developments in the brain include new synaptic connections and myelinization to help nerve impulses travel faster. Another change during early childhood increasingly allows for one side of the brain to control the other side of the body. What is this called?
lateralization
which statement best explains the semantics of language as an interconnected system of words?
learning a word like "ball" related to other words such as "bounce" "round" or "kick"
which development reveals a child's growing skills in pragmatics
learning social conventions and norms around language use
According to the reading, infants who have hearing disabilities tend to display what amount of canonical babbling relative to hearing infants?
less frequent
Which school activities fosters children's reasoning about the motives, beliefs, and emotions of people?
literacy activities
High quality early education has been shown to have the most significant impact on the emotional development of children who come from
low-income families
infants can use nonverbal methods -- their own and those of others -- to
make requests, such as for food learn new words draw attention to something interpret the intentions of others
Which would be a later-developing example of children's early emerging moral sense?
moral retribution
an infant knows the word for an animal (doggie) and rejects a new name for the same animal (puppy). this behavior suggests a bias of
mutual exclusivity
According to a report by the Administration for Children and Families (ACF), an estimated 674,000 children were identified as victims of abuse in 2017. Which form of abuse was most reported?
neglect
Which represents the other in which infants typically learn different types of words?
nouns, then verbs
Piaget's research into the moral development of young children led him to conclude that a major distinction between younger and older children's understanding of moral behavior was that
older children, compared to younger, focused on intention behind a transgression.
According to the chapter, in order to encourage _______, parents were at one point recommended to _____ rather than ______ to their deaf children
oral language, talk, sign
what percentage of deaf children in the U.S. are born to hearing parents who do not know American Sign Language
over 90 percent
2. The channeling of language preference and perception to one's native tongue is an example of
perceptual narrowing
If you could take daily measurements of a typical child's growth and plot the results on a graph, the resulting curve would likely show
periods of no growth lasting days or weeks, interspersed with short upward spikes.
Gina noticed her parents praise her whenever she plays with her new doll but look upset when she plays with her brother with trucks. According to the social learning theory perspective of gender development, Gina likely will
play with her doll because of her parents' praise.
Selena is attending the first day of class at a new school and does not know any other students. She is extrovert but is having some feelings of anxiety and worry that are prompting her to think about how to interact with new children in the class. Selena is experiencing
positive stress
What factor contributes to children's improvements in phonology?
practice talking and muscle coordination
Children's expanding understanding of norms around language use (for example, knowing how much to talk, when to talk) is referred to as
pragmatics
A child is upset because she wants to go to sleep but the sun won't "turn off" because the time is 8:30 and that is her bedtime. How would Piaget explain this thought process?
precausal thinking
Emotions play a vital role in our development by
preparing a child to respond to the environment and communicate meaningful social information.
Shirley is a teacher in the two-year-old classroom. Shirley smiles and specifically praises one child who helped another student who had fallen on the playground. Most likely Shirley is doing this to promote
prosocial behavior
Terrell and Astrid are working together building a sandcastle at the beach. They take turns carrying the empty pail to gather sand and collect water and discuss how best to build their sandcastle. Later, Terrell shares his cookies with Astrid, and she gives him have half her sandwich. These children are engaging in
prosocial behaviors
Veronica ran up to her mother and said "where dad goed"? Her mother replied: "where did dad go?" this correction is known as a(n)
recast
Looking away from an unpleasant event and sucking their thumb are common ways infants
regulate their emotions
What strategy might children use to help recall a series of numbers or facts?
rehearsal
In Henry's neighborhood, corporal punishment is an accepted, normative practice for controlling unwanted behavior. As a result, it is likely that Henry may do all the following except
reject the belief that physical violence is an acceptable practice.
Which is not one of the four subtypes of child maltreatment?
relational abuse
Brittany didn't want Alice joining in her favorite game of tag, so she told all her friends that Alice wasn't a good runner, and shouldn't be allowed in the group. Brittany's behavior would be a good example of
relational aggression
A 6-year-old child who is visiting a restaurant expects a waiter to bring over a menu, describe the specials, take orders, and then serve food. What does this understanding reflect?
scripts and semantic memory
An infant's objective or conceptual self does not emerge until somewhere around the
second year.
Children and adults differ in average heights and weights in cultural communities throughout the world over historical time. Which term refers to such changes over an extended time?
secular changes
Research examining fathers' role in attachment development in young children have found that
sensitive parenting in fathers is associated with the development of secure attachment in children.
Ainworth's attachment research in Uganda
showed that Ugandan infants displayed very intense protest when separated from their mothers, perhaps because they were not used to being separated.
A parent and toddler visit a new playground. The toddler alternates between watching their parent and investigating a very steep slide. After seeing a fearful look on the parent's face, the toddler moves away from the slide. The toddler's behavior can be described as
social referencing.
In the real-life example of the word example ______________ can describe why infants are able to detect the likelihood of ap being paired with ple
statistical learning
An experiment in which caregivers interact naturally with their infants for a brief period, followed by maintaining an unresponsive face for several minutes is known as the
still-face experiment
Ainsworth's experiment of having a researcher assess an infant's exploration of a room, use of the caregiver as a secure base, reactions to the caregiver separation, reactions to the entry of a stranger, the ability to be soothed by the stranger, and reactions to the reunion with the caregiver is known as the
strange situation
Sharah, a 24-month-old child, seems confused when a relative starts asking her questions but instead of maintaining eye contact with Sharah, looks at another person. This confusion may indicate Sharah's development of the _______ self.
subjective
which is the set of rules that govern the ordering of parts of speech for children that form meaningful sentences?
syntax
A toddler wants to leave the house and go somewhere by saying "go car?" repeatedly to his mom. this kind of speech is known as
telegraphic speech
Five-year-old Mandy was read a story about a boy who ordered a kids' meal at his favorite restaurant because it came with a small prize. However, when he got his meal, he did not get a prize. When asked how the boy in the story felt after not getting a prize, Mandy likely said that
the boy likely felt sad because he didn't get a prize
All of the statements about obesity among U.S. children are true except that
the majority of obese 3-year-olds will grow out of the condition.
Semantic development refers to
the meaning of words and word combinations
In order to identify if children understood the rule for plural formation in grammar, Dr. Berko created which test?
the wug test
One hypothesis on children's growing theory of mind is that with development, children modify their reasoning about the causes of behaviors in themselves and others. What is this explanation called?
theory-theory
Children understood that stranger "A" knew how to fix a toy but did not know what the tools were called. Stranger "B" knew the names of things but couldn't fix them. The children were later more likely to turn to Stranger B for the label of an object they had never seen because.
they considered stranger B as a reliable source of information
why do children begin using prepositions, conjunctions, and articles at a later age of 2-3?
they require children to have a foundation of both nouns and verbs
when will children typically begin experimenting with different sounds?
this occurs by 6 months in the form of coos
A care center teaches preschool-aged children executive function skills such as improved memory, self-control, and attention. One reading task requires turn-taking. Selena holds a card with an ear because it is her turn to listen. Maria holds the card with a mouth because it is her turn to read the story. This inhibitory control task is part of which curriculum?
told and the Mind curriculum
Thinking of hierarchical categorization of words (for example, the order from general to basic to specific), which would be considered a specific-level word?
toucan
Kayla is feeling stress due to being neglected at home and having distracted parents, and her grades have been declining over several years. In turn, her parents punish her harshly on constant basis. What is Kayla likely experiencing?
toxic stress
Mothers of girls _______ their infants' crawling ability and mothers of boys _______ estimated their infants' ability.
underestimated; more accurately
At a young age, children begin to show the ability to differentiate between positive and negative emotions, showing an understanding of emotional
valence
Thomas and Chess and other researchers found that temperament
was a relatively stable characteristic from infancy through childhood and adulthood.
Malik is playing with a red triangular toy. He hears an adult use the novel word block. Malik is likely to think this new word refers to the toy, rather than its shape, it's color, or some other characteristic of it. This illustrates the concept of
whole object assumption
which behaviors are a part of infants' turn-taking during communication with others?
words and sounds gestures coos smiles
Young children often have difficulty waiting for a reward such as a marshmallow because
young children lack the ability to understand the rules associated with delay-of-gratification tasks.
Four-year-old Shane and his 2-year-old sister Carlise are both participants in the marshmallow task. Before the experimenter left, he tells them they must wait five minutes before they will be allowed to eat the marshmallow. Which is the most likely outcome?
Shane engages in a distraction coping strategy, while Carlise eats the marshmallow right away.
Which would be an example of an internalizing problem in a young child?
Sitting away from others during lunch and looking sad
. While language skills are essential for social competence, a high degree of verbal sophistication can sometimes lead to negative behaviors. For example, children with high language skills
can be adept at relational aggression
The single-touch and double-touch experiment was developed to better understand whether young infants
can distinguish their own actions from the actions of others.
According to Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, gender identification in young children is ultimately resolved by
children learning to identify with their same-sex parent to reduce undesirable feelings.
In a lab, a child was asked to cover her eyes. When asked if her mom can still see her, the child said: "no because my eyes are closed" What is this thought process referred to as?
egocentrism
Jade positively responds to having regular routines, has a pleasant disposition, and adapts easily to new experiences. Thomas and Chess's model of temperament would identify Jade as a(n) _______ child.
easy
A child stops themselves from throwing a toy when upset and instead walks away from the situation. This behavior is an example of
effortful control
Jose must learn 10 new vocabulary words before he is allowed to play with his new computer game. The extent to which Jose can focus on his studying and not be distracted by thinking of the new computer game would be an indication of his
effortful control
Rothbart's research found that _______ correlated with adult personality of _______.
effortful control; conscientiousness