PSYCH 350 Final Exam
What type of design includes within-subject and between-subject independent variables?
mixed design
Dr. Fort is studying effect of violent media on aggression. He randomly assigns participants to a media type condition where they see either see a movie clip or play a video game. Additionally, for half of the participants the media is violent, while for the other half the media is nonviolent. At the end of the study, participants' levels of testosterone are measured to assess levels of readiness for aggression When analyzing the results of the study, Dr. Fort found that participants exposed to violent content had higher testosterone levels than participants exposed to nonviolent content, but only when participants were playing violent video games. What kind of effect is this?
An interaction between media type and violent content
A 3 x 4 design has ______ independent variables
2
Dr. Fort is studying effect of violent media on aggression. He randomly assigns participants to a media type condition where they see either see a movie clip or play a video game. Additionally, for half of the participants the media is violent, while for the other half the media is nonviolent. At the end of the study, participants' levels of testosterone are measured to assess levels of readiness for aggression This is a ____________ design.
2 x 2
Amelia wants to conduct a study to see if different genders prefer different types of jokes. She does a study in which both men and women are told two different kinds of jokes. One set of jokes are "dad" jokes and the others are "knock-knock" jokes. She then asks them to self-report how funny the jokes were on a scale from 1 - 7. Missing image/table! What is the cell mean for women who heard knock-knock jokes?
3.4
Which means would be compared to test the main effect of gender?
4.0 and 3.9
Amelia wants to conduct a study to see if different genders prefer different types of jokes. She does a study in which both men and women are told two different kinds of jokes. One set of jokes are "dad" jokes and the others are "knock-knock" jokes. She then asks them to self-report how funny the jokes were on a scale from 1 - 7. Missing image/table! What is the marginal mean of dad jokes when collapsing across gender?
5.1
Hawthorne effect
A change in a subject's behavior caused simply by the awareness of being studied
The previous example would be described as an _______ design
A-B-A
When the effect of one independent variable changes depending on the level of another independent variable, this is known as:
An interaction effect
What is the independent variable in Jasmine's study?
Amount of sleep
Mediating effect
An effect caused by a mediator; the independent variable acts through the mediator to effect the dependent variable; without the mediator, the effect would not occur
quasi-experimental design
An experiment that does not require random assignment to conditions.
nested design
An experimental design with a within-subjects factor in which different levels of one independent variable are included under each level of a between-subjects factor.
Dr. Assad decides help reduce raters' workload and rate participants herself, but she is aware of which group has taken which medication. This creates the potential for which problem?
An experimenter-expectancy effect
Dr. George is conducting a study to determine whether sleep deprivation and study strategy affect performance on a laboratory memory test. She randomly assigns participants to one of two study conditions: cramming or distributing studying. She then randomly assigns them to one of two sleep deprivation conditions: 1 hour and 24 hours. Use the following three figures to answer the next three questions. Missing images/figures! What is it called when the influence of one independent variable on the other variable reverses across levels of the other variable (displayed in the previous figure)?
Crossover interaction
Jasmine wants to randomly assign some participants to get 6 hours of sleep and other participants to get 8 hours of sleep and then test cognitive performance the next morning. What type of design is this study?
Between-subjects
Which analysis is used when the independent variables and dependent variables are both categorical?
Chi-square
ANOVA
Compares mean values of a contributes variable for multiple categories/groups
Which analysis is used to assess the size and strength of a relationship between two continuous variables?
Correlation
Anne proposes to examine the relationship between students' self-reported average sleep time and GPA. What type of study design is this?
Correlational
Chris also proposes to counter-balance whether participants get 4 or 8 hours sleep the first night and 4 or 8 hours sleep the next night. What design issue is he controlling for?
Dependent samples t-test
A quasi-experimental design with only quasi-independent variables:
Does not allow researchers to make causal conclusions
Dr. Asaad wants to test the efficacy of ADHD medication in reducing symptoms in children. She randomly assigns participants to one of two groups: medication or placebo. After two weeks of this treatment, the participants' hyperactivity will be evaluated by trained observers who will give each participant a hyperactivity score from 1 to 10. Observers rating the hyperactivity of the participants are not told which group was given the true medication or the placebo. The children and their parents are also unaware of which group their child was in. What kind of procedure is being used in this study?
Double-blind
Dr. Fort is studying effect of violent media on aggression. He randomly assigns participants to a media type condition where they see either see a movie clip or play a video game. Additionally, for half of the participants the media is violent, while for the other half the media is nonviolent. At the end of the study, participants' levels of testosterone are measured to assess levels of readiness for aggression Which kind of study is Dr. Fort conducting?
Factorial between-subjects design
Lillian proposes to randomly assign participants to get 4, 6, or 8 hours sleep. In the morning, she will give half of the participants a caffeine pill and half a placebo pill before participants complete a test of cognitive performance. What type of design is this?
Factorial design
Dr. Loblaw wants to test the effects of two different therapies on patients with OCD. In addition, he is interested in whether it affects men and women differently. Participants are also randomly assigned to receive one of two different therapy techniques. Before participants begin therapy, Dr. Loblaw administers a test to determine the severity of the participants' symptoms, and then administers the same test after therapy to see whether severity of symptoms has decreased. Which of the following would present the largest confound in this study?
Having different therapists for the different therapy conditions of the study.
Amelia wants to conduct a study to see if different genders prefer different types of jokes. She does a study in which both men and women are told two different kinds of jokes. One set of jokes are "dad" jokes and the others are "knock-knock" jokes. She then asks them to self-report how funny the jokes were on a scale from 1 - 7. Missing image/table! What type of design is Amelia using?
Hybrid mixed design
One-way ANOVA
What statistical test compares the means of many groups (>2) of a single nominal variable by using an interval variable?
Dr. Asaad wants to test the efficacy of ADHD medication in reducing symptoms in children. She randomly assigns participants to one of two groups: medication or placebo. After two weeks of this treatment, the participants' hyperactivity will be evaluated by trained observers who will give each participant a hyperactivity score from 1 to 10. What statistic would be used for this study?
Independent samples t-test
Jasmine would need to use which technique to analyze his data?
Independent samples t-test
Programmatic research is research that:
Involves a sequence of related studies where subsequent studies build directly on previous findings
Chi-square
Involves categorical variables. Looks at 2 distributions of categorical data to see if they differ from each other.
Jonathan has been hired to conduct a program evaluation for the local community program Tutors for Tots, where developmental specialists help young children who are struggling to reach basic literacy milestones. When designing his program evaluation, Jonathan uses information from a previous evaluation that identified which program features are the most valuable and who they benefit the most. What type of evaluation is this?
Needs evaluation
Dr. Loblaw wants to test the effects of two different therapies on patients with OCD. In addition, he is interested in whether it affects men and women differently. Participants are also randomly assigned to receive one of two different therapy techniques. Before participants begin therapy, Dr. Loblaw administers a test to determine the severity of the participants' symptoms, and then administers the same test after therapy to see whether severity of symptoms has decreased. Which type of analysis would be appropriate for this study?
Mixed design ANOVA
If Dr. Asaad changes her design by measuring baseline hyperactivity levels before the participants receive the medication or placebo and compares those scores to hyperactivity levels after the participants receive the medication or placebo. Which analysis would she use?
Mixed design ANOVA
Mina proposes a study where she will randomly assign participants to sleep for 2 hours, 4 hours, or 8 hours. The next day in the lab, Mina will administer an attention task to her participants. Which analysis is appropriate for this study?
One-way ANOVA
Chris also proposes to counter-balance whether participants get 4 or 8 hours sleep the first night and 4 or 8 hours sleep the next night. What design issue is he controlling for?
Order effects
Jonathan has been hired to conduct a program evaluation for the local community program Tutors for Tots, where developmental specialists help young children who are struggling to reach basic literacy milestones. The clients want Jonathan to conduct an evaluation that provides evidence that the program produces outcomes that are consistent with the program's goals and objectives. What type of evaluation is this?
Outcomes evaluation
Dr. Fort is studying effect of violent media on aggression. He randomly assigns participants to a media type condition where they see either see a movie clip or play a video game. Additionally, for half of the participants the media is violent, while for the other half the media is nonviolent. At the end of the study, participants' levels of testosterone are measured to assess levels of readiness for aggression Which of the following would describe a main effect of violent content?
Testosterone levels were higher for participants who were exposed to violent content.
What is the dependent variable in Lillian's study?
Scores on the cognitive test
Jonathan has been hired to conduct a program evaluation for the local community program Tutors for Tots, where developmental specialists help young children who are struggling to reach basic literacy milestones. What statistical test would Jonathan use if he wanted to see whether the mean score on the survey item "Overall the program is effective at improving literacy skills", that was measured on a 1 to 5 scale, was significantly different from the midpoint on the scale?
Single sample t-test
Jonathan has been hired to conduct a program evaluation for the local community program Tutors for Tots, where developmental specialists help young children who are struggling to reach basic literacy milestones. The previous question gave an example of a survey item that might provide an overall evaluation of the program. This type of item is a:
Single-item indicator
When conducting a study on a psychological disorder that affects only a small percentage of the population, it would be difficult to gather more than a few participants. A ________ might be appropriate, in which the researcher first measures symptoms without treatment, then delivers a treatment and measures symptoms again, then withholds treatment for a period of time and measures symptoms again.
Single-subject design
Which of the following describes an effect where two variables combine to produce a smaller effect than what each individual variable contributes?
Suppression effect
Which of the following describes an effect where two variables combine to produce a larger effect than what each individual variable contributes?
Synergistic effect
Dr. Loblaw wants to test the effects of two different therapies on patients with OCD. In addition, he is interested in whether it affects men and women differently. Participants are also randomly assigned to receive one of two different therapy techniques. Before participants begin therapy, Dr. Loblaw administers a test to determine the severity of the participants' symptoms, and then administers the same test after therapy to see whether severity of symptoms has decreased. Which of the following would a main effect hypothesis address?
The effect of therapy type, ignoring gender
Marginal Effect
The effect on the dependent variable that results from changing an independent variable by a small amount
Why would the previous design lack external validity?
The results might not generalize to the population
Dr. George is conducting a study to determine whether sleep deprivation and study strategy affect performance on a laboratory memory test. She randomly assigns participants to one of two study conditions: cramming or distributing studying. She then randomly assigns them to one of two sleep deprivation conditions: 1 hour and 24 hours. Use the following three figures to answer the next three questions. Missing images/figures! What can you conclude from the figure below? Missing figure!
There may not be any main effects but there is likely an interaction between study strategy and sleep deprivation.
Dr. Fort is studying effect of violent media on aggression. He randomly assigns participants to a media type condition where they see either see a movie clip or play a video game. Additionally, for half of the participants the media is violent, while for the other half the media is nonviolent. At the end of the study, participants' levels of testosterone are measured to assess levels of readiness for aggression Which type of analysis would be appropriate for this study?
Two-way ANOVA
The internal validity of an experimental design is the degree to which:
We can conclude that manipulations of the independent variable cause changes in the dependent variable.
Chris proposes to have all participants sleep 4 hours one night and 8 hours another night. After each night, participants will perform a memory task. What type of design is this?
Within-subjects
Dr. Loblaw wants to test the effects of two different therapies on patients with OCD. In addition, he is interested in whether it affects men and women differently. Participants are also randomly assigned to receive one of two different therapy techniques. Before participants begin therapy, Dr. Loblaw administers a test to determine the severity of the participants' symptoms, and then administers the same test after therapy to see whether severity of symptoms has decreased. Which of the following results would describe an interaction between therapy and gender?
Women in therapy 1 reported reduced OCD symptoms, while men in therapy 1 did not, but therapy 2 was similarly effective for men and women
single sample t test
a hypothesis test in which we compare a sample from which we collect data to a population for which we know the mean but not the standard deviation
independent samples t-test
a hypothesis test used to compare two means for a between-groups design, a situation in which each participant is assigned to only one condition
factorial design
a study in which there are two or more independent variables, or factors
hybrid design
a type of study in which two or more cohorts of children are observed cross-sectionally and longitudinally
needs evaluation
an assessment to determine which features of a program are most valuable and who they benefit most
suppression effect
an effect where two variables combine to produce an outcome that is smaller than what each individual variable contributes
mixed design
an experimental design that combines within-subjects and between-subjects methods of data collection
Latin square design
an experimental design used to control for order effects in a within-subjects design
discussion groups
are usually for exchanging opinions and ideas on a specific topic, usually of a technical or scholarly nature. Group members post messages or articles that others in the group can read.
synergistic effect
combined effect of two or more drugs is greater than the effect of each drug alone
demand characteristics
cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected
outcomes evaluation
determines whether a program effectively produces outcomes that are consistent with the stated objectives or goals
process evaluation
evaluation focusing on the nature and sequence of activities carried out by nurses implementing the nursing process
Dr. George is conducting a study to determine whether sleep deprivation and study strategy affect performance on a laboratory memory test. She randomly assigns participants to one of two study conditions: cramming or distributing studying. She then randomly assigns them to one of two sleep deprivation conditions: 1 hour and 24 hours. Use the following three figures to answer the next three questions. Missing images/figures! Which figure shows an interaction between sleep deprivation and study strategy?
figure 1
Dr. George is conducting a study to determine whether sleep deprivation and study strategy affect performance on a laboratory memory test. She randomly assigns participants to one of two study conditions: cramming or distributing studying. She then randomly assigns them to one of two sleep deprivation conditions: 1 hour and 24 hours. Use the following three figures to answer the next three questions. Missing images/figures! Which figure shows only one main effect?
figure 2
Dr. George is conducting a study to determine whether sleep deprivation and study strategy affect performance on a laboratory memory test. She randomly assigns participants to one of two study conditions: cramming or distributing studying. She then randomly assigns them to one of two sleep deprivation conditions: 1 hour and 24 hours. Use the following three figures to answer the next three questions. Missing images/figures! Which figure shows a main effect for sleep deprivation, a main effect of study strategy, and no interaction?
figure 3
A group of people that participate in guided discussion about a topic to provide feedback that is often used as a starting point for research and assessment is known as:
focus group
experimenter expectancy effect
results that occur when the behavior of the participants is influenced by the experimenter's knowledge of who is in the control group and who is in the experimental group
single-blind study
study in which the subjects do not know if they are in the experimental or the control group
dependent samples t-test
the statistical test used to analyze results from a dependent two-groups design
hindsight bias
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
