PSYCH 495 Quiz 4

Brian watches the Boston Celtics games on TV. According to Bandura, what would motivate Brian to try to imitate the Boston Celtics?

3) Brian's friend improved his three point shot after mimicking the shooting style of one of the Boston Celtics.

What is a key distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning?

Classical conditioning makes associations between two stimuli; operant conditioning associates a behavior with its consequence.

In which of the following examples is the person likely to show the highest, and very steady, rate of response over time?

In hopes of winning a big jackpot, Penny plays the slot machines at a nearby casino.

Which of the following methods of behavior modification adheres to the Premack Principle?

Knowing his daughter loves to ride her bike, Miguel states: "you can ride your bike as soon as you clean your room."

What is a token economy?

Tokens are exchanged for valued reinforcers to increase the frequency of a desired behavior.

Sara allows her dog, Isabel, to run freely at a local park. As Isabel is chased by several other dogs, Sara notices that Isabel's hair rises up along her spine. Isabel's response illustrates ____.

a reflex

Children are most likely to pattern their own behavior based on the ____ of their parents.

actions

Garcia and Koelling's findings prompted a renewed interest in ____.

biological influences in learning

Sonia first trains her new dog by saying "good dog!" before giving him a food treat. She then trains her dog to sit and stay, saying "good dog!" when he provides the correct behavior; while continuing to periodically provide a food treat. Sonia is using which method(s)?

classical conditioning and operant conditioning

An environmental cue or event whose significance is learned through classical conditioning is referred to as a(n) ____.

conditioned stimulus

Mrs. Collora teaches social studies to junior high school students. Two boys in her class often loudly make jokes about the material being discussed. She has tried several techniques without success: 1) ignoring them; 2) encouraging and rewarding them for contributing to the class discussion; 3) removing their opportunities to participate in field trips; and 4) sending them to detention. In the order presented, list the operant conditioning principles she has applied to the situation.

extinction, positive reinforcement, negative punishment, positive punishment

Dr. Higgs exposes rats to a vanilla scent prior to receiving a food pellet in the left corner of their cage, but provides no food after exposure to a lemon scent. After several trials, upon smelling a vanilla scent, the rats wait at the far left corner of the cage regardless of whether a food pellet is present. However, they do not wait in the far left corner when exposed to the lemon scent. What is the unconditioned stimulus in the experiment?

food pellet

Learning in which stimuli associated with a conditioned stimulus also elicit conditioned responding is called ____.

higher order conditioning

Peter's father normally arrives home from work in a terrible mood, causing Peter extreme anxiety. However, when Peter sees that his father is wearing sweat pants, Peter feels at ease, knowing that his father has been home from work for awhile. Peter's distinct responses towards his father illustrates ____.

inhibition

The Brelands concluded that animals' strong instinctive behaviors predominated over behaviors that had been conditioned, which they described as ____.

instinctive drift

Based on the work of Richard Dawkins, the basic unit of cultural transmission is known as a(n) ____.

meme

The method for increasing behaviors that allow an organism to escape or avoid an unpleasant consequence is referred to as ____.

negative reinforcement

Learning that involves changes in the magnitude of responses to a specific stimulus is referred to as ____.

nonassociative learning

Learning is traditionally divided into three categories: associative, nonassociative, and ____.

observational

What delays the process of extinction?

partial reinforcement

What type of partial reinforcement depends on the number of times a behavior occurs?

ratio

Inevitable, involuntary responses to stimuli that are primarily controlled by circuits located in the spinal cord and brainstem are referred to as ____.

reflexes

The rats involved in Skinner's research boxes learned to press levers for food through the process of ____.

shaping

Counterconditioning in which people relax while being exposed to stimuli that elicit fear is referred to as ____.

systematic desensitization

A schedule of reinforcement in which the first response after a varying period of time is reinforced is called a(n) ____.

variable interval schedule