Psych

_______ is credited with establishing the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany.

Wilhelm Wundt

A neuron sends _______ to relay its message to another neuron.

neurotransmitters

Which of the following statements about punishment is TRUE?

Punishment is not another term for negative reinforcement.

Chloe has been having a lot of difficulty paying attention at work and sleeping at night. Which of the following structures might be the cause of these issues?

Reticular formation

Direct artificial stimulation of the parietal lobe produces a sense of being touched somewhere on your body.

True

Phoebe recently suffered a major fall in which she sustained brain injuries. Since then, she has had immense difficulty in communicating with others. She appears to understand what others tell her, but her responses are slow and laborious. Her sentences are always incomplete, with important grammatical words missing. Which of the following conditions best reflects Phoebe's case?

Broca's aphasia

A schedule in which reinforcement is provided after a fixed number of correct responses is known as a fixed interval schedule.

False

According to structuralists, maladaptive behavior patterns tend to drop out, and only the fittest behavior patterns survive.

False

According to the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association, animals cannot be harmed under any circumstance while conducting research.

False

Which of the following completed all of the academic requirements for a Ph.D. at Harvard but was never awarded it?

Mary Whiton Calkins

According to the biological perspective of psychology, __________ interact with inherited factors to determine specific behavior and mental processes.

environmental factors

People seem to be ready to fear thunder, threatening faces, sharp objects, darkness, and heights. According to Arne Öhman and Susan Mineka, this is referred to as __________.

biological preparedness

In a __________, a specific amount of time must elapse between the previous and subsequent times that reinforcement is available.

fixed-interval schedule

Max is a waiter at a coffee shop. He gets paid $100 every day at 9 p.m. regardless of the number of customers he serves during the day. In this scenario, Max's payment is based on the ________.

fixed-interval schedule

Erica is part of a research group that is studying a group of software executives. She is trying to determine the relationship between workplace stress and cancer. As part of the same study, she also advises her subjects on ways to counter workplace stress. Erica is most likely a _________.

health psychologist

Brad was surprised to learn that Ameer did not belong to the National Honor Society because he always seemed to hang out with other members of that organization. This is best explained by the principle of the law of__________.

proximity

As part of a study in auditory perception, students were made to listen to a low-volume music track. When they first put on their headphones, they almost couldn't hear anything. But as they became more attentive, the sound gradually became clearer. This is an example of _____.

sensitization

Labib has been having severe epileptic seizures since a very young age. His seizures have become less frequent since he underwent an operation. However, he has problems expressing what he feels. When he feels happy, his facial expressions often show anger. Labib has most likely undergone a(n) _______ operation.

split-brain

Every morning, Jaclyn's parents watch for the school bus to arrive. They repeatedly are looking out the window to see if the bus has arrived. This schedule is a __________.

variable-interval schedule

Every time a neuron fires, it transmits an impulse of the same strength. This occurrence is known as the __________.

all-or-none principle

Which of the following refers to a time when a neuron does not allow sodium to pass through the neuronal membrane and as a result, is insensitive to messages from other neurons and does not fire?

**NOT**A temporary threshold shift.

Which of the following is true of functionalism?

**NOT**It breaks down experience into objective sensations and subjective feelings.

Which of the following statements is true of psychoanalysis?

**NOT**It primarily breaks conscious experience down into objective sensations and subjective feelings.

Which of the following statements is true of rod cells in the retina of the eye?

**NOT**They transmit the sensation of color.

Mark initially was not bothered by his new nickname, however, after seeing it often through social media he became more sensitive to it. This process is known as _____.

**NOT**negative adaptation

How many rods does each eye contain?

125 million

Acetylcholine is excitatory at the heart but inhibitory at synapses between nerves and muscles that involve voluntary movement.

False

Cognitive psychologists explain the outcome of classical conditioning in terms of the publicly observable conditions of learning

False

Early in the 20th century, Gestalt psychologists noted certain consistencies in the way we integrate bits and pieces of sensory stimulation into meaningful wholes. This group of rules is referred to as the laws of similarity.

False

Retinal disparity causes feelings of tension in the eye muscles and provides a binocular cue for depth.

False

Telling your young child on Monday that their good behavior will be rewarded on Saturday is more effective than giving them an immediate reinforcer.

False

In Pavlov's experiments on classical conditioning, salivation of the dog in response to the meat powder is an unlearned or unconditioned response.

True

In the 1940s and 1950s, psychodynamic theory dominated the practice of psychotherapy.

True

Monozygotic twins are important in the study of the relative influences of nature and nurture because differences between monozygotic twins are the result of nurture.

True

Psychology seeks to describe, explain, predict, and control behavior and mental processes.

True

Researchers historically agreed on four primary taste qualities: sweet, sour, salty, and bitter.

True

Sacs called synaptic vesicles in the axon terminals contain neurotransmitters.

True

Your friends had to tell what the painting meant because all you could see was a bunch of random dots on the canvas. You are most likely using Bottom-up processing.

True

Which of the following is not a principle of Gestalt psychology?

Weight.

In the context of reinforcement schedules, if you were only paid for every individual webpage that you create you are being paid on a __________.

fixed-ratio schedule