Psych All

Erikson's Stage Theory of Psychological development 2

1 to 3- autonomy vs. shame/doubt (letting the kid explore or tell them to stop over and over again)

When do babies reach self awareness?

1.5

What percent of dreams are sexy?

10% of men's and 3.3% of women's

Erikson's Stage Theory of Psychological development 5

12 to 20- identitiy vs. role confusion

How much will an adult sleep if they are left unhindered?

9 hours

How long is a full sleep cycle?

90 minutes

2 standard deviations of the mean?

95%

3 standard deviations of the mean

99.7%

A business owner is considering different compensation plans for her sales force. Identify what schedule of reinforcement is reflected in each of the following plans, making sure you explain why each answer is correct: • The owner will pay a $1,500 bonus each time a hundred units are sold. • The owner will have a lottery each month. Each salesperson will get one lottery ticket for every one hundred units sold. The salesperson with the winning ticket will get $5,000. • The owner will pay each salesperson a monthly salary that does not depend on units sold.

?

phobias

A group of anxiety disorders involving a pathological fear of a specific object or situation (5% of population).

Oxytocin

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary that stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding.

Individualized Education Programs

A legal document defining the educational program and related services for a specific student who has a disability. They are used by psychologists, psychiatrists, mental health workers, school nurses and counselors, as well as others.

Venom of black widow interfers with what neurotransmitter?

ACh

Reliability

Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings

What happens when a person passes out do to overdose?

Ability to control parasalsis (ability to throw up) goes away- bc the person goes quickly to delta sleep- NRM-3 and can't awaken

Self Actualization (Maslow)

According to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential

fully functioning

According to Rogers, an individual whose self-concept closely resembles his or her inborn capacities or potentials.

drive

Activated by a need, it is a state of psychological tension that motivates us to eat or drink

How do you turn a cc into an oc?

After a cc starts to work, to reinforce it you bring in the oc, with punishment and positive reinforcement

Who came up with individual psychology?

Alfred Adler

Power Tests

Allot enough time for test takers to complete the items of varying difficulty on the test, so that differences in scores among test takers are a function of the test taker's knowledge, and possibly good guessing

3% of the world's population by age 75 has ___

Alzheimers

generalized anxiety disorder

An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. Symptoms must occur for at least 6 months and include chronic anxiety.

panic disorder

An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. (4 or more symptoms must occur)

shaping

An operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior.

fixed ratio

An unchanging schedule; a constistent thing based on number or frequency of event/incident

fixed interval

An unchanging schedule; a constistent thing based on time

theory of the mind

An understanding that other people have different thoughts and feelings (often associated w/ autism spectrum disorders)

personal distress

An unpleasant state of arousal in which people are preoccupied with their own emotions of anxiety, fear, or helplessness upon viewing a victim's plight

What was stage two of Freud's psychosexual development theory?

Anal stage, 1-3, child enjoys defecating. Anal-retentive personality and anal-expulsive personality can develop here. Praise for proper defecation can generalize to creativity and productivity.

What hormone does the hypothalamus simulate the pituitary to release to promote reabsorption of water in the kidneys, resulting in decreased urination?

Antidiuretic hormone

stimulus

Any change or signal in the environment that can make an organism react in some way.

Forensic Psychologists

Apply psych to legal issues, create public policies on mental health, help police in criminal investigations, consult jury and more. They assess for legal community. Mostly clinical psychologists, but not always. Some hold law degrees, Work in uni psych, law school, reasearch org, community mental health agency or a government org

nicotine pleasurable effects

Arousal and relaxation, sense of well-being

The Biological Perspective (Developmental Psychology)

Attributes differences of the sexes to heredity (like the sex chromosomes)

How do people develop a sense of morality?

Based on their environment (friends, parents, school)

Why were SSRIs revolutionary?

Because the old antidepressants could kill a person and they had to be given in small doses to prevent this

Why does extinction occur?

Because you have stopped the pairing for too long

The Evolutionary Perspective (Developmental Psychology)

Behavioral tendencies prepare us to provide and reproduce

Animism

Belief that objects, such as plants and stones, or natural events, like thunderstorms and earthquakes, have a discrete spirit and conscious life.

René Descartes thoughts on the mind?

Believed fluid in the brain contains spirits and through this fluid nerves flowed and opened up pores for memory. He also noted that the brain looks for patterns. He realized that nerve pathways allowed reflexes. He also believed in the immortal soul.

What frequencies are people sensitive to?

Between 20 and 20,000 Hz.

Blue-yellow colorblindness

Blue cones are missing or not working. People see blue as green and may find it difficult to distinguish yellow or red from pink.

What colors complement eachother?

Blue-yellow, red-green

Are type B or A personalities more likely to have cardiac problems? Which are more likely to make healthy lifestyle changes?

Both A

In general, damage to _______disrupts speaking, while damage to _______ disrupts understanding of language.

Broca's Area, Wernicke's Area

Brightness consistency

By which an object maintains a particular level of brightness regardless of the amount of light reflected from it

cocaine adverse effects

Cardiovascular stress, suspiciousness, depressive crash

Astigmatism

Caused by the irregularity in the shame of the cornea and/or lens causing distortion of blurring of the retina image

expectancy effects

Changes in a subject's behavior produced by the subject's belief that change should happen; also called placebo effects.

Drive Reduction theory

Clark Hull, behavior is motivated by the need to reduce drives such as hunger, thirst or sex.

Stereotype Threat

Claude Steele, members of stereotyped groups begin to doubt themselves and fear they will fulfill their group's negative stereotype. This anxiety interferes with their performance on tests, lowering their scores.

Bulimia nervosa

Common eating disorder characterized by eating binges involving the intake of thousands of calories, followed by purging either by vomiting or using laxatives. Generally young women who think obsessively about food but are terrified of being fat.

Instincts

Complex, inherited behavior patterns characteristic of a species.

How is adaptive behavior expressed?

Conceptual skills, social skills and practical skills

psychodynamic psychotherapy

Contemporary version of psychoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems.

Extrasensory perception (ESP)

Controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input

transduction

Conversion of one form of energy to another, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into the electrochemical energy of neural impulses our brains can interpret.

Name and briefly describe three stages of sleep when rapid eye movements are not occurring.

DO LATER

reaction formation

Defense mechanism by which people behave in a way opposite to what their true but anxiety-provoking feelings would dictate.

displacement

Defense mechanism by which people divert sexual or aggressive feelings for one person onto another person.

rationalization

Defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions.

Ectasy (MDMA) adverse effects

Dehydration, overheating, depressed mood, impaired cognitive and immune functioning

cognitive development (dream theory)

Dream content reflects dreamers' cognitive development—their knowledge and understanding. However this does not address the neuroscience of dreams.

between subjects design

Each participant experiences only one level of the independent variable

Pavlov's dog

Each time the dog was fed, a bell was rung for a few seconds and the amount of saliva produced was measured. Then the bell was rung and no food was given. He discovered that the amount of saliva produced on this trial was the same as when the food was given.

People associated with operant conditioning

Edward Thorndike, B.F. Skinner

Ectasy (MDMA) pleasurable effects

Emotional elevation (artificial dopamine firing), disinhibition

What does Acetylcholine (ACh) do?

Enables muscle action, learning and memory. Deterioates with Alzheimers.

While hiking, Ken stumbled and fell down a 10-foot drop-off. Upon landing, he sprained his ankle badly. Ken was surprised that he felt very little pain for the first half hour. Explain how the following helped Ken feel little pain in the moments after the injury; Endorphins; the synapse

Endorphins are natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to controlling pain and the synapse is the space between neurons where neurotransmitters like the endorphins carry information that influences how Ken feels.

Where are impulses from sense organs transmitted?

Everything but smell (which is sent to the olfactory lobes on the underside of the cortex) is transmitted to the thalamus before the cortex that translated it into action.

Creative (Triarchic theory of intelligence)

Evidenced by adaptive reactions to novel situations, showing insight, and being able to see more than one way to solve a problem

Opponent -process theory

Ewald hering; certain neurons can be either excited or inhibited depending on the wavelength of light and complementary wavelengths have opposite effects

Why do evolutionary psychologists think mammal women are more likely to choose less males to mate with while mammal females

Females optimize reproductive success by being selective and choosing a male who has resources to provide for children. Males optimize success by mating with many, preferably healthy/fertile/young, females.

Alfred Binet

Field: testing; Contributions: general IQ tests, designed test to identify slow learners in need of remediation-not applicable in the U.S. because too culture-bound

Margaret Floy Washburn

First female to be awarded a PhD in psychology; 2nd president of the APA (1921), wrote "The Animal Mind"

John Garcia and Robert Koelling

First recognized a selective CS-UCS connection when they noticed that rats avoided drinking water from the water bottles in the chambers where they had previously been made nauseated by radiation. They found that rats readily learned an association between water and illness, yet the rats could not be conditioned to associate flavored water with an electric shock delivered through a grid on the floor of the test chamber

Big Five OCEAN

Five basic personality traits from which other traits are derived. They include neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness.

What did John Horn and Raymond Cattell determine that the two factors of intelligence of Spearman's g should be?

Fluid intelligence and crystalized intelligence

Identify two states of conscioussness that are psychologically induced and two that occur spontanteously

For any two psychologically induced states: sensory deprivation, hypnosis, or meditation. For any two spontaneously occurring states: daydreaming, drowsiness, or dreaming.

Why is the primary olfactory cortex necessary?

For making fine distinctions among odors and using those distinctions to consciously control behavior

imprinting

Forming a social attachment to the first moving object seen or heard and following that object (usually their mother)

Which neurotransmitter inhibits CNS activity in order to calm a person down during stressful situations?

GABA

What is secreted when blood sugar levels are low?

Glucagon, not insulin (which is inhibited), is released from the pancreas.

Pavlov

Got Russia's first nobel prise when studying digestive system, intially wanted to be a Russian priest. Looking at his dog salviating, he began to discover classical conditioning

Dark adaptation

Gradual increase of sensitivity to a low level of light at sudden darkness. This results from a shift of mostly cone vision to mostly rod vision

GRIT

Graduated and Reciprocated Initiatives in Tension reduction; a strategy designed to decrease international tensions

What are the three different kinds of cones?

HELP

hypnagogic?

Hallucinations that occur before going to sleep- like feelings of floating or falling before sleep

How did Weber determine that regions such as the lips and fingertips have a greater concentration of sensory receptors than your back? What did this lead to?

He used a two point discrimination test and found that the amount of cortex devoted to each area of the body is related to the sensitivity of that area.

Eugene Aserinsky

He was the first to observe periods of rapid eye movements in sleeping infants in the early 1950s. He used an EEG on his son Armond.

nicotine adverse effects

Heart disease, cancer

amplitude

Height of a sound wave, it is measured in decibels (logarithmic units of pressure)

Counseling Psychologists

Help people adjust to life transitions or make lifestyle changes, they don't deal with severe psychopathology. THey are humanist in emphasizing clients strengths and helping them use their own skills, interests and abilities. Need to be licensed.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Henry Murray and Christiana Morgan,. A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. There are twenty cards of ambigious situations to be described.

What do biological psychologists attribute schizophrenia to?

High dopamine levels, teratogens (viruses or genetic preidispositions) in the brain and such.

What does the limbic system include?

Hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus

Social Psychologists

Human interactions and how different ppl's beliefs, actions and behaviors are effected by and influence others, Work in organizations, market research, hospitals, and such doing applied reasearch.

ASD vs. PTSD

If it lasts longer than 30 days it is PTSD, if not it is ASD (exact same symptoms)

What do I mean when I say split-brain surgery leaves people with "two separate minds?"

If they attempt to do something with one hand (or side of brain), they may find themselves also doing it with the other. THey can do things simultaneously because both are being processed.

Marijuana adverse effects

Impaired learning and memory, increased risk of psychological disorders, lung damage from smoke

Why must all proctors give the same directions, time limits and conditions?

In order to ascertain that even when taking the same test, even with different proctors, the same score for one person would be universally achieved.

free association

In psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

Defense mechanisms

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

defense mechanisms

In psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality.

How does the inner ear treat sound?

In the cochlea the basilar membrane's hair cells are bent by vibrations and transduce this mechanical energy into the electrochemical energy of neural impulses which synapse with auditory neurons whose axons make the auditory nerve.

Where are body senses processed?

In the parietal lobes

Door in the face

In this persuasive technique, a ridiculous request is made knowing that you will refuse followed by a smaller request that is more acceptable (ex: Asking for a new car, than asking for a car)

mutism

Inability or refusal to speak

caffeine pleasurable effects

Increased alertness and wakefulness

Alcohol pleasurable effects

Initial high followed by relaxation and disinhibition (can cause loss of self awareness and control)

William James thought that motivation by ____ was important for human behavior

Instincts

Mainstreaming

Integration into regular education classes, what happens often to kills with mold intellectual disability

Test takers who fall two deviations below the mean with a score of 70 are borderline for and sometimes lack difficulty adapting to everyday life have a ____ disability.

Intellectual disability

amneocentesis

Invasive procedure. Stick a needle into placenta to get amniotic fluid. Analyze its genetic composition to karyotype the baby. Full chromosomal analysis will show if there are birth defects.

School Psychologists

Involved in assessment of and intervention for children in educational settings. Diagnose and treat cognitive, social and emotional problems. Collab with teachers, parents and administrators

Why is an operational definition necessary when reporting research findings?

It allows others to replicate the procedure

What does good sleep do for you?

It heightens your satisfaction with life

Criticisms of Piaget

It is a stage theory and people progress differently and don't stop progressing at age 12

Is alcohol a stimulent? Why?

It is not, it is a disinhibitor (it lowers your guard- you do things you would not do sober). It is a depressent.

Tell me about pain

It is often associated with the secretion of substance P and relief from it is associated with the secretion of endorphins

Lab situations are not real life, so how do they predict what will occur in real life?

It is the resulting principles—not the specific findings—that help explain everyday behaviors

While taking a standardized test with randomly scrambled answers, you notice that your last four answers have been "c." Which of the following is true concerning the probability of the next answer being "c"?

It is unaffected by previous answers. It is as likely to be "c" as any other answer.

ego-ideal (freud)

It rewards us by making us feel proud of ourselves

What does sleep do to our memories from the day?

It strengthens and stabilizes neural memory traces. It leads to better memory (especially in seniors), neural activity during sleep re-enacts and promotes recall of prior experiences

What does your visual cortex do for visual perception?

It transmits information to association areas of your parietal and temporal that integrate all the pieces of information to make an image you recognize. Your brain looks for constancies and simplicity, making a huge number of perceptual decisions the stimuli you select to process greatly affects your perceptions

Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select--doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggarman and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors

John Watson

outgroup

"Them"—those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup. (ex: People who are not white protestants in America)

what does apnea mean

"with no breath"

Non-REM Sleep (1) EEG characteristics (2), eye movements (3) and muscle tone (EMG)

(1) high voltage, slow (EEG synchronization), (2) absent, (3) variable; generally reduced

Waking (1) EEG characteristics (2), eye movements (3) and muscle tone (EMG)

(1) low voltage, fast, (2) normal tracking, (3) present

REM sleep (1) EEG characteristics (2), eye movements (3) and muscle tone (EMG)

(1) low voltage, fast, (2) specific pattern of rapid eye movements, (3) absent (except ocular muscles)

James McKeen Cattell

(1860-1944) Invented the term "mental test" in famous paper "Mental Tests and Measurements"

antisocial

(Cluster B) A disorder characterized by an unusual lack of remorse, empathy, or regard for normal social rules and conventions. Used to be called sociopaths or psychopaths. They know difference between right and wrong, but don't care. That's why it doesn't work for the insanity fee.

histrionic

(Cluster B) Excessively dramatic or emotional, seeks attention, to overreact, more common in women

narcissistic

(Cluster B) characterized by excessive self-absorption, especially about one's personal appearance. More about self-image than self-love. Has narcissistic parent usually.

Law of Pragnanz/Good form

(Gestalt) claimed that we tend to organize patterns in the simplest way possible. The organizing principle is proximity and as such we perceive objects that are close together as parts of the same pattern

Cognitive Appraisal theory

(Lazarus) our emotional experience depends on our interpretation of the situation we are in.

achievement motive

(Mclelland) desire to meet some internalized standard of excellence

Sigmund Freud

(Psychoanalysis) 1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference

OCPD

(cluster c) Preoccupation with orderliness and perfectionism; restricted ability to express warm emotion. They want their way always because it is best, they will constantly criticize until they get what they want. It can only be done best by the person who has it. Preoccupied with rules and detail.

avoidant

(cluster c) Sensitive to criticism, shy, anxious; socially isolated but yearns to be in the crowd. Considered painfully shy, is ego-dystonic disorder. Symptoms are similar to schizoid, but they care.

Construct validity

(considered true measure of validity) the extent to which the test actually measures the hypothetical construct or behavior it is designed to assess

Weber's Law

(difference threshold) The change needed is proportional to the original intensity of the stimulus. (5% for sound, 8% vision)

reward centers

(previously called pleasure centers) Areas of hypothalamus and other parts of limbic system which have profoundly rewarding effects.

sublimation

(psychology) modifying the natural expression of an impulse or instinct (especially a sexual one) to one that is socially acceptable

habituate

(v.) to become used to; to cause to become used to

perfect correlation

+1.00 or -1.00

What parts of mikes brain have most been affected by his head injury if he struggles to control his emotions and has difficulty establishing new memories?

- damage to the amygdala would make it difficult for him to control his emotions. - damage to the hippocampus would affect his ability to establish new memories.

explain the difference between inferential and descriptive statistics in research.

- descriptive: organizes and summarizes the data collected during research - inferential: used to help determine whether results can be generalized to a larger population through the calculation of statistical significance.

What is speed a nickname for?

amphetamine nickname

near-death experience

an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as cardiac arrest) often similar to drug-induced hallucinatins (think: loss of oxygen) Like LSD.

Role Construct Repertory Test

an assessment device designed by Kelly to evoke and explore a person's own personal construct system

expectancy

an awareness of how likely it is that the US will occur

attachment

an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation

sexual orientation

an enduring sexual attraction toward members of one's own sexual (homosexual orientation), the other sex (heterosexual orientation) or both sexes (bisexual orientation)

double-blind procedure

an experiemental procedure in which both the research participants and the reserach staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research paricipants have recieved the treatment or placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies

theory

an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events

primary reinforcer

an inately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satistifies a biological need

Temperament

an infant's natural disposition to show a particular mood at a particular intensity for a specific period. It is currently considered hereditary.

shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide behavior towards closer and closer approzimation of the desired behavior

Critical period

an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development

Norm

an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior. Norms prescribe "proper" behavior. (ex: Greetings, in American business culture, one shakes hands and wears formal attire)

Prejudice

an unjustifiableand usually negative attitude toward a group and its members. Prejudice generally involves stereotyped beliefs, negative feelings, and a predisposition to discriminatory action. (ex: Sexism)

OCD and Panic disorder are treated with what?

antidepressents (Prozac, Paxil, Zoloft)

stimulus

any event or situation that evokes a response

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy

aggression

any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy (ex: Domestic abuse)

Sleep talking

any sleep stage (mostly nrem-3), somniloquy, runs in families

behavior

anything an organism does (observable/recordable actions)

Somatosensory/sensory cortex

area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations.

two dimensions of emotion

arousal or intensity and valence or positive/ negative quality

Holistic Dynamic Theory (Maslow)

assumes that the whole person is constantly being motivated by one need or another & that people have the potential to grow toward psychological health

Transduction of mechanical energy of pressure/ touch and heat energy of warmth and cold occur where?

at sensory receptors distributed all over the body just below the skin's surface.

Scientific name for sleep paralysis

atonia

Associations influence ____

attitudes

You decide to make a positive change in your life. Instead of going to work with a frown on your face, you will force yourself to smile when you walk out the door. According to the _____, by altering your behavior you stand a good chance of changing your attitude.

attitudes-follow-behavior principle

What is another name for the sense of hearing?

audition

What disorder can be diagnosed under the age of 2?

autism spectrum disorder

What personality disorder leads to agoraphobia?

avoidant

chronic/fearfulness

avoidant, dependent, OCDD

A woman had been pondering a problem for days and was about to give up when, suddenly, the solution came to her. Her experience can be best described as what? a. Cognitive mapping b. Insight c. Operant conditioning d. Classical conditioning e. Unconscious associative learning

b

Endorphins are released in the brain in response to (a) morphine or heroin, (b) painful or vigorous exercise, (c) the all-or-none response, (d) the amount of reuptake, (e) a and b

b

Lynn is teaching learning. Every time she claps her hands, Charlie turns off the light. When Randy claps in approval of Lynn's presentation, Charlie does not turn the light off. What concept has Charlie demonstrated? a. Habituation b. Discrimination c. Spontaneous recovery d. Extinction e. Habituation

b

Superstitious behavior can be produced by a. careful manipulation of a classical conditioning experiment. b. the accidental timing of rewards. c. possession of a large number of traditionally lucky items. d. cognitive awareness of superstitious behavior in others. e. the change in a reinforcement schedule from ratio to interval.

b

What do we call a desire to perform a behavior in order to receive promised rewards or to avoid threatened punishment? a. Latent learning b. Extrinsic motivation c. Intrinsic motivation d. Insight learning e. Emotion-focused coping

b

What do we call the reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response? a. Acquisition b. Spontaneous recovery c. Discrimination d. Operant conditioning e. Classical conditioning

b

Sleep deprivation can lead to weight gain, reduced muscle strength, suppression of the cells that fight common colds, and most likely which of the following? (a) Increased productivity, (b) Depression, (c) Decreased mistakes on homework, (d) Increased feeling of well-being, (e) Sleep apnea

b, depression

Which of the following is the most likely consequence of the brain's tendency to vicariously experience something we observe? a. Actual physical injury b. The risk of misremembering our own actions c. Interference with associative learning d. The elimination of classically conditioned responses to stimuli e. A confusion between reinforcers and rewards in an operant conditioning setting

b?

secure attachment (Mary Ainsworth)

babies explore happily, looking back at their mothers and returning to them periodically and they act wary but calm around strangers

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

based on Jung's theory of personality types

Classical conditoning is a ____ form of learing

basic

3 categories of psychology as created by the book?

basic, applied, helping

Why do evolutionary psychologists think we need social bonds?

bc they offer group members opportunities for shelter, safety, reproduction, and care of the young

What monday of the year has most caraccidents? WHy?

bc we are setting it behind or asleep (which makes reaction time and such down)

Abnormal behavior

behavior that is personally disturbing or disabling, or culturally so deviant that others judge it as maladaptive, inappropriate, or unjustifiable.

atypical or deviant behvaior

behavior that is statistically rarer with a low probability of occuring

respondant behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

operant behavior

behavior that operates on the enviorment, producing consequences

John Watson

behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat. After disgraced his married his assistant and started working in advertising, and was very successful

How do learned associations feed our habitual behaviors?

behaviors become habitual after around 66 days

How has the definition of addiction changed in recent years?

behaviors formly considered bad habits or sins can now be called addiction

external locus of control (Julian Rotter)

believe that what happens to them is due to fate, luck, or others

stability vs. change

believing you (ex: your temperament) are stable though-out life vs. that they change

_______the most commonly prescribed antianxiety drugs include these. Commonly known as Xanac and Valium. They replaced barbiturates (worse side effects so they needed replacement- though who they are in the category of).

benzodiazepines

What is generalized anxiety disorder treated with medication wise?

benzodiazepines bc they simulate GABA (Xanax and Valium)

Representative samples are _____ than biased samples

better

maturation

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience

reistance (psychoanalysis)

blocking of anxiety-provoking feelings and experiences, evidenced by behavior such as talking about trivial issues or coming late for sessions— is a sign that the client has reached an important issue that needs to be discovered.

What is depleted when you exercise will power?

blood sugar and neural activity paired when mental focus

What did Freud attribute somatic symptom disorders to?

bottled-up emotional energy

Is it the brain or heart that falls in love?

brain

Phrenology has been discredited, but which of its ideas turned out to be a breakthrough idea?

brain function localization

psychosurgery

brain surgery on human patients intended to relieve severe and otherwise intractable mental or behavioral problems

nerves

bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands and sense organs

sleep spindles/k complexes (NREM-2)

bursts of rapid, rhythmic brain-wave activity

Shape Consistency

by which an object appears to maintain its normal shape regardless of the angel from which it is viewed

Size Constancy

by which an object appears to stay the same size despite changes in the size of the image it casts on the retina as it moves farther away or closer

All of the following are examples of primary reinforcers except a a. rat's food reward in a Skinner box. b. cold drink on a hot day. c. high score on an exam for which a student studied diligently. d. hug from a loved one. e. large meal following an extended time without food.

c

Elephants appear to have the capacity to remember large-scale spaces over long periods. Which of the following best identifies this capacity? a. Latent learning d. Intrinsic motivation b. Insight e. Extrinsic motivation c. Cognitive maps

c

The perception that we control our own fate is also called what? a. Self-control b. Learned helplessness c. Internal locus of control d. External locus of control e. Emotion-focused coping

c

Which of the following drugs is classified as an opiate? (a) Nicotine (b) Marijuana (c) Heroin (d) Methamphetamine (e) Cocaine

c

Which of the following is best defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience? a. Acquisition b. Stimulus c. Learning d. Habituation e. Response

c

Which of the following is more likely to be emphasized in individualist cultures than in collectivist cultures? a. gender differences b. shared goals c. personal achievement d. cooperation of the group e. preservation of tradition

c. personal achievement

Which of the following processes is the best term for explaining how we learn languages? a. Biofeedback b. Discrimination c. Modeling d. Insight e. Creativity

c?

What drug is an active ingredient in coffee and energy drinks?

caffeine

What is the world's most widely used drug?

caffeine

relative height or elevation (pictorial cue for monocular vision)

can be seen when the objects closest to the horizon appear to be the farthest from you. The lowest objects in our field of vision generally seem the closest.

individuals with mild intellectual disability (about 85%)

can care for themselves, can care for a home, achieve a sixth-grade education, hold a job, get married, and become an adequate parent. They are often mainstreamed

An individual with an exceptional memory is identified. She is capable of recalling major events, the weather, and what she did on any given date. What research method is being used if a psychologist conducts an in-depth investigation of this individual including questionnaires, brain scans, and memory tests?

case study

A split-brain patient has a picture of a dog flashed to his right hemisphere and a cat to his left hemisphere. He will be able to identify the

cat using his right hand

What is the body composed of?

cells

glial cells (glia)

cells in the nervous system that support, nourish and protect neurons; they may also play a role in learning and thinking

a gymnast falls and hits her head on the floor. She attempts to continue practicing, but has trouble maintaining balance. What part of her brain has probably been affected?

cerebellum

Forebrain

cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus

schizophrenia (Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders)

characterized by symptons of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought (speec), disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (catatonia) and negative symptons. Caused by excess of dopamine so treated by anti-psychotic drugs. First break happens between 18-29.

hormones

chemical messengers that are manufactored by the endocrine glands travel through the bloodstream and affect other tissues. They influence our interest in sex, food and aggression

neurotransmitters

chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, they travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the recieving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse

Hormones are_____released into the_____ .

chemical messengers; blood stream

Albert Hofmann

chemist creator of psychedelic drug LSD "acid"

overimitate

children 2-5, copy even irrelevant adult actions

The Cognitive Perspective (Developmental Psychology)

children engage in making meaning out of information they learn about gender. gender schema theory and gender role stereotypes come out of this.

which of the following beliefs would most likely be held by an individualist in a collectivist culture?

children should be encouraged to develop harmonious relationships.

Where does cocaine come from?

coca plant

What drug creates a high consisting of a 15-30 minute rush euphoria followed by a crash of agitated depression?

cocaine

Alternate name for selective attention

cocktail party effect

There is more to learning than associating a response with a consequence; there is also ________

cognition

How do you best treat a phobia?

cognitive behavioral therapy (ET specefically)

cognitive cause of abnormal behavior

coming from irrational and illogical perceptions and belief systems

Autism is a _____ disorder

communication

Which of the following psychologists most strongly emphasize that human behavior is powerfully influenced by the interaction between people and their physical, social, political, and economic environments? a. community b. clinical c. counseling d. industrial-organizational e. rehabilitation

community psychologist

addiction

compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors (such as gambling) despite known adverse consequences

computer enhanced x-rays used to create brain images are known as

computed tomography scans (CT)

somatic symptom disorder

condition marked by excessive anxiety about physical symptoms with a medical or purely psychological origin. Milder form of illness anxiety disorder

illness anxiety disorder

condition marked by intense preoccupation with the possibility of a serious undiagnosed illness, extreme version of somatic symptom disorder (ex: Have sore throat- thinks they have throat cancer)

You want to turn the neutral stimulus into a _______ stimulus

conditioned

CS

conditioned stimulus

humanist cause of abnormal behavior

conditions of worth society places upon the individual, which causes poor self concept

avoidance-approach conflict

conflict involving a good and bad situation

Solom Asch

conformity

premarin

conjugated estrogen (from mares), in cream form usually used by female humans with menopause

words to associate with reliability

constistent and repeatable

anxiety hierarchy (part of systematic desensitization) (Classical Conditioning Therapy)

constructed by patient in which feared situations are arranged from least to most anxiety provoking; used to set sequence for therapy

preconscious (Freud)

contains thoughts, memories, feelings and images that are easily recallable

when in doubt about the validity type on the ap, go with...

content

substance use disorder

continued substance craving and use despite signifigant life disruption and/or physical risk.

Our mental experiences arise from ______ brain activity.

coordinated

If you are measuring something that is already there is it correlational or experimental?

correlational, because in experiments you manipulate the subjects into independent variables

What do we call awareness of our enviorment and ourselves?

counciousness

a psychologist works with children whose parents are divorcing. She helps them develop skills they need to cope with the situation. what kind of psychologist is most likely helping these children?

counseling psychologist

most addictive drug?

crystal meth

crack

crystallized, faster worker cocaine with more intense shorter high and worse crash

Individualist cultures

cultural perspective which places the individual, independence and autonomy over the group.

What are the socio-cultural influences of learning?

culturally learned preferences, motivation, affected by presence of others

social script

culturally modeled guide for how to act in various situations. (ex: People who feel challenged "acting like a man" to intimidate threats)

Classical conditioning is the type of learning in which a person links two or more stimuli and a. forgets about them. b. lays them out in sequence. c. shuts down. d. anticipates events. e. receives a reward.

d

The work of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson fits best into which of psychology's perspectives? a. Humanism b. Gestalt psychology c. Trait theory d. Behaviorism e. Neuropsychology

d

This travels through the brainstem and the thalamus, regulating your state of arousal (sleep/wake rhythm). It is the (a) pons, (b) medulla oblongata, (c) acetylcholine, (d) dopamine, (e) reticular formation

d

What do we call it when the CR decreases as the CS is repeatedly presented alone? a. Generalization b. Discrimination c. Spontaneous recovery d. Extinction e. Acquisition

d

Which of the following statements is true of alcohol? (a) Alcohol is a stimulant because it produces insomnia. (b) Alcohol is a depressant because it produces bipolar disorder. (c) Alcohol is a stimulant because people do foolish things while under its influence. (d) Alcohol is a depressant because it calms neural activity and slows body function. (e) Alcohol is a stimulant because it increases instances of casual sex.

d

which ethical principle requires that at the end of the study participants be told about the true purpose of the research?

debriefing

What is required for human partcipants?

debriefing (results, questions, have to answer questions), informed consent (also any time a person wants to drop out, they can)

What do sleeping pills and other sedatives do to the body? What are two examples?

decrease CNS activity. They lead to dowsiness, euphoria, anxiety reduction, reduced inhibition, mood swings and severe impairements in motor coordination and mental functioning. They can lead to high dependence and fatal overdose possibility. Two examples are barbituates and benzodiazepines

What medical issues are more often found in high stress level people?

decreased immunity, high blood pressure, headaches, heart disease, and quicker progression of cancer and AIDS.

habituation

decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner

neuroticism (Hans Eysenck)

degree of emotional instability or stability

Unlike rats, humans do respond to _____ reinforcers

delayed

What personality disorder is often a serial dater?

dependent in cluster C

Alcohol type

depressant

heroin type

depressant; opiate/narcotic

What do behavioralists say about depressive disorders?

depressed people elicit negative reactions from others, resulting in maintenance of depressed behaviors.

Benzodiazepines and Tranquillisers types

depressent

descriptive statistics __________, while inferential statistics __________.

describe data from experiments; describe data from surveys and case studies

traits of a good hypothesis DELETE

descriptive, correlational, experimental

Weakest of the three categories of ways to study subjects?

descriptive- surveys, case studies, naturalistic observation

how do you decondition someone?

desensitize, than condition them to be a positive reaction, also called ET

correlational research method

detects naturally occuring relationships and how they predict eachother. No manipulation, two or more variables. Large groups, makes situation ethical, but does not specify cause and effect

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Harry Harlow

development, contact comfort, attachment; experimented with baby rhesus monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact comfort

Effects of sleep deprivation on students

difficulty studying, diminished productivity, tendency to make mistakes, irritability, fatigue

What does sleep deprivation do to the brain?

dimished attentional focus and memory consolidation, and increased risk of depression.

Gustave Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig

discovered the motor cortex

Sir Charles Sherrington

discovered the synapse after finding that neural impulses take a long time to travel neural pathway (rest)

dissociative fugue

disorder in which one travels away from home and is unable to remember details of his past, including often his identity. It is the physical part of dissociative amnesia.

What is being described in the following, "the split in consciousness that allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultanously than others?"

dissociation

what are the biological influences of hypnosis?

distinctive brain activity, unconscious information processing

Single pregnancy is monozygotic, but twins is called _____.

dizygotic

Low levels of what neurotransmitter are associated with ADHD?

dopamine

REM nicknames

dream-sleep, paradoxical sleep (bc body can't move during REM),

depressants

drugs (like alcohol, barbiturates and opiates) that reduce neural activtivity and slow bodily functions

stimulents

drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine and the more powerful amphetamines; cocaine, ectasy, and methamphetamine) that excite neural activity and speed up bodily functions

amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes

What causes the brain to hallucinate?

drugs, loss of oxygen, or extreme sensory deprivation

you are aware that a dog is viciously barking at you, but you are not aware of the type of dog. Later, you are able to describe the type and color of the dog. This ability to process information without conscious awareness best exemplifies...

dual processing

According to research, which of the following are we most likely to experience after sleep deprivation? (a) night terrors, (b) sleep apnea, (c) manifest content dreams, (d) narcolepsy, (e) REM rebound

e

CS is _____ relevant

ecologically

supression

ego defense: voluntarily denying unpleasant thoughts and feelings (A person who lost his job states he will worry about paying his bills next week.)

How do you know male puberty has started?

ejaculation

ions

electrically charged atoms

How might Skinner's operant conditioning principles be applied at school?

electronic tests, textbooks and immediate feedback on quizing

Paul Ekman

emotion; found that facial (6 basic) expressions are universal

How might Skinner's operant conditioning principles be applied at work?

employees share risk and rewards of ownership because it it influences productivity, reinforcement must be immediate, while merit must be rewarded, like employee of the month

Morphine elevates mood and eases pain, and is most similar to what nautral chemical?

endorphines

David Buss

evolutionary psychology research on human sex differences in mate selection

David Buss

evolutionary psychology research on human sex differences in mate selection (Evolutionary)

inhibitory neurotransmitter is to antagonist as agonist is to ____

excitatory neurotransmitter

Drug Action (substance abuse disorder)

expereiences building drug tolerance, experiences withdrawl when attempting to quit

placebo effect

experiemental results caused by expecations alonel any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent

What is our adaptive brain wired by?

experience

measures of central tendency and variation are used for what types of research?

experimental and correlation

Best form of study? (of the types like correlational, experiemental, etc.)

experimental; you control and manipulate subjects and variable

experiemental research method

explores causes and effects, manipulates one or more variables (independent variables), specifies cause and effect, sometimes not ethical to manipulation to an extent and can be impossible to conduct

postural sway

extent of movement of the center of pressure during static balance

What was B.F. Skinner's legacy

external influences shape behavior, and so do operant principles, behvaior is shaped by results. He dehumanized people

Three dimensions of traits of Hans Eysenck

extroversion, neuroticism, psychoticism

Underside of right temporal lobe allows what?

face recognition

hallucinations

false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the abscense of an external visual stimulus

delusion

faulty and disordered thought pattern

zoophobia

fear of animals (ex: snakes, mice, rats, spiders, dogs, cats)

agoraphobia

fear of being out in public

claustrophobia

fear of enclosed spaces

acrophobia

fear of heights

Waxy flexibility

feature of catatonic schizophrenia in which people rigidly maintain the body position or posture in which they are placed by others

Attitude

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people and events (ex:)

More cases are better than ____.

fewer

Mary Whiton Calkins

first female president of the APA (1905); a student of William James; denied the PhD she earned from Harvard because of her sex (later, posthumously, it was granted to her)

alarm reaction (Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome)

first part of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, includes "fight or flight" reaction via adrenal glands. This increases hart, breathing rates and availability of glucose for energy

getting paid every two weeks is ___

fixed interval

what are the psychological influences of hypnosis?

focused attention, expectations, heightened suggestibility, dissociation between normal sensations and conscious awareness

Would you prefer to have divided consciousness or focused awareness while driving?

focused awareness

idiographic method

focuses on understanding the unique aspects of each individual's personality relying on data primarily from case studies that often include interviews and naturalistic observation

prognosis (medical model)

forecasts the probably course of an illness

What things should you check about the symptoms of a disorder?

frequency, intensity, duration

What do biological psychologists think abnormal behavior comes from?

from neurochemical imbalances, abnormalities in brain structures, or possibly some genetic predisposition.

prefrontal cortex

front of front lobe that enables judgement, planning and processing of new memories. If it is damaged a person's moral judgments may seem unrestrained by normal emotions.

Damage of what could interfere with the ability to plan for the future?

frontal lobe

Depressive disorders

general category of mood disorders in which people show extreme and persistent sadness, despair, and loss of interest in life's usual activities.

Psychological science focuses less on particular behaviors than on seeking ___________that help explain many behaviors

general principles

What causes narcolepsy?

genes

Why are people right, left handed or ambidextrous?

genes or prenatal factors

What are the biolgical influences of learning?

genetic predispositions, unconditioned responses, adaptive responses

Hans Eysenck

genetically programmed personalities, 3 dimensions; extroversion, neuroticism, psychoticism, factor analysis (trait theory)

Fritz Pearls

gestalt therapy founder

The ___ the arousal, the more intense the emotion

greater

What did deinstitutionalization do to the homeless population?

grew it signifigantly

why do we sleep?

growth, organizes, creates, recuperates, protects GCORP

What are states of consciousness are physiologically induced?

hallucinations, orgasm, food or oxygen starvation

LSD type

hallucinogen

evolutionary cause of abnormal behavior

harmful evolutionary dysfuctions that occur

George Kelly

he believed (personal construct theory) our personality consists of our thoughts about ourselves, including our biases, errors, mistakes, and false conclusions

George Kelly

he believed (personal construct theory) our personality consists of our thoughts about ourselves, including our biases, errors, mistakes, and false conclusions (Cognitive and Social Cognitive (social learning) theories)

Dwayne is interested in helping people make good decisions regarding their physical well being. Dwayne should consider a career as a..

health psychologist

What is the primary sensory modality for human language?

hearing

What does norepinephrine do?

helps control alertness and arousal (like waking up); undersupply can lead to depressed mood

In a signal-detection experiment, a person needs to decide whether a signal is present or not. If the signal is present and the person thinks it is present, it is a __. If the signal is present and the person thinks it is absent, it is a ___. If the signal is absent and the person thinks it is present, it is a ________. If the signal is absent and the person thinks it is absent, it is a ______.

hit, miss, false alarm, correct rejection

measures of variation

how do we measure how varied our numbers are (range)

CC

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W4N-7AlzK7s+++++https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vHrmiy4W9C0+++++https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OZG8M_ldA1M

cc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h6HLDV0T5Q8~~~~~~~https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UGxGDdQnC1Y

cc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hFV71QPvX2I

cc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUELAiHbCxc~~~https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PzyXGUCngoU~~~https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qymp_VaFo9M~~~https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8nz2dtv--ok~~~https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YcQg1EshfIE

CC

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG2SwE_6uVM~~~https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=128Ts5r9NRE

What communicates with the pituitary, which in turn controls the endocrine system?

hypothalamus

What does starting school later for teens lead to?

improved adolescent sleep, alertness, and mood

Social facilitation

improved performance on simple or well- learned tasks in the presence of others. (ex: Norman Triplett (1898) found that adolescents would wind a fishing reel faster in the presence of someone doing the same thing)

archtypes (jung)

in Jung's theory of personality, thought forms common to all human beings, stored in the collective unconscious

egocentrism

in Piaget's theory the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view (lack of empathy/sympathy)

experiemental group

in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable

control group

in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment, contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluation the effect of treatment

condioned stimulus (CS)

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response (CR).

fixed-interval schedule

in operant condionting, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed

Researchers have discovered that individuals with lower income levels report having fewer hours of total sleep. Therefore,

income and sleep levels are positively correlated.

the dual-processing model refers to.. give an example.

incoming information is processed by both conscious and unconscious tracks

What does the larger cortex of mammals give them?

increased capacities for learning and thinking, enabling them to be more adaptable

What does sleep deprivation do to the joints?

increased inflammation and arthritis

What does sleep deprivation do to the heart?

increased risk of blood pressure

Savants

individuals otherwise considered mentally retarded, have a specific exceptional skill, typically in calculating, music, or art.

What do modern people think of dreams? theories

information processing, physiological function, neural activation, cognitive development

Brain activity underlies our _________ nature.

intensely social

biopsychsocial

interaction of nature/nurture - mind/body

neural networks

interconnected neural cells. With experience, networks can learn, as feedback strengthens or inhibits connections that produce certain results. Computer simulations of neural networks show analogous learning.

two types of validity

internal and external

What stimulates a muscle to contract?

interneurons

assimilation (Freudian)

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

structures interviews

interview process that asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales

Tardive Dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors

tardive dyskinesia

involuntary movements of the facial muscles, tongue, and limbs; a possible neurotoxic side effect of long-term use of antipsychotic drugs that target certain dopamine receptors

Daydreams involve what?

involve familiar details of life

specefic phobia

involve fear and avoidance of specific stimuli and situations: heights, certain animals, blood

Meth(amphetamine) aftereffects

irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures, social isolation, depression, and occasional violent outbursts

What do PET Scans show about hypnosis?

it reduced brain activity in the area that process painful stimuli, but not the sensory cortex (it does not block the attention to stimuli)

What does bright morning light do to the cicadian clock?

it triggers signals to the brain's suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

correlation is not causation

just because two variables correlate strongly does not mean that one caused the other

The Behavioral Perspective (Developmental Psychology)

kids respond to rewards and punishment for their behavior

What do humanists psychologists attribute schizophrenia to?

lack of congruence between public self and actual self

Left hemisphere traits

language, rational, mechanics/math, object recognition, logic/analytic thought, perception of order, active

What are the cultural differences?

languages, family, religion, definitions of lonliness, collectivist vs. individualists

Jim Jones

leader of people's temple, mind control, started mass suicide, caused fear, controlled behavior of followers, preached charity and peace, socialist/communist

social cognitive perspective on behavioral disorder (learned helplessn

learned helpness influences biochemical events which fuels depression

secondary reinforcers (operant conditioning therapies)

learned reinforcers, such as money, that develop their reinforcing properties because of their association with primary reinforcers

Insulin is to glucagon, what ghrelin is to _____.

leptin

oral-aggressive personality (the oral stage)

like to argue and exploit others

Such experiments help explain why classical conditioning treatments that ignore cognition often have _____ success.

limited

Alfred Adler triangle

love, play, work

Displacement example

mad at one person and yell at another (more external than projection)

What is the right hemisphere good at?

making inferences, modulating speech for clarity, orchestrates the sense of self (people damaged in right hemisphere and paralyzed may claim they are not paralyzed because they can feel movement)

2 FREUDIAN schools of thought on dreaming

manifest (actual content) and latent (hidden meaning)

Individuals with moderate intellectual disability (about 10%)

may achieve a second-grade education; may be given training in skills such as eating, toileting, hygiene, dressing, and grooming so that they can care for themselves; and may be given basic training in home management, consumer, and community mobility skills so that they can hold menial jobs and live successfully in a group home.

which statistical measure of tendency is most affected by extreme scores? a. mean b.median c.mode d.skew e.correlation

mean

Fluid reasoning

measured in tasks requiring reasoning. It requires capacities for identifying relationships, comprehending implications, and drawing inferences within content that is either novel or equally familiar to all.

ego (freud)

mediates between instinctual needs and the conditions of the surrounding environment in order to maintain our life and see that our species lives on.

What is perception influenced by?

memory, motivation, emotion, and even culture

How do you know female puberty has started?

menarche; first menstrual period

What drug creates a high consisting up to 8 hours of heightened energy and eurphoria?

meth

Self report methods

methods of data collection in which people are asked to provide information about themselves; questionaires or surveys

self-reports

methods of data collection in which people are asked to provide information about themselves; questionaires or surveys (assessment interviews)

Marijuana type

mild hallucinogen, stimulant

The _____abundant rods have a lower threshold than cones and are sensitive to light and dark, as well as movement.

more

Robert Zajonc

motivation; believes that we invent explanations to label feelings

cognitive neural prosthetics are placed in the brain to help control parts of the..

motor cortex

Multiple sclerosis is a result of degeneration in the what?

myelin sheath

Researchers are interested in finding out if winning Congressional candidates display more positive facial expressions than losing candidates. The researchers attend political debates and record how frequently each candidate displays positive facial expressions. Which research method are the researchers using?

naturalistic observation

Erik Erikson

neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"

neo-freudian is the same thing as

neo-freudian

interneurons

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

Inhibitory and excitatory refer to neurotransmitters or medications?

neurotransmitters

NS

neutral stimulus: a stimulus that has not been paired with the US and elicits no response

neonates

newborn infants

Erikson's Stage Theory of Psychological development 1

newborn to 1- trust vs. mistrust

Are most teens and young adults night owls or morning larks? Are most older adults night owls or morning larks?

night owls, morning larks

Can we learn material by playing on a ipod (or similar device) it while we sleep?

no

Did Horney reject Freud's theory of penis envy?

no

Do cogntive processes not influence behavior, like Skinner believed to his dying day?

no

Do most people who lose weight on diets keep their weight down?

no

Do people with sleep apnea remember their time without oxygen snoring?

no

Do severed neurons regenerate?

no

Does the ability to be hypnotized indicate gullibility or weakness?

no

Is hypnotic therapy useful for addiction?

no

Even though 37% of people report not dreaming, do they actually not dream?

no, 80% if awakened during REM they will be dreaming

Is addiction an uncontrollable disease?

no, and calling it as such is counterproductive. Some addicts can quite on their own without group help, some get group help and some

Is autism connected to mental retardation? Is it a chromosonal disorder?

no, but Down's Syndrome describes both

Do the NREM-2 and REM sleep stay the same through each cycle?

no, they get longer at each cycle (they make up 20/25% of sleep)

NREM sleep

non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep

secondary sex characteristics

non-reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality; and body hair

What is deinstitutionalization of intellectually disabled people called?

normalization

Are the terms hypochondriasis and hypochrondria used with somatic sympton disorders?

not anymore

Explain population of a study for me?

not the specific random sample group of baseball players in your study, all baseball players or people in your group

What does increasing self control improve, or percieved control?

noticeably improves health and morale

inferentual statistics

numerical data that allow one to generalize- to infer from sample data the probability of something being true of a population

descriptive statistics

numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups. Includes measures of central tendency and measures of variation.

Stanley Milgram

obedience; 65% of those in his study went all the way to a lethal levels

What is sleep apnea related to?

obesity

descriptive research method

observes and record behaviors, does case studies, naturalistic observation or surveys. Hard to determine cause and effect, case studies are ethical, but can be misleading

naturalistic observations

observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to maniulate and control the situation

How is validity most frequently established?

obtaining high correlations between the test and other assessments.

self-esteem

one's feelings of high or low self-worth

real self

one's perception of actual characteristics, traits, and abilities

G. Stanley Hall

opened first psychology lab in the US, and he founded and became the first president of the APA, student of Wundt

not all respondant behavior is the result of _____ behavior

operant

What do behavioralists attribute somatic symptom disorders to?

operant responses learned and maintained for rewards

methadone drug type

opiate/narcotic, depressant

opiates

opium and its derivatives such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and axiety

What are the stages of psychosexual development?

oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency period and genital stage

Many other responses to many other stimuli can be classically conditioned in many _________

other organisms

humility

our awareness of our own vulnerability to error and openess to surpirses and new perspectives

conciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our enviorment

consciousness

our awareness of ourselves and our enviorment; including our thoughts, feelings, sensations and perceptions.

What does overcondfidence result from?

our bias to seek information that confirms them

What does the hollow face illusion tell us?

our brains use our prior experience to interpret visual information

identity (Erikson answer)

our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

What happens when we eat less?

our weight goes down and our fat cells contract, which seems to trigger processes that result in decreased metabolism and increased hunger

OTC

over the counter

Emotional options of LSD trip

panic, euphoria, detatchment

What is the Conscience a part of and what does it do? (freud)

part of the superego that punishes us by making us feel guilty

two types of reinforcement

partial (intermittent) and continous

blind-sight

people are clinically blind, have sensations of sight but no perceptions, light on a screen with people pointing a stick to it, blind people told to guess where it was, they were right 88% of the time, + or - on right side of screen, guessed right 100% of the time, on the left side, guessed right 90% of the time

continuity vs. discontinuity

people are in different stages when they develop vs. we are all different and development happens differently and at different times for everyone (ex: stages of grief)

ego-syntonic disorder

people with ED think they dont have a problem

theory of mind

people's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behaviors these might predict

Collectivist cultures

perceive themselves as members of a group, has group honor and status

Ernst Weber

perception; identified just-noticeable-difference (JND) that eventually becomes Weber's law

sleep

periodic, natural loss of consciousness- as distinct from uncounsiouness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation

hoarding disorder

persistent difficulty discarding or parting with possessions due to a perceived need to save the items and distress parting with them

obsessions

persistent, intruisive and unwanted thoughts unable to remove from the mind, not a worry

central trait (Gordon Allport)

personality characteristics that have a widespread influence on the individual's behavior across situations

fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, signs include a small, out of proportion head and abnormal facial features

Aspects of development

physical, cognitive (IQ, education), moral (why you make decisions you make about what is right vs. what is wrong), social(how you relate to others)/emotional

Albert Bandura

pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play

Which of the following endocrine glands may explain unusually tall height in a 12-year-old?

pituitary

What are the different parts of the endocrine system?

pituitary, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries, thyroid

What are the two parts of the brainstem?

pons and medulla

occipital lones

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that recieve information from the visual fields

parietal lobes

portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; recieves sensory input for touch and body position. Allows for mathmatical and spacial reasoning.

temporal lobes

portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each revieving information primarily from the opposite ear

prosocial behavior

positive constructive helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior.

What kind of reinforcement takes the longest to get the desired behavior?

positive reinforcement

which of the following scanning techniques measures glucose consumption as an indicator of brain activity?

positron emission tomography scan (PET)

What are the critisms of IEPs?

ppl who don't need diagnosis and treatment sometimes get them and the labling is disabling, it also sometimes prevents ppl who need services from getting them

psychoanalysts

practitioners of psychoanalysis who are schooled in the Freudian tradition

Biological constraints ______organisms to learn associations that are ______.

pre- dispose, naturally adaptive

What are the psychological influences of learning?

previous experiences, predictability of associations, generalization, discrimination

biofeedback training

procedures in which electronic equipment is used to provide individuals immediate feedback about the changes in the autonomic responses in an attempt to help them learn to control them.

projection example

projecting what you feel onto another person (more internal than displacement)

Clinical Psychologists

promote psychological health in indivduals, groups and organizations Specialize in different disorders, can treat them as well. Reaseach, teach, assess and consult. Work many places like gov, military, medical system, counseling, ect. APA sets standards for accredited programs and such. They need a license to operate, as well as a docterate

Binet-Simon Scale

proposed to create a test that could distinguish the learning disorders from the behaviorally delinquent

texture gradient (pictorial cue for monocular vision)

provides a cue to distance when closer objects have a coarser, more distinct texture than far away objects that appear more densely packed or smooth.

linear perspective (pictorial cue for monocular vision)

provides a cue to distance when parallel lines, such as edges of sidewalks, seem to converge in the distance.

What does losing control provoke?

provokes an outpouring of stress hormones which lead to more problems

SSRI family (examples)

prozac, zoloft, celexa, paxil, cymbalta, luvox

2 types of addiction

psychological and physical

A ______ is any consequence that _____ the frequency of a preceding behavior

punisher, decrease

Phineas Gage

railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that dramatically changed his personality and behavior; case played a role in the development of the understanding of the localization of brain function

What does the prescense of television do to homocide rates?

raise them

Paul Costa/Robert McCrae's Big Five theory (OCEAN)

raits of openness (means flexibility in various situations), conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (obsessiveness and anxiety). OCEAN. Measures how much and how little you are of these traits. (trait theory)

random assignment vs. random sample

random sample is part of the population, random assignment is making sure those in the samples are randomly assigned to groups

subliminal stimulation

receiving messages below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness

Categorization

recognize that a category of an object contains variations of the object; categories become the basis for language

Which sleep theory emphazises a sleep's role in restoring and repairing brain tissue?

recuperation

diffusion of responsibility

reduction in sense of responsibility often felt by individuals in a group; may be responsible for the bystander effect (ex: the more people who witness something and should say something, the less likely people will get involved)

sensory adaption

refers to the decreased sensitivity that occurs with continued exposure to an unchanging stimulus in order to not be distracted by irrelevant data

Natural sleep aids

regular exercise, avoid caffeine and food at sleepy time, milk (seratonin/melatonin booster), relax with dim light pre-sleep, schedule of sleep, hidden clock (to avoid checking), don't have trauma or stress

antabuse

rehabilitation drug deterrent used to curb alcoholism. Used in aversive conditioning

What do behavioral psychologists attribute schizophrenia to?

reinforcement of bizarre behavior

partial (intermittent) reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinct then does continuous reinforcement

Partial reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement

continous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

What do health psychologists suggest as better alternatives to maladaptive strategies?

relaxation, visualization, meditation, and biofeedback to help lessen stress, and boost the immune system

What does the pituitary gland do during sleep?

releases growth hormone necessary for muscle development (during REM and NREM-2)

A test must be _____ and valid.

reliable

negative reinforcement _______ a punishing (aversive) event

removes

replications

repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different partipants in differant situations to see wheather the basic finding extends to other partipants and circumsances

How do psychoanalysts explain dissociative disorders?

repression of anxiety or trauma caused by homelife beatings, parental rejections or childhood sexual abuse

Individuals with profound intellectual disability (1%- 2%)

require custodial care. Communities have been housing a greater proportion of cognitively disabled people than in the past. These people live with their own families or in group homes when possible

longitudinal study

research in which the sample people are restudied and retested over a long period

Lev Vygotsky

research on play; "Zone of proximal development" (ZPD) - the range of tasks that a child can complete independently; studied concept of inner speech in language development. People learn at different times reguardless of age

moro/startle reflex

response that one makes after a sudden, unexpected loud noise or similar sudden stimulus

respondant behavior

responses made to or elicited by specific environmental stimuli

Hindbrain function

responsible for involuntary processes: blood pressure, body temperature, heart rate, breathing, sleep cycles

Hippocrates treatment of psychological problems

rest, controlled diets, and abstinence from sex and alcohol.

When there is a negative charge inside an axon and a positive charge outside it, the neuron is in what

resting potential

Psychoanalytic/psychodynamic cause of abnormal behavior

result of internal unresolved conflict in the unconcious stemming from early childhood trauma

the hypothalamus is a(n) __________ center for the brain.

reward

What do cognitive behavioralists attribute somatic symptom disorders to?

rewards enable individuals with somatoform symptom disorders to avoid unpleasant or threatening situations, justify failure and attract concern, sympathy or care.

Are most people (90%) right or left handed?

right

The left hemisphere controls the ___ side of the body, while the right hemisphere controls the __ side of the body

right, left

compulsion

ritualist behaviors preformed repeatedly, which the person does to reduce the tension caused by the obsession

Why did Freud think we dreamed?

safety valve that discharges otherwise unacceptable feelings. They were key to understand our inner conflicts

representitive sample

sample in which characteristics of subgroup closely correspond to larger population

What disorders do lone homeless individuals who don't mind being homeless have?

schizoid

structuralism

school of psychological thought started by Edward Bradford Titchner that considered the structure and elements of conscious experience to be the proper subject matter of psychology, very unreliable because memory is often not an accurate thing.

How did early researchers define psychology?

science of mental life

resistance reaction (Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome)

second part of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, temperature, heart rate, blood pressure and respiration remain high as hormones like adrenaline and corticosteroids rise

What commonalities do many bulimia nervosa sufferers have?

secrete less cholecystokinin than normal, have a low level of serotonin, have been teased for being overweight, participate in activities that require slim bodies, have been sexually abused, or are restrained eaters.

What did Mary Ainsworth discover?

secure and insecure attachment

What does alcohol do paired with tiredness?

sedative

SSRI

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, they are used to treat depression. They are not addictive and they cannot overdose (or committ suicide with them)

What did Bandura think the major factor in how we regulate our lives was?

self-efficacy

sleep paralysis

sensation of being unable to move despite being awake

What are states of consciousness that are psychologically induced?

sensory deprivation, hypnosis, mediatation

What kind of neuron carries the information necessary to activate withdrawal of the hand from a hot object?

sensory neurons

What neurotransmitters are most likely in undersupply in someone who is depressed?

serotonin and norepinephrine

red is connected with _____ for most species

sex/romance

superordinate goals

shared goals that override differences among people and require their cooperation. (ex: To rent a movie, kids have to pool their resources)

The ____the wavelength, the higher the frequency and the higher the pitch. The ___the wavelength, the lower the frequency and the lower the pitch.

shorter , higher

What are the three ways Horney said youngsters could cope when feeling helpless and threatened?

showing affection or hostility towards others or withdrawing from relationships. Ones who use all three are healthy and ones who use one have mental illness

What is a simple spinal reflex made of?

single sensory neuron and single motor neuron

ways of critical thinking/3 things to be? Why?

skeptical (don't believe it because somebody said it), curious (you wouldn't look at or do research if you weren't curious), humble (for when storied researchers become arrogant about what they know and refuse to look past what they believe, even when it is wrong)

What do we call the sleep disorder that causes you to stop breathing and awaken in order to take a breath?

sleep apnea

Sleep theory functions REPEAT

sleep protects, sleep helps us recuperate, sleep helps restore and rebuild our fading memories of the day's experiences, sleep feeds creative thinking, sleep supports growth

What is hypnosis not?

sleep, drug, any other state of consiousness

NREM-3 Sleep

slow-wave sleep, 30 minutes, emits slow delta waves, hard to awaken, the time when children wet the bed

Sleep deprivation ____ reactions and ____ errors on visual attention tasks

slows, increases

beta waves

smaller and faster brain waves, typically indicating mental activity. It's the waves from being awake

How can one take in cocaine?

snorting, injection, smoking

According to adler, what is the inevitable compensation for all our natural weaknesses?

social interest

Albert Bandura

social learning theory, reciprocal determinism, self efficacy, individualism, collective efficacy (Cognitive and Social Cognitive (social learning) theories)

What kind of psych was Julian rotter?

social learning/cognitive

According to DSM-5 _______ disorders are characterized by psychiatric symptoms associated with physical complaints (light-headedness, paralysis, blindness; with anxiety or maladaptive behavior).

somatic symptom

Stimulation at a point on which of the following may cause a person to report being touched on the knee?

somatosensory cortex

Are brain functions preassigned to specefic areas?

some are, which means damage may be lasting

Medical issues from Bulimia nervosa purging

sore throat, swollen glands, loss of tooth enamel, nutritional deficiencies, dehydration, and intestinal damage

Specific brain systems serve ____ functions

specefic

secondary trait (Gordon Allport)

specific traits influence behavior in relatively few/certain situations.

freudian slips (psychoanalysis)

speech errors that Freud claims are NOT a coincidence, but what the person is really thinking

stimulents

speeds up ativity of central nerous system: amphetamines lead to hyperactivity, meth leads to psychotic behavior, cocaine leads to depression and irritability

What is below the medulla?

spinal cord

What are the two stages of feature-integration theory?

stages. First, detection of features involves bottom-up parallel processing; and second, integration of features involves less automatic, partially top-down serial processing. Concept-driven top-down processing takes what you already know about particular stimulation.

resting potential

states that the neuron cell membrane is electrically charged when the outside of the neuron has a net positive charge and the inside of the neuron has a next negative charge

Fixed-action patterns

stereotypical behaviors that respond to stimuli (already programmed before birth) i.e. newly hatched ducks learning how to swim

caffeine type

stimulant

cocaine type

stimulant

methamphetamine type

stimulant

nicotine type

stimulant

Ectasy (MDMA) type

stimulant; mild hallucinogen

stressors

stimuli that we perceive as endangering our wellbeing

Classical conditioning pattern

stimulus → response (ex: with pavlov's dog meat → salivation)

Results of good sleep

strengthens memory, increases concentration, boosts mood, moderates hunger and obesity, fortifies the disease-fighting immune system, and lessens the risk of fatal accidents.

catastrophes

stressors that are unpredictable, large-scale disasters that threaten us

Pavlov showed us how a process such as learning can be _________

studied objectively

Wiliam Dement

studied the effects of sleep deprivation of REM sleep; discovered REM rebound

Little Albert

subject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear

the dissociation theory of hypnosis

suggests that hypnotism is an extreme form of consciousness, an example would be putting an arm into an ice bath under hypnosis and dissociating from the pain stimulus.

What are different kinds of defense mechanisms?

suppression, repression, regression, projection, displacement, sublimation, reaction formation, rationalization

Raymond Cattell

surface and source traits (trait theory)

cerclage

suturing of the cervix to prevent it from dilating prematurely during pregnancy, thus decreasing the chance of a spontaneous abortion (done in cases of incompetent cervixes)

Which division of the nervous system produces the startle response?

sympathetic

Neurotransmitters cross the_______to carry information to the next neuron

synaptic gap

which of the following is sometimes referred to as the brain's train hub, because it directs incoming sensory messages (with the exception of smell) to their proper places in the brain?

thalamus

biopsychosocial cause of abnormal behavior

that biological influences such as evolution, genes, brain structure, and biochemistry; psychological influences such as stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood-related perceptions and memories; and social-cultural influences such as roles, expectations, and definitions of normality and disorder all interact.

What does brain plasticity mean for the blind and deaf?

that due to the unused space in their brains, things are reassigned and other things expand

What did Gall and Spurzheim say about personality?

that it could be discovered through phrenology

cerebellum

the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input, coordinating movement output (voluntary movement) and balance and enabling nonverbal learning and memory.

social identity

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

Difference between the basic psychologies and the applied psychologies?

the basic are basic research and findings, while applied tackles practical problems.

Artificialism

the belief of the preoperational child that all objects are made by people

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle, the sleep/wake cycle

primary sex characteristics

the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible

content (validity)

the degree to which an asseement accurately measures what it claims to test. Is it a fair and representitive measurement of the total breadth of the material it is designed to cover? In conetent validity, the individiuals doing the evaluations are either experts or members of the tartget population

prenatal development

the development that happens between conception and birth

Sexual Response Cycle

the four stages of sexual responding described by Masters and Johnson - excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

personal constructs (Kelly)

the generating, testing and revising hypotheses about our social reality. It's basically the scientific method. Says as we do this we develop our own person constructs.

Pitch

the highness or lowness of the sound

learned helplessness

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events.

Psychopath

the id is in control, Personality disorder, lack empathy

median

the middle score in a distribution: half of the scores are above it and half are below it

debriefing

the postexperimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants

Zone of proximal development

the range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working alone with difficulty, and the level at which a child can solve a problem with the assistance of adults or children with more skill. Teach the person what they can handle, not according to your agenda. Challenge the student enough they remain interest, but not too much in case they want to give up.

spontaneous recovery

the reappearnace, after a pause, of an extinguished conditional struggle

negative correlation

the relationship between two sets of data, in which one set of data decreases as the other set of data increases.

alpha waves

the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state- twilight sleep (after beta waves)

Internal locus of control (Julian Rotter)

think they control and are responsible for what happens to them

critical thinking

thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions/ Rather, it examines assumptions, assesses the sources, discerns hidden values, evaluated evicence and assess conclusions.

How are the task that people choose different between those of people who are high in need for achievement and those who are low in need for achievement?

those who are high in need look for the moderate goals and avoid the easy/impossible ones. Those low in need choose the easy/impossible ones so they lack responsibility for failure. (McClelland)

cognitive neural prosthetics

those with paralyzed limbs may be able to use their brain signals to control computers and robotic limbs

The obsession is the _____ the compulsion is the _____

thought, act

Can anyone experience hypnosis?

to an extent, but some are more suspectable and others, this can be assesed on the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale

What do we integrate information processed in the different brain systems to do?

to construct our experience of sights, sounds, meanings and memories, pain and passion

What is the reason for nightmares?

to extinguish daytime fears

What neurotransmitter is the problem in psychosis?

too much dopamine

Gordon Allport

trait theory of personality; 3 levels of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary (trait theory)

The Big 5 theory (Paul Costa and Robert McCrae)

traits of openness (means flexibility in various situations), conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (obsessiveness and anxiety). OCEAN. Measures how much and how little you are of these traits.

Interneurons are said to do what?

transmit and send messages from body parts to the brain

Hypnotherapists

try to help patients harness their own healing powers, they use posthypnotic suggestions to alleviate headaches, asthma and stress-related disorders

amygdala

two lima-bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system involved in memory and emotion, particularly fear and aggression. A brain structure that serves a vital role in our learning to associate things with emotional responses and in processing emotional information

spinal cord

two-way information highway connecting the peripheral nervous system and the brain

Eardrum AKA

tympanum

Cerebral cortex

ultimate control and information-processing center

UR

unconditioned response

US or UCS

unconditioned stimulus

Discrimination

unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and its members. (ex: Not accepting someone's job application because they have a ghetto name)

altruism

unselfish regard for the welfare of others (ex: Mother Teresa)

Social Impairment (substance abuse disorder)

use disrupts work/school/home obligations, use is continued despite social problems, use causes reduced social/recreational/work activities

Risky Use (substance abuse disorder)

use is continued despite hazards, use continues despite qorsening physical or psychological problems

psychopharmacotherapy (biological psychologists)

use of medications to treat psychological problems

Impaired control (substance abuse disorder)

uses more substances for longer than intended, unsuccessful at regulating substance abuse, spends a signifigant portion of time gaining/using/recovering from substance, craves the substance

Most effective form of reinforcement to get the person coming back

variable-ratio (most uncertain of all and therefore least conscious- stuff like lotteries)

empiricism

view that knowledge comes from experience and science should rely on observation and experimentation

Another name for occipital lobes

visual cortex

Sleep wave types

waking beta, waking alpha, REM (skip the first time), NREM-1, NREM-2, NREM-3 (Delta Waves)

Freudian Psychology

ways unconscious thought processes and emotional responses to childhood affect behavior

What does common sense most easily describe?

what has happened, not what will happen

social thinking

what individuals do when interacting with other people: namely, they think about them. Most people take social thinking for granted, as it is generally an intuitive process that considers the points of view, emotions, and intentions of others.

inferiority complexes (Adler)

what we see as physical, intellectual, or social inadequacies

nature vs. nurture

what you were born with vs. what has the enviorment done to you

Hawthorne effect

when people know that they are being observed, they change their behavior to what they think the observer expects or to make themselves look good. Interviewee's bias.

hawthorne effect (interviewee)

when people know that they are being observed, they change their behavior to what they think the observer expects or to make themselves look good. Interviewee's bias. (assessment interviews)

measures of central tendency

where does the data point tend to go away from the central number? (mean, median, mode)

Are men or women most likely to have less tendency for refractory period and be capable of multiple orgasms?

women

epinephrine

works with fight or flight

thyroid

works with metabolism

Are sleep patterns culturally influenced?

yes

Are sleep patterns genetically influenced?

yes

Can hypnosis be therapeutic?

yes

Do other anumals also learn by association?

yes

Do participants retain the ability to control their behavior during hypnosis?

yes

Do psychologists need to obtain informed consent and guarantee confidentiality in personnel testing?

yes

Does worrying about insomnia make it worse?

yes

Can hypnosis relieve pain?

yes, it can reduce pain and fear, hypnotized patients can even recover sooner and major surgery can (with the really influenceible) be done without anesthesisa

Can you have dissociative disorder without dissociative fugue? Can you have dissociative fugue without dissociative disorder?

yes, no

ego-dystonic disorder

you know you have a disorder and it is troubling to you

paired association

you learn something by two things being paired together (and reinforced)

Do older or younger adults sleep more?

younger

Stages after conception (times and names)

zygote (0-2 weeks), embryo (2-8 weeks), fetus (9 weeks)

collective unconscious (Jung)

Jung's theory that we all share an inherited memory that contains our culture's most basic elements

Alternate name for sleep spindles

K complexes

Personal Construct theory

Kelly's description of personality in terms of cognitive processes. We are capable of interpreting behaviors and events and of using this understanding to guide our behavior and to predict the behavior of other people.

Sexual Behavior of the Human Male

Kinsey Report that startled many

What drug makes people feel synthesia?

LSD

Name and compare the effects of the two hallucinogens discussed in the text.

LSD creates vivid hallucinations and strong emotions. Marijuana creates mild hallucinations, enhanced sensory experiences, and impaired judgment.

formal operational stage

Last Stage in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. You begin to theorize, hypothesize, infer, interpret, etc.

What three parts of the hypothalamus seem to integrate information about hunger and satisfaction/satiety?

Lateral hypothalamus stimulates eating behavior (removal will lead to non-eating), ventromedial hypothalamus turns off hunger (removal will lead to obsessive eating), paraventricular nucleus (regulates eating behavior as a result of stimulation or inhibition by neurotransmitters)

Social motives

Learned motives acquired as part of growing up in a particular society or culture

Brain lateralization means that each hemisphere has its own functions. Give an example of both a left hemisphere and a right hemisphere function. Then explain how the two hemispheres communicate with one another.

Left hemisphere functions include language, math, and logic. Right hemisphere functions include spatial relationships, facial recognition, and patterns. The corpus callosum carries information back and forth between the two hemispheres.

Which social psychologist had participants engage in a borning knob turning experiment in which those who were paid the least expressed the most positive attitudes?

Leon Festinger

Which social psychologist is associated with research on cognitive dissonance?

Leon Festinger

What did Kamin say about between group differences in relation to IQ?

Leon Kamin said differences is averages of IQ between groups could be caused entirely from environmental factors and the differnce between the mean scores could result from socioeconomic differences

_______observations are more reliable than those that are more variable.

Less-variable

Theory of multiple intelligences (Howard Gardner)

Linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal are eight distinct types of intelligence proposed by Gardner.

Julian Rotter

Locus of Control (Cognitive and Social Cognitive (social learning) theories)

Jerome Kagan

Longitudinal studies to indicate that in-born temperament may explain many behaviors.

Do we perform difficult or newly learned tasks better at a higher or lower state of arousal? What about easy or well learned tasks?

Lower arousal is best for the former and higher arousal is best for the latter

electroencephalogram (EEG)

Machine that measures electrical activity of the neurons below the electrodes placed on the scalp. Often used to show brain wave patterns of electrical activity during sleep stages and seizures.. Shows brain activity when radioactively tagged glucose rushes to active neurons and emits positrons.

Photoreceptors

Made of rods and cones that convert light energy to electrochemical neural impulses

A doctor thinks a bipolar person has depression (who is really bipolar) and gives the medicene to boost seratonin (ex: Prozac, zoloft), what could happen?

Manic episodes could be triggered

What is the most effective treatment for heroin addicts? It is a synthetic type of opiate... what does it do?

Methadone gets rid of withdrawl symptons while not creating a high

Who put together type A and type B personalities?

Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman

Motives

Needs or desires that energize behavior

Are conscious and conscience the same?

No

Does scientific evidence support Maslow's hierarchy of needs?

No

Tell me about various neurotransmitters relationships with carbohydrates

Norepinephrine, GABA, and neuropeptide Y seem to increase the desire for carbohydrates, whereas serotonin seems to decrease the desire for carbohydrates.

How are an obese person's and a normal weight person's hunger drives different?

Normal weight people respond to long-term bodily cues (ex: stomach contractions and glucose-insulin levels), obese people respond to short-term external cues like smell/mealtime/food attractiveness

Basic rule of shaping

Notice people doing something right and affirm them for it

fluid intelligence

One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

People associated with classical conditioning

Pavlov, Watson

Psychometrians

Practitioners of Psychometrics who are involved in test development in order to measure some construct or behavior that distinguishes people

projection

Psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others.

_______ tells you what not to do; _____ tells you what to do

Punishment, reinforcement

locus of control scale

Questionnaire that indicates your belief on the scale of control in your own life events/decisions

What is the most reparative, rejuvinating kind of sleep? (hint: it increases as the night wears on)

REM

What sleep stage(s) feature saw tooth "beta-like" waves

REM

neural activation (dream theory)

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain waves into stories. Critism is that it is not random because the stories woven about reflect on the dreamer.

neural activation

REM sleep triggers neural activity that evokes random visual memories, which our sleeping brain weaves into stories

3 Stages of Sleep

REM, NREM (1, 2, 3)

spontaneous recovery

Recurrence of an extinguished conditioned response, usually following a rest period

What colors are cones maximally sensitive to? (the ones colors you have)

Red, green or blue, all other colors result from mixtures of these

___ is the longest wavelength, __ is the shortest wavelength

Red, violet

Quantitative reasoning

Refers to the ability to estimate the amount of things and changes in the amounts of things in terms of number, size, weight, volume, speed, time, and distance

Repression vs. Suppression, what is the difference between the two?

Repression is subconscious and suppression is conscious

Developmental Psychologists

Research age related behavior changles, apply knowledge to education, childcare, setting and such. They work with education, school and child psychology as well as gerntology. Work in reforms, as well. Specilize in specefic lifespan stages

Health Psychologists

Research and practitioners who work with pysch's contributions to health and disease. Work with ilness, addiction, weight loss, sleep, pain, stds spreading and such. Work to improve government policies and health care. Can be emplyed in medical places, university or private practice.

Experimental Psychologists

Research behavior in humans and other animals through comparative methods. Identify with a subfield (like psych), they are the researchers and overlap often, they often conduct research or teach.

The Psychoanalytic Perspective (Developmental Psychology)

Resolve Electra or Oedipal complex at age five, they learn masculine or feminine traits from their parent that is the same sex as them

Nerve (sensorineural) deafness

Results from damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory neurons caused by things like disease, biological changes of aging or continued exposure to loud noise. This can be fixed by cochlea implants

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Results from the interaction of nature and nurture.

social readjustment rating scale

Richard Rahe & Holmes (physicians)- scale of major stressful life events over the past year, each of which is assigned a point score; higher score=stress more likely to cause a medical event

Gate-control theory

Ronal Melzack and Patrick wall; you experience pain only if the pain messages can pass through a gate (which opens by small nerve fibers carrying pain signals) in the spinal cord on their route to the brain. The gate is kept open by anxiety, depression and focusing on the pain. The gate is closed by neural activity of large nerve fibers (like massage, electrical stimulation, acupuncture, ice and the natural endorphin release).

cocaine pleasurable effects

Rush of euphoria (fires dopamine), confidence, energy

heroin pleasurable effects

Rush of euphoria, relief from pain

Parallel Processing

Simultaneous processing of stimulus elements

Identify and briefly describe the three major sleep disorders experienced by adults.

Sleep apnea: stops breathing during sleep. Narcolepsy: falls asleep suddenly. Insomnia: can't fall asleep.

Sleep serves many functions for us. Briefly explain how sleep can provide protection and physical growth

Sleep kept our ancestors safe from nighttime dangers. Sleep promotes the release of pituitary growth hormone.

In which social psychology experiment was it discovered that individuals would be willing to ignore their own personal beliefs in order to be accepted by the group?

Soloman Asch

Which social psychologist is known for demonstrating the tendency of individuals to conform to group pressures?

Soloman Asch

bonding

Special process of emotional attachment that may occur between parents and babies in the minutes and hours immediately after birth

Feature detectors

Specific neurons that in the primary visual cortex of the brain that respond only to specific features of visual stimuli- they process different elements

What are different kinds of phobias called?

Specific phobias

What are the two types of performance tests in which there is a correct answer for each item?

Speed tests and power tests

concrete operational stage

Stage 3 in Piaget's theory: the stage of cognitive development (from about 6/7 to 11) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events (don't interpret, extrapolate or infer well) stuff associated are conservation, math and reversability

Philip Zimbardo

Stanford prison experiement

Which social psychologist found that a majority of participants would be willing to shock a complete stranger with high levels of electricity in response to the directions of an experimenter?

Stanley Milgram

Which social psychology experiment demonstrated the strong tendency for individuals to obey authority?

Stanley Milgram's "Shock" experiment

John B. Watson

Started behavioralism, believed he could shape anyone into anything he wanted (nurture > nature and conditioning), after disgraced due to be unethical became advertiser on Madison Ave.

humanistic psychology

Started by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow the focus on the current environmental effects on a person's growth potential, began the cognitive revolution

behaviorism

Started by John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner view that psychology is an objective science that can only observe behavior (without reference to mental processes), believed in conditioning, dismissed introspection (early start was from Pavlov though)

The principle of similarity

State that like stimuli tend to be perceived as parts of the same pattern

How might Skinner's operant conditioning principles be applied to self improvement?

State your goal in measurable terms, and announce, Monitor how often you engage in your desired behavior, Reinforce the desired behavior, reduce rewards gradually

dopamine hypothesis

States that high levels of dopamine seem to be assiciated with schizophrenia

maladaptive strategies

Strategies that may reduce stress, but often make matters worse

What does stress-induced arousal stimulate in a majority of the population?

Stress eating

Synthetic marijuana (K2/Spice)

Stronger than marijuana can last in the brain and organs for longer period of time

The greater the need, the ____ the drive. ______ is regained by satisfying the need.

Stronger, homeostasis

Neuropsychologists

Study connection between neurological processes and behavior. Treat diagnose and treat nervous disorders like Alzheimer's. Evaute developmental disabilies, also can work in hospital units

Psychometric and quantitative Psychologists

Study methods and tecniques used to get pyschological knowledge. Update old tests, administer, score and interpret them as well. Collaborate with reserchers to deal with the results of their research programs. Good with Stats and computer tec. Work at higher education, testing, research firm or government

Sperry and Gazzinga

Study patients with split brains revealing that the left and the right hemispheres do not preform exactly the same functions

Sport Psychologists

Study psychological factors that influence and influenced by physical activities. They can work in coach education and athlete preparation. Have clinical or counseling degree, work with individuals with psychologcial problems like anxiety and substance abuse that could interfere with preformance

What is the difference between tasters, non-tasters and super tasters?

Tasters have an averge number of taste buds, while the rest have too little or too much

Where is hearing processed?

Temporal lobes

Self-Report Tests

Tests that require a test taker to describe his/her feelings, attitudes, beliefs, values, opinions, physical state, or mental state on surveys, questionnaires or polls

What did Descartes say of superstition?

That is only notices the rare successes, not the numerous failures.

What did Socrates believe about the mind?

That it is separable from the body and continues after death. He also believed the knowledge was inate

What did Aristotle (student of Plato) believe contrary to his teacher?

That knowledge is not inate (he believed nothing was), it comes from memories and experience

What is the outer ear made of?

The Pinna (visible part of ear), the auditory canal (opening into the head) and the eardrum

Homeostasis

The body's tendency to maintain an internal steady state of metabolism to stay in balance

Intelligence quotient

The child's mental age divided by his or her chronological age, multiplied by 100 (aka MA/CA x 100)

alternate form (reliability)

The degree to which different version of an instrument result in the same or similar result. Involves comparing the results of 2 different but equivilent versions of a test (version A vs. B) given to the same subjects and if a strong positive correlation is found between the scores on the 2 versions it is alternate forms reliable. Also called equivalent forms reliability. This method eliminates the variable of practice effect.

sympathetic nervous system

The division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. Fight or flight

overjustification effect

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.

violence-viewing effect

The effect that watching TV violence tends to desensitize people to cruelty and prime them to respond aggressively when provoked

Validity

The extent to which an instrument accurately measures or predicts what it is supposed to measure or product

Interrater Reliability

The extent to which two or more scorers evaluate the responses in the same way

primary appraisal (Cognitive Appraisal theory)

The first step in assessing stress, which involves estimating the severity of a stressor and classifying it as either a threat or a challenge.

Selective attention

The focus of awareness on only a limited aspect of all you are capable of experiencing

selective attention

The focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus, a form of dual processing

What was stage five of Freud's psychosexual development theory? Describe it?

The genital stage, adolescence, warm feelings for others, sexual attraction, group activities, and vocational planning

Carter's goldfish has been classically conditioned to swim to the top of the fish tank every time the light is turned on. This happened because Carter always turns on the light in the room just before feeding the fish. Identify what each of the following would be in this example, making sure you explain why you know your identification is correct. - Conditioned response (CR) - Conditioned stimulus (CS) - Unconditioned stimulus (US)

The goldfish swimming to the top of the tank when the light is turned on is the CR because the fish has learned to behave in this way. The light is the CS because the goldfish has learned to respond to this stimulus. The light was initially an NS. The food is the US because this stimulus will naturally cause the fish to swim to the top of the tank.

Self-actualization

The highest level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs which is achievement of all one's potentials, and transcendence, which is spiritual fulfillment

Identify the role of each of the following in listening to and taking notes during a psychology lecture;Hippocampus, Cerebellum, Cerebral cortex

The hippocampus will help store the memories, the cerebellum will help you write the notes and the cerebral cortex will help you interpret them.

Phi Phenomenon

The illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession.

Perceptual Constancy

The image something casts on the retina gets larger due to imposed stability on a constantly changing sensation

Ms. Ledbetter wants to determine if the new review activity she developed will improve student performance on unit exams. She randomly separates 160 students into two groups. Group A reviews for the unit exam in the traditional manner they have always used. Group B participates in the new review activity. After reviewing, both groups are given the same unit exam and their scores are compared. Identify the independent and dependent variables for this experiment.

The independent variage is the form of review and the dependent variable is their scores.

unstructured interviews

The interviewer does not have a set of prepared questions and the interviewee does most of the talking

Where is taste processed?

The junction of temporal and parietal lobes

Why is classical conditioning useful?

The larger lesson: Conditioning helps an animal survive and reproduce—by re- sponding to cues that help it gain food, avoid dangers, locate mates, and produce offspring

What is considered the "on button" for thirst?

The lateral hypothalamus, if it is removed, the individual will not drink

Arousal

The level of alertness, wakefulness, and activation caused by activity in the CNS

Conduction deafness

The loss of hearing that results when the eardrum is punctured or any of the ossicles lose their ability to vibrate. This can be fixed by a hearing aid amplifying virbations through facial bones to the cochlea.

What initiates and maintains sexual arousal?

The pituitary gland secretes luteinizing hormone and follicle stimulating hormone into the blood stream, stimulating the testes/ovaries to secrete estrogen and testosterone to initiate and maintain arousal

Mom is frustrated because 3-year-old Maya has started to spit frequently. She has decided to temporarily put away one of Maya's toys every time she spits. Mom is going to continue this until Maya has stopped spitting. • Explain whether Mom's plan uses reinforcement or punishment. • Explain whether Mom's plan is a positive or negative form of reinforcement or punishment.

The plan uses punishment, because it is designed to reduce the frequency of spitting. This is negative punishment because toys are being taken away from Maya

transferance (psychoanalysis/psychodynamic)

The process by which a person unconsciously and inappropriately displaces (transfers) onto individuals in his or her current life those patterns of behavior and emotional reactions that originated in relation to significant figures in childhood

How does Sound localization work?

The process by which you determine the location of a sound. Using parallel processing the brain processes the intensity and the timing differences to properly ascertain location.

identification

The process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos.

Perception

The process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensations, enabling one to recognize meaningful objects and events

Heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals in a population that results from genetically causes. It deals with population differences, not the individual.

ratio

The quantitative relation between two amounts showing the number of times one value contains or is contained within the other; incidental frequency

Within-group differences

The range of scores within a particular group is much greater than the difference between the mean scores of two different groups.

Frequency Theory

The rate of the neural impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, enabling ability to sense pitch.

cerebral hemispheres

The right and left halves of the cerebrum.

Test-retest method

The same exam is administered to the same group on two different occasions and the scores are compared. The closer the correlation coefficient is to 1.0, the more reliable the test is.

Split-half method

The score on one half of the test questions is correlated with the score of the other half of the questions to see if they are consistent

Attention

The set of processes by which you choose from among the various stimuli bombarding your sense at any instant. They are processed by the senses of the brain

What organ causes blood sugar levels to rise and what does that do to the pancreas?

The small intestine releases sugars into the blood which makes them more concentrated. When they are high bc of this, the pancreas secretes insulin

How does sound travel through the middle ear?

The sound from the eardrum vibrates the ossicles (the hammer, anvil and stirrup) to vibrate and push against the oval window of the cochlea into the inner ear

What is the brainstem an extension of?

The spinal cord

Why are gustation and olfaction called chemical sense?

The stimuli are molecules

Parapsychology

The study of the study of paranormal events, investigates claims of ESP, including telepathy, clairvoyance, precognition, telekinesis/psychokinesis

Triarchic theory of intelligence

There theory analytic, creative and practical.

Why do psychologists study animals, and is it ethical to experiment on animals?REPEAT

They find them interesting and also it is more ethical to do some experiements on animals rather than humans, because the shared similaries can help predict how humans will rreact.

Why can individual tests be more informative than group tests?

They give more information on test behavior and can be given to test takers who cannot sit for group tests, and can sometimes elicit more creative responses

Where do neural fibers carry sensory information? What happens after

They go to the spinal cord, after they are transmitted to the medulla and then to the thalamus to be at the opposite sides of somatosensory cortex in your parietal lobes.

Primary motives

They push us to satisfy our biological needs

Do dreams only happen in REM only?

They start in REM, but can dovetail into NREM-3

What do interest tests do?

They use a person's descriptions of his or her own interests to predict vocational adjustment and satisfaction

Muller-Lyer Illusion

This classical illusion is when two horizontal lines of equal length appear unequal because of the orientation of the arrow marks at the end. Inward facing arrowheads make a line appear shorter than another line of the same length with outward facing arrowheads.

Where does the auditory nerve transmit to? Why?

Through the medulla, pons and thalamus to the auditory cortex of the temporal lobes. It does this in order to receive input from both ears, however contralateral input dominates.

Why is pain released?

To alert of injury and prevent further damage

strive for superiority (Adler)

To be altruistic, cooperative, creative, unique, aware and interested in social wellfare

What did Jung believe the goal of personality development was?

To become individuated to realize the self

Far-sighted

Too little curvature of the cornea and/or lens focuses the image behind the retina so distant objects are seen more closely than nearby ones

Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz

Trichromatic theory

Alternate/equivalent form method

Two different versions of a test on the same material are given to the same test takers and the scores are correlated

US → ______

UR

US → UR → NS → CS → CR (explain)

UR becomes CR and NS becomes CS

Anorexia nervosa

Underweight people who weigh less than 85% of their normal body weight, but are still terrified of being fat. Mostly young women who follow starvation diets and have unrealistic body image. It is associated with perfectionism, excessive exercising, and an excessive diet for self control

Lawrence Kohlberg

Used hypothetical moral dilemmas to study moral reasoning. His influential theory of the stages of moral development is a milestone in developmental psych. His theory states there are 3 levels of mental development

deviation IQs

Used in intelligence testing. Mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.

antidepressants

Used to treat the depression seen in many clients with schizophrenia. They elevate the mood by making monoamine neurotransmitters more availible at the synapse. Include MAOS and SSRIS. They treat depressive disorders, OCD, Panic disorder and PTSD. Lithium is part of this. SO are the antiseizure medications that treat epilepsy

Post Conventional

Very rare: in which people evidence a social contract orientation that promote's society's welfare (5) or evidence an ethical principle orientation that promotes justice and avoids self condemnation (6) (age 20s and up) aka always doing the right thing at the expense of themselves

What enables balance?

Vestibular sense, kinesthesis and vision

David Reimer

Was the test subject in the Born A Boy Raised A Girl experiment run by Dr. Money (Johns Hopkins), was good choice because he was a twin. As he was more interested in masculine activities than girl activities, experiment failed and proved nature is more dominant. Committed suicide later after experiment.

Emotional intelligence

What programs. Peter Salovey and John Mayer labeled the ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions as.

Practical intelligence (Triarchic theory of intelligence)

What some people consider "street smarts." this including the ability to read people, etc.

Interposition or overlap (pictorial cue for monocular vision)

When a closer object cuts off the view of part or all of a more distant one

When are brain areas most active (according to numerous fMRI studies)?

When people feel pain or rejection, listen to angry voices, think about scary things, feel happy, or become sexually excited.

What happens when we eat more?

When we eat more, our weight goes up and our fat cells increase in size, which seems to result in increased metabolism and decreased hunger. If we continue to eat more, we can continue to gain weight, and our set point can go up.

Who coined the term "stream of consciousness?"

William James

Can insulin be released just by seeing nice food?

Yes

Do identical twins (separated at birth too) and adoptees's with their bio parents have similar intelligence scores?

Yes, bc they also have similar brain volume and anatomy

Do Biological psychologists think there is a genetic component involved in depressive orders? Why?

Yes, because of similar chemical levels of norepinephrine (causing mania) or too little during seratonin

Are the the trichromatic and opponent-process theories true?

Yes, both are; Three different types of cones produce different photochemicals, and then cones stimulate ganglion cells in a pattern that translates the trichromatic code into an opponent-process code further processed in the thalamus.

Do genitals become aroused during dreams?

Yes, but not during scary dreams (this causes morning wood and increased vaginal lubrication- which lacks a slang to equal the previous)

Is the brainstem's motor cortex active during REM sleep? What does this cause?

Yes, but the brainstem blocks messages, this causes a mostly (finger and face twitches happen) paralyzed body

Can you taste molecules dissolved in your saliva?

You can only taste molecules that are dissolved in a liquid or saliva

Jung in a sentence

You have your personal memories and your personal experiences, many of which you don't remember vs. the things that we all know collectively

Carl Jung

You have your personal memories and your personal experiences, many of which you don't remember vs. the things that we all know collectively, archtypes, individuation, (Analytic theory)

what happens if you have an experimental group but no control group? How do you rectify that?

You test the people twice at different times, comparing the subject to the subject. This is called a within subjects design

normal curve

[normal discribution] a symetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (about 68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes

In classical conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus a. naturally triggers a response. b. is a naturally occurring response. c. is initially irrelevant, and then comes to trigger a response. d. objectively studies psychology. e. is Pavlovian

a

Students are accustomed to a bell ringing to indicate the end of a class period. The principal decides to substitute popular music for the bell to indicate the end of each class period. Students quickly respond to the music in the same way they did to the bell. What principle does this illustrate? a. Acquisition b. Habituation c. Generalization d. Functional fixedness e. Stimulus

a

What do we call behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus? a. Respondent behavior b. Operant behavior c. Extinguished behavior d. Biofeedback conditioning e. Skinnerian conditioning

a

What do we call the kind of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer? a. Operant conditioning b. Respondent behavior c. Classical conditioning d. Shaping e. Punishment

a

When is prosocial modeling most effective? a. When the model acts in a way consistent with the prosocial lesson b. When the model verbally emphasizes the prosocial lesson but acts as she chooses c. When the model is predisposed to the prosocial conduct d. When the observer has a close personal relationship with the model e. When the model is well-known

a

Which ability is a good predictor of good adjustment, better grades, and social success? a. Self-control b. Locus of control c. Problem-focused coping d. Learned helplessness e. Emotion-focused coping

a

Which of the following best describes a discriminative stimulus? a. Something that elicits a response after association with a reinforcer b. An innately reinforcing stimulus c. Something that when removed increases the likelihood of the behavior d. An event that decreases the behavior it follows e. An amplified stimulus feeding back information to responses

a

Which of these is true about daydreaming? (a) it occurs spontaneously, (b) it is physiologically induced, (c) it is psychologically induced, (d) it is the same as waking awareness, (e) it is more like meditation than it is like dreaming

a

histogram

a bar grah depicting a frequence distribution

self-fulfilling prophecy

a belief that leads to its own fulfillment (ex: U.S. President George W. Bush spoke of Saddam Hussein: "Some of today's tyrants are gripped by an implacable hatred of the United States of America. They hate our friends, they hate our values, they hate democracy and freedom and individual liberty. Many care little for the lives of their own people." Hussein reciprocated the perception in 2002. The United States, he said, is "an evil tyrant," with Satan as its protector. It lusts for oil and aggressively attacks those who "defend what is right.)

retinal disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the two eyeballs, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the close the object

developmental psychology

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

operational definition

a carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example human intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures

unconditional positive regard

a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

psychoactive drug

a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods, any drug that effects you neurologically and behaviorally

neuroleptics/antipsychotics

a class of psychotropic medications used for the treatment of schizophrenia and other disorders that involve psychosis

standard deviation

a computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

motion parallax

a depth cue in which the relative movement of elements in a scene gives depth information when the observer moves relative to the scene

measure of central tendency

a descriptive statistic that tells which result or score best represents an entire set of scores

case study

a descriptive tecnique in which one individual or group is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles

intrinsic motivation

a desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake

confounding variable

a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiement

myelin sheath

a fatty tissue layer segmentally encasing the axons of some neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed as neural impulses hop from one sausage like node to the next

Head Start Program

a federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status

sampling bias

a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative finding

behavioral assessments

a form of assessment that involves a full range of inquiry methods (observation, interview, testing, and the systematic manipulation of antecedent or consequence variables) to identity probable antecedent and consequent controlling variables.

interpersonal psychotherapy

a form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships

Stereotype

a generalized (sometimes accurate but often overgeneralized) belief about a group of people. (ex: All black people love watermelon)

self-help groups

a group composed of people who have similar problems and who meet together without a therapist or counselor for the purpose of discussion, problem solving, and social and emotional support

Complex (Jung)

a group of associated emotional, unconscious thoughts that influence attitudes and associations

ghrelin

a hunger-arousing hormone

Taste aversion and benefit?

a learned avoidance of a particular food, it leads to the avoidance of poisons and things that maek you sick

How long does the brain keep an accurate count of sleep debt for?

a least two weeks

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

a life threatening STI caused by HIV. It depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections

dysthymia (Depressive disorder)

a low-grade chronic (constant) depression with symptoms that are milder than those of severe depression but are present on a majority of days for 2 or more years.

GABA (gamma-aminobutryic acid)

a major inhibitory neurotransmitter; undersupply leads to seizures, tremors and insomnia. Leads to Huntingtons.

womb envy (Karen Horney)

a man's want to be able to reproduce, it was Horney's response to penis eny

Perceptual Set

a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another

cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's enviorment. For example after exploring a maze, a rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

antagonist

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, inhibits or blocks a response (medication, not neurotransmitter)

agonist

a molecule that, by binding to a receptor site, stimulates a response (medication, not neurotransmitter)

martin seligman believed what about depression risks?

a negative explanatory style (pessimism) puts an individual at risk for dpression when bad events occur, making them think the bad events will last for ever and effect everything

neuron

a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system

dendrites

a neuron's bushy branching extensions that recieve messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm. In response to light, the SCN causes the pineal gland to adjust melatonin production, thus modifying out feelings of sleepiness

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stresss

reinforcement schedule

a pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced

conflict

a perceived incompatibility of actions, goals, or ideas. (ex: Dani wants to do a bakesale and Luna wants to run a haunted house)

refractory period

a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired

oral-dependent personality (the oral stage)

a person who wants to passively receive attention, gifts, love, and so forth.

temperament

a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Cognitive-behavior therapy

a popular integrated therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

methamphetamine

a powerfully stimulent addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, which speeded-up bodily functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels

Meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

meta analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

clinical interview

a procedure in which questions are adjusted in accord with the answers the interviewee provides. It is usually an evaluation session, not a therapeutic relationship.

higher-order conditioning

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditoning experience is paired up with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn tha ta light predicts the tone and responding to the lught alone, AKA second-order conditioning

Why do you move from one Erikson stage to the next?

a psycho-social crisis needs to be resolved and you move onto next stage when resolved, the better u solve a crisis the easier the next will be

experiement

a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent cariables) to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experienmenter aims to control other relevant variables

random sample

a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion

gender identity

a sense of being male or female

dream

a sequence of images, emotions and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it

CT/CAT (computed tomography)

a series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a compositve representation of a slice of brain's structure. Also shows extent of a lesion

role

a set of expectations (norms) about social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave

Role

a set of expectations (norms) about social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave (ex: Policemen not committing rape)

gender role

a set of expected behaviors for males or for females

flight-or-fight response

a short-term reaction triggered by the sympathetic nervous system

reflex

a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus (or stimuli) such as a knee-jerk response

social trap

a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self- interest rather than the good of the group, become caught in mutually destructive behavior. (ex: Individual whalers reasoned that the few whales they took would not threaten the species and that if they didn't take them others would anyway. The result: Some species of whales became endangered)

night terrors

a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during NREM-3 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, are randomly remembered

hypnosis

a social interaction in which one person (the subject) responds to another person's (the hypnotist's) suggestions that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

hypnosis (psychoanalysis)

a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur

dissociation

a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

catatonia (Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders)

a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate. Echolalia, mutism and such happen.

correlation coefficient

a statistical index of the relationship between two variables (from -1.0 to +1.0)

statistical signifigance

a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance

The personal conscious (Jung)

a storehouse of all past memories, hidden instincts, and urges unique to us. It also contains complexes

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

insight

a sudden realization of a problem's solution

posthypnotic syggestion

a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptons and behaviors

Ectasy (MDMA)

a synthetic stimulent and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short term health risk and longer term harm to seratonin-producing neurons adn to mood and cognition. Can lead to permantly depressed mood if seratonin is damaged. Also suppresses memory, sleep and immune system. club drug

biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension. Looking at eg scans to read brainwaves and control.

biofeedback

a system for electronically recording, amplifying, and feeding back information regarding, a subtle physiological state, such as blood pressure or muscle tension

survey

a tecnique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representitive, random sample of the group.

hypothesis

a testable prediction

aversive conditioning(Classical Conditioning Therapy)

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or dimished if followed by a punisher

Classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.

Personality

a unique pattern of consistent feelings, thoughts and behaviors that originate within the individual

positive psychology movement

a viewpoint that recommends shifting the focus of psychology away from the negative aspects to a more positive focus on strengths, well-being, and the pursuit of happiness

penis envy (the phallic stage)

a women's want for the man's power (not necessary the actual body part)

basic trust

according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers

Oedipus complex (the phallic stage)

according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father.

manifest content

according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, or content)

latent content (psychoanalysis)

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream

latent content

according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content).

peak experiences

according to Maslow, times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved

unconditional positve reguard

according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person

LSD is aka

acid

What do both classical and operant conditioning?

acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination

social referencing

actively seeking emotional information from a trusted person in an uncertain situation

accommodation (not referring to the eye movement)

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

Conformity

adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard or yielding to group pressure when no direct request has been made (ex: Deciding to wear your hair like everyone else to fit in.)

Epinephrine and norepinephrine increase energy and are released by the ____.

adrenal glands and brain

epinephrine and norepinephrine are also called...

adrenaline and noradrenaline

When do are you required to debrief all research subjects?

after the experiement is over

extroversion (Hans Eysenck)

aka extraversion, the degree to which a person is outgoing, sociable, assertive, and comfortable with interpersonal relationships

alcohol use disorder (alcoholism)

alcohol use marked by tolerance, withdrawl, and a drive to continue problematic use

self-concept

all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"

cognition

all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

population

all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn (this does not refer to a country's whole population if it is not a national study).

coping

alleviating stress using emotional cognitive, or behavioral methods.

what must a researcher do to fulfill the ethical principal of informed consent?

allow participants to chose whether to take part

cohort-sequential study

A research method in which a cross section of the population is chosen and then each cohort is followed for a short period of time.

authoritarian parenting (Baumrind)

A restrictive punitive style in which parents exhort the child to follow their directions and to respect work and effort. These parents places firm limits and controls on the child and allows little verbal exchange. This parent is associated with children's social incompetence and often relies on punishment.

Iris

A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.

behavioral rehearsal

A role-playing strategy in which a client acts out a behavior he wants to change or acquire. Can be quite useful in assertiveness training.

self concept

A sense of one's identity and personal worth

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. It can be used to measure achievement motication

Gestalt psychology

A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts.

Emotion

A psychological feeling that involves a mixture of physiological arousal, conscious experience, and overt behavior

Motivation

A psychological process that directs and maintains behavior toward a goal, fueled by motives

dissociative identity disorder

A rare dissociative disorder in which a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Also called multiple personality disorder.

conversion disorder

A rare somatoform disorder in which a person experiences very specific genuine physical symptoms for which no physiological basis can be found. A psychological trauma becomes a physical symptom

morally acceptable

Ethical

____ has acute symptoms short in duration, whereas _______ has less intense symptoms for a longer period of time. (about anxiety disorders)

Panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder

Anthony attends a high school band concert. First, identify and explain which two lobes of his brain are most important for watching and listening to the concert. Second, explain which lobe of the brain is most responsible for analyzing the music and finding personal meaning.

The temporal and occipital lobes allow Anthony to watch and listen. The temporal lone would analyze the music and the frontal lobe(?) would help him find personal meaning.

halo effect

The tendency for one characteristic of an individual to influence a tester's evaluation of other characteristics. Interviewer's bias.

Halo effect (interviewer)

The tendency for one characteristic of an individual to influence a tester's evaluation of other characteristics. Interviewer's bias. (assessment interviews)

fMRI (functional MRI)

a tecnique for revealing bloodflow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. They show bran functions as well as structure. Shows brain activity at higher resolution than the PET scan when changes in oxygen concentration near active neurons alter magnetic qualities.

PET scan (positron emission tomography) scan

a visual display of brain activity that detects where radioactive forms of glucose goes while the brain preforms a given task. An amplified tracing of brain activity produced when electrodes positioned over the scalp transmit signals about the brain's electrical activity to an electroencephalograph machine

random assignment

assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexcisting differences between different groups

paired association is the same as __________

associated learning

We learn by _____

association

the most noticeable difference between human brains and other mammalian brain is the size of the...

association areas

Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of ______ learning

associative

sleep apnea

a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. Has daytime sleepiness and irritability, and (possibly) high blood pressure, which increases the risk of a stroke or heart attack. People have cpap machine.

narcolepsy

a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks- they last a few minutes. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. They may not remember it. Caused by genes.

What do nerve cells do?

conduct electricity and "talk" to one another by sending chemical messages across a tiny gap that separates them.

Which of the following correlation coefficients represents the strongest relationship between two variables? (a) +.30 (b) +.75 (c) +1.3 (d) -.85 (e) -1.2

d

which of the following psychologists would be most likely to investigate biological, psychological, cognitive, and social changes over time? a. Educational b. experimantal c. social d. cognitive e. developmental

developmental

Mary Ainsworth

developmental psychology; compared effects of maternal separation, devised patterns of attachment; "The Strange Situation": observation of parent/child attachment

projective personality tests

diagnostic personality test using unstructured stimuli to evoke responses that reflect aspects of an individual's personality. Ex: Rorshach inkblot test. What play therapy is about.

projective tests

diagnostic personality test using unstructured stimuli to evoke responses that reflect aspects of an individual's personality. Ex: Rorshach inkblot test. What play therapy is about. (assessment interviews)

David Rosenhan of Stanford

did study in which healthy patients were admitted to psychiatric hospitals and diagnoses with schizophrenia; showed that once you are diagnosed with a disorder, the label, even when behavior indicates otherwise, is hard to overcome in a mental health setting

biological cause of abnormal behavior

result of neurochemical and/or hormonal imbalances, genetic predispositions, and structural damage to brain parts or faulty processing or information by the brain

What does sleep deprivation do to the muscles?

reudced strength and slower reaction time and motor learning

self-disclosure

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. (ex: In another study, researchers invited one person from each of 86 dating couples to spend 20 minutes a day over three days either writing their deep- est thoughts and feelings about the relationship or writing merely about their daily activities (Slatcher & Pennebaker, 2006). Those who had written about their feelings ex- pressed more emotion in their instant messages with their partners in the days following, and 77 percent were still dating three months later (compared with 52 percent of those who had written about their activities).)

Rumination theory

focusing intently over and over on how one feels and why they feel that way. about an event that already happened. repetitively evaluating situation without coming to any solution. Susan Nolen-Hoeksema

Somatosensation

general term for four classes of tactile sensations: touch/ pressure, warmth, cold, and pain. Tactile sensations can also result from a simultaneous stimulation of more than one type of receptor

collectivism

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.

adrenal glands

glutamate and insulin control

Thomas Szasz view of mental illness

he sees it as a reason to justify political repression

How did Pavlov lay the groundwork for watson?

he told collegues to lay aside the mentalistic concepts (like consciousness) and look at the outside facts of behavior, leading to behavioralism

Reasons for loss of consiousness

head trauma, surgical anethesisa, coma

Diana Baumrind

her theory of parenting styles had three main types (permissive, authoratative, & authoritarian)

What leads humans to overestimate their intuition?

hindsight bias, overconfidence and percieval of patterns in random events

which of the following's primary function is processing memories?

hippocampus

dramatic/emotional (Cluster B)

histrionic, narcissistic, borderline, antisocial

secondary reinforcers

learned reinforcers, such as money, that develop their reinforcing properties because of their association with primary reinforcers. AKA condtioned reinforcer

Who were the confederates in Milgram's experiment (learners or teachers)?

learners

oberservational learning

learning by observing others, also known as social learning

associative learning

learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimulu (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning)

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Operant conditioning

learning to associate a response (our behvaior) and its consequences. This we (and other animals) learn to repeat acts followed by good results and avoid acts followed by bad results

Is speech most likely to be a function of the left hemisphere or the right hemisphere?

left hemisphere

The _____ hemisphere is more closely associated with positive emotions, and the ____ with negative emotions.

left, right

The right side of the brain controls the ___ side of the body and the left side of the brain controls the ____ side of the body

left, right

An authoritative person in a _______ can infuce people hypnotized or not- to perform some unlikely acts

legitimate context

Type B Personalities

less competitive, less devoted to work, have a weaker sense of time urgency, less likely to experience personal stress or to come into conflict with other people, more likely to have balanced, relaxed approach to life

trephining

letting harmful spirits escape by making holes in the skull

What did Freud think everything was driven by?

libido

hindbrain is to central core as midbrain is to ____ and forebrain is to _______

limbic system and cerebral cortex

How does the Institute of Medicine suggest medical marijuana is given

medical inhalers

Antagonists and agonists refer to neurotransmitters or medications?

medications

what part of the brain triggers the release of adrenaline to boost heart rate when you're afraid?

medulla

The hormone that induces sleep is called _____ and is produced by _______ which recieves signals from _______

melatonin, pineal, SCN

What might provide a neural basis of everyday imitation and obersvational learning?

mirror neurons or distributed brain networks

Hallucination

misperception of auditory and visual stimuli

Why are North Americans sleeping less than their counterparts a century ago?

modern lighting, shift work, social media

free radicals

molecules toxic to neurons that are caused by the burning of calories, sleep repairs the damage they cause

Carol Gilligan

moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different, not better or worse

Pre-Conventional

morality based on self-interest; avoid punishment (1) or gain rewards (2) (children age 8-9)

An individual is (more/less) likely to conform to a group norm if they are from a collectivist culture than someone from an individualist culture?

more

Humans think they know ____ than they do

more

George can move his hand to sign a document because the ________, located in the ________ lobe of the brain, allows him to activate the proper muscles.

motor; frontal

What does the pons help coordinate?

movement and basic vital functions

deinstitutionalization

moving people with psychological or developmental disabilities from highly structured institutions to home- or community-based settings

_____ of our behavior occurs on autopilot

much

Right Hemisphere Traits

music, creative, art/symbols, recognizable faces, holistic/intuitive thought, perception of patterns, receptive

mirror-image perceptions

mutual views often held by conflicting people, as when each side sees itself as ethical and peaceful and views the other side as evil and aggressive. (ex: If Juan believes Maria is annoyed with him, he may snub her, causing her to act in ways that justify his perception.)

Alternate name for hypnagogic jerks

myoclonic jerks

Sleeep disorders according to DSM-V

narcolepsy, sleep apnea, night terrors, somnambulism, nightmares, insomnia

How does the Evolutionary perspective view Anxiety?

natural selection for enchanced vigilance that operates ineffectively in the absense of real threats

A researcher looking for gender differences in 3-year- olds observes a preschool class and records how many minutes children of each gender play with dolls. She then compares the two sets of numbers. What type of descriptive research is she conducting?

naturalistic observation

Karen Horney

neo-Freudian, psychoanalysis; criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of "basic anxiety"

Karen Horney

neo-Freudian, psychoanalysis; criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends; concept of "basic anxiety." Also womb envy (Psychoanalysis).

corpus callosum

nerve fibers that connect the hemispheres

sensory (afferent) neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord (CNS)

motor (efferent) neurons

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands

Is negative reinforcement a punishment?

no

Do evolutionary psychologists believe that emotions depend on our evaluation of a given situation?

no, they think the emotional response came before complex thinking in animal evolution

What are emotions inferred from

nonverbal expressive behaviors, including body language, vocal qualities, and, most importantly, facial expressions.

What did William Sheldon believe about personality?

personality; theory that linked personality to physique (of temperament) on the grounds that both are governed by genetic endowment: endomorphic (large), mesomorphic (average), and ectomorphic (skinny)

uncontrolled events → _______ → Generalized helpless behavior

pervieved lack of control

self control

the ability to control impulses and delay short-term gratification for greater long-term rewards.

divided consciousness

the ability to divide consiousness allows us to perform more than one task at a time

Hypnotic ability

the ability to focus attention completely on a task and to become imaginatively absorbed in it and to entertain fanciful possibilities

gender typing

the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

cognitive learning

the acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

What did Jung think the ego was?

the conscious mind, responsible for our feelings of identity and continuity

What were Freud's three levels of the mind?

the conscious, preconscious and the unconscious

social clock

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

When is thinking the sharpest and memory the most active?

the daily peak in circadian rhythm

companionate love

the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. (ex: The stage of content life in a couple after the honeymoon stage has passed)

predictive (validity)

the degree to which a particular assessment forecasts or anticipates (predicts) success on some future measure

What were Freud's three major systems of personality?

the id, the ego and the super ego

What is homosexuality attributed to?

the interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors

cognitive neuroscience

the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language)

What are the limitations of interviews?

the interviewers preconceptions, attempts at deception of interviewee and halo effect.

cerebral cortex

the intricate fabric of interocnnected neural cells covering the cerebal hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information processing center

synapse

the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.

corpus callosum

the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them.

delta waves

the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

What was stage four of Freud's psychosexual development theory?

the latency period, 6-2 According to Freud, the period between the phallic stage and puberty during which children's sexual concerns are temporarily put aside.

What side of the brain processes speech and calculation (deaf people use this side to process sign language)?

the left side

threshold

the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

Deindividuation

the loss of self-awareness and self-restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity (ex: Trolls feeling brazen on the internet)

THC

the major active ingredient in marijuana, trggers a variety of effects like mild hallucinations- it is a hallucinogen (higher content in weed, high hallucogenic effect)

difference threshold

the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference, it is important to survival bc minute stimuli are important. (Also called just noticeable difference or JND.)

absolute threshold

the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time

Groupthink

the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives. (ex: Kennedy's bay of pigs invasion, to preserve good feeling, members of the cabinet kept their dissenting views to themselves)

source traits (Raymond Cattell)

the more basic traits that underlie the surface traits, forming the core of personality

mode

the most frequently occuring score(s) in a distribution

testosterone

the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of male sex characteristics during puberty

axon

the neuron extension that passes messages through its branches to other neurons or to muscles or glands

brainstem

the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions

What was stage one of Freud's psychosexual development theory?

the oral stage, 0-1, infants receive pleasure by sucking and putting things in their mouths. This stage leads to oral fixations. Early weaning can cause separation anxiety which could lead to a whole host of problems. Like oral-dependent personality and oral-aggressive personality. Also biting sarcasm and stress eaters.

dependent variable

the outcome factor, the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable

illusionary correlation

the perception of a relationship where none exists

external locus of control

the perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.

internal locus of control

the perception that you control your own fate.

puberty

the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

mere exposure effect

the phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases liking of them (ex: People are more likely to marry people they see on a daily basis and are often in close proximity in)

Anxiety

the primary sympton or cause of other symptons for all anxiety disorders. It is a feeling of impending doom or disaster from a specific or unknown source that is characterized by mood symptoms of tension, agitation, and apprehension; bodily symptoms of sweating, muscular tension, and increased heart rate and blood pressure; as well as cognitive symptoms of worry, rumination, and distractibility.

conservation

the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and numbers remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects (even though things change in appearance, they can still be the same amounts as before)

frustration-aggression principle

the principle that frustration—the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal—creates anger, which can generate aggression. (ex: aversive stimuli—hot temperatures, physical pain, personal insults, foul odors, cigarette smoke, crowding, and a host of others—can also evoke hostility)

dual processing

the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracts

imprinting

the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during an early-life critical period

psychosexual development

the process by which libidinal energy is expressed through different erogenous zones during different stages of development

stress

the process by which we appraise and respond to environmental threats

Sensation

the process by which you detect physical energy from your environment and encode its neural symbols

learning

the process of aquiring new and relatively enduring information on behaviors

modeling

the process of oberserving and imitating a specefic behavior

Analytic theory of personality (Jung)

the psyche- or whole personality- consists of interacting systems including the ego, the personal unconscious with it complexes; the collective unconscious with its archetypes, attitudes, and functions; and the self.

Which side of the brain processes perceptual tasks?

the right side

What were our ancestor's body clocks attuned to?

the rising and seeting of the sun

Psychology

the science of behavior and mental processes

Social Psychology

the scientific study of how we think about, influence and relate to one another

positive psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. Founded by Martin Seligman

biological psychology

the scientific study of the links between biological (genetic, neural, hormonal) and psychological processes.

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system (CNS) to the rest of the body.

X chromosome

the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

Y chromosome

the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child

synaptic gap/cleft

the small gap at the synapse between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron.

Movie

the snake pit

gender

the socially constructed roles and characteristics by which a culture defines male and female

experimental psychology

the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method

psychopathology (medical model)

the study of origin, development, and manifestations of mental or behavioral disorders

psychophysics

the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them. It discusses the sensitivity to stimuli

social influence theory

the subject is so caught up in the hypnotized role that she ignores the pain stimulus. The hypnotized people act out the role of a "good subeject" by following directions given by an authoritative person.

Rem rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep)

REM rebound

the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep).

bystander effect/apathy

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present (ex: Kitty Genovese's murder in 1964)

behaviorism

the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental process. Most research psychologists today afree with (1), but not (2)

Volley Principle

theory of pitch that states that frequencies from about 400 Hz to 4000 Hz cause the hair cells (auditory neurons) to fire in a volley pattern, or take turns in firing

group therapy

therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction

gestalt therapy (humanistic therapy)

therapy that aims to integrate different and sometimes opposing aspects of personality into a unified sense of self. they use dream interpretation

Why do evolutionary psychologists say emotions exist?

they are useful adaptively, as they are universal across cultures (bc they are tied to the brain (ex= amygdala and anger)) and so things like anger can be universally understood

How does hypnosis work on warts vs. positive suggestions san hypnosis?

they both speed up the disappearance equally

Why do girls/women get drunk easier? What does this cause

they have less stomach enzyme and this leads to them getting more lung and brain damage with less drink as well

Why did Carol Gilligan find that women rarely reached Kohlberg's post conventional stage?

they think about the caring thing to do or fall the ethic of care, not justice

What do social learning theorists think of DID?

they think individuals with this disorder are role playing since it is happening more and at a faster rate now than before its sensationalism

Why do psychoanalysts dislike behaviorist treatment?

they think that despite what changes behavioralists make on the surface, their inability to touch the unconscious and fix it is only causing the problem to surface in a new form (a smoker becoming a drinker)

exhaustion reaction (Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome)

third part of Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome, the result of all the stress of the previous stages results in the depletion of our resources and decreased immunity to diseases

A researcher calculates statistical significance for her study and finds a five percent chance that results are due to chance. Give an accurate interpretation of this finding.

this is the minimum result typically considered statistically significant

The obsession is the _____, the compulsion is the _______

thought, behavior

Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome

three-stage process which describes the body's reaction to stress: 1) alarm reaction, 2) resistance, 3) exahaustion

excitatory neurotransmitter

when the neurotransmitter is not inhibited (exicatory overrules them) and go forward to the next neuron

Opponent-Process Theory (emotion- not about eyes)

when we experience an emotion, an opposing emotion will counter the first emotion, lessening the experience of that emotion. When we experience the first emotion on repeated occasions, the opposing emotion becomes stronger and the first emotion becomes weaker, leading to an even weaker experience of the first emotion.

countertransference

which occurs when a therapist transfers emotions to a person in therapy, is often a reaction to transference, a phenomenon in which the person in treatment redirects feelings for others onto the therapist.

Predictive validity

The measure of the extent to which the test accurately forecasts a specific future result

Psychometrics

The measurement of mental traits, abilities and processes

sensory nervous system

The system of nerves that carries information from the body's receptors to the CNS

endorphins

"morphine within"- natural opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and pleasure (associated with pain relief)

ingroup

"Us"—people with whom we share a common identity. (ex: White Protestants in America)

parasympathetic nervous system

"rest and digest" the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy

What are the four major drawbacks of physical punishment?

(1) punished behavior is suppressed, not forgotten, this temporary state may negatively reinforce parents punishing behavior, (2) punishment teaches discrimination among situatiions, (3) punishment can teach fear, (4) Physical punishment may increase aggression by modeling aggression as a way to cope with problems.

Giuseppe Moruzzi and Horace Magoun

(1949) discovered that the reticular formation enables arousal and that electrically stimulating the reticular formation of a sleeping cat almost instantly produced an awake, but severing it causes permanent unconsciousness (coma)

James Olds and Peter Milner

(1954) McGill University neuropsychologists who discovered that the hypothalamus provides pleasurable rewards. Experimented with stimulating pleasure center in brains of rats

Philip Vogel and Joseph Vogan

(1961) Los Angeles neurosurgeons who speculated that major epileptic seizures were caused by an amplification of abnormal brain activity bouncing back and forth between the two cerebral hemispheres and created split brain surgery

Individuals with severe intellectual disability (about 5%)

(5%) typically develop a very limited vocabulary and learn limited self-care skills. Usually they are unable to care for themselves adequately and do not develop enduring friendships.

borderline

(Cluster B) a psychological disorder characterized by a prolonged disturbance of personality accompanied by mood swings, unstable personal relationships, identity problems, threats of self-destructive behavior, fears of abandonment, and impulsivity. Mostly women. They see everything as black and white (no more than two per practice).

paranoid

(Cluster a) Baseline mistrust; carries grudges; afraid to open up; uses projection as defense mechanism; lacks hallucinations or delusions

schizotypal

(Cluster a) Odd, strange; has magical thinking; socially isolated, paranoid, lacks close friends; has incongruous affect

schizoid

(Cluster a) Socially withdrawn, seen as eccentric but happy to be alone. More men are schizoid than women (sociological reason for this). It is an ego-syntonic disorder.

dependent

(cluster c) excessively lacking in self confidence, subordinates needs, don't like having unoccupied chunk, common in females. Fear/anxiety of being alone with themselves.

teratogens

(lit: "monster maker") agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.

Anisha, a high school student, has been struggling in many areas in her life. She is overweight and spends a lot of time watching tv. She is having trouble keeping up in her classes and says she cannot seem to keep her focus. She has trouble making friends and "fitting in" at school. Explain how a health psychologist, social psychologist, and counseling psychologist can help her cope.

- health: attempt to find ways to encourage her to lead a more active lifestyle and focus on improving her lifestyle and focus on creating a diet and exercise program. This should help her lose some weight and become healthier in her daily habits - school; might work with her parents, teachers, and counselors to determine why she is struggling in her classes and make recommendations for improving her classroom performance. -counseling: might work with her to find out why she has recently found numerous aspects of her life more challenging and might work on strategies for helping Anisha cope with challenging situations, such as how to make friends.

Provide 3 reasons why nonhuman animals are sometimes used in psychological research.

- some researchers use nonhuman animals because they are interested in understanding the animals themselves, including their thinking and behaviors. -others use nonhuman animals to reduce the complexity that is part of human research. They hope to understand principles that may be similar to those that govern human psychological phenomena - researchers also study nonhuman animals in order to apply the findings in ways that will help both humans and the other animals themselves

the definition of psychology changed as the field evolved during the early years. Why did John B Watson object to the definition preferred by Wundt, Titchener, and James? what group of psychologists did Watson's ideas influence? How did Watson redefine psychology?

-watson objected to the "science of mental life" because he felt it was impossible to be scientific without observations. -Watson's ideas influenced the behaviorists -Watson preferred limiting psychology to behavior, because behavior could be observed and scientifically analyzed.

test takers two standard deviations above the mean have scores of ___, sometimes considered intellectually gifted, and those three standard deviations above the mean have scores of ____, sometimes considered geniuses.

130, 145

J. P. Guilford divided intelligence into ____different intelligence sets.

150

Raymond Cattell is famous for the _________ questionnaire.

16 Personality factors/16 PF

You cannot be diagnosed with a personality disorder until you are ___.

18

Carl Jung

1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation

B.F. Skinner

1904-1990; Field: behavioral; Contributions: created techniques to manipulate the consequences of an organism's behavior in order to observe the effects of subsequent behavior; Studies: Skinner box

Aaron Beck

1921-present; Field: cognitive; Contributions: father of Cognitive Therapy, created Beck Scales-depression inventory, hopelessness scale, suicidal ideation, anxiety inventory, and youth inventories

Freud

1939 death, cocaine addict, discovered dreams could mean something by the late 19th century, he analyzed their dreams along with what was happening in their lives

How much of ours lives does sleep account for?

2/3

How often do newborns sleep?

2/3 of their day

At what age do people shift from being night owls to morning larks?

20 (pre-20, menopause, kids or other for women)

How long is NREM-2 sleep

20 minutes

Where is the peak of physical capabilities (it is all downhill for there?)

20s

Erikson's Stage Theory of Psychological development 6

21 to 40- intimacy (romantic, friends, colleagues, loved ones) vs. isolation (if a person doesn't develop intimate relationships with equity and self disclosure, you risk a life of being isolated like an island)

How many main categories in the DSM-5 are there for mental disorders?

22

Erikson's Stage Theory of Psychological development 3

3 to 6- initiative vs. guilt (confidence to take initiative to try new things)

What percent of percent of people are below and above the mean in standard deviation?

34%

What percentage is above and what percentage is below standard deviation?

34%, 34%

Erikson's Stage Theory of Psychological development 7

40 to 65- generativity (creation) vs. stagnation (feeling productive vs. feeling unimportant, unproductive and useless, half their life is over at 40)

How low does your nightly sleep need to be to get a 71% higher risk of depression?

5 hours or less

What percent of behavior traits result from shared genes?

50%

How many years of our life do we spend dreaming?

6

Erikson's Stage Theory of Psychological development 4

6 to 12- industry vs. inferiority (inferiority complexes develop here)

Erikson's Stage Theory of Psychological development 8

65 plus- integrity vs. despair (people look forward and look back)

What percentage of participants in the "Shock" experiment went all the way to the highest level of shock (450 volts)?

65%

1 standard deviation of the mean

68%

How many hours do Canadian and American adults sleeping a night?

7/8 hours

What percent of dreams have at least 1 negative event or emotion?

80%

A young boy is left at home with his older brother while their parents drop off the family car for repairs. While the parents are out, the older brother prepares lunch for the young boy. Then the older brother takes the younger brother outside where he entertains him by building several fires with small twigs. Explain how the older brother's conduct is: • Prosocial modeling • Antisocial modeling

?

Because Jerry suffered severe seizures, his neurosurgeon decided to "split his brain." What does this mean? How might a psychologist use people who have had split-brain surgery to determine the location of speech control?

?

Describe how each of the following can show the impact of cognition on operant conditioning. (1) Latent learning (2) Insight learning (3) Intrinsic motivation

?

Explain the following two theories regarding why we dream. Include a criticism each faces: • Freud's theory • Neural activation theory

?

Raud is planning to use operant conditioning to help him reach his self-improvement goal of running in his community's 10-kilometer race in July. Explain four things Raud should include in his self-improvement plan

?

Three of the most widely used psychoactive drugs— alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine—are legal for large segments of the population. Name the category that each of these drugs belongs to, and describe one effect of each.

?

Rational Emotive Therapy

A Cognitive Therapy based on Albert Ellis' theory that cognitions control our emotions and behaviors; therefore, changing the way we think about things will affect the way we feel and the way we behave.

Figure-ground relationship

A Gestalt principle of perceptual organization that states that we automatically separate the elements of a perception into the feature that clearly stands out and its less distinct background.

cohort

A population group unified by a specific common characteristic, such as age, and subsequently treated as a statistical unit.

cerebrum

A portion of the brain that contains the cerebral cortex, limbic system, and basal ganglia. Largest portion of the brain.

Convergence

A binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object

pineal gland

A brain structure located near the thalamus that secretes melatonin.

Organic/Neurocognitive disorders

A category of psychological disorders in which the primary symptom is significantly reduced cognitive abilities, relative to a prior level of functioning.

causation

A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable.

Threshold theory

A certain level of intelligence is necessary, not good for creative work

incentive

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior, pulling us towards a goal

Glutamate

A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory; oversupply leads to migraines or seizures

Selye's three stages (of stress response) ARE a GAS

A = alarm, R = resistance, E = exhaustion, and GAS is the General Adaptation Syndrome

learned helplessness

A condition that occurs after a period of negative consequences where the person begins to believe they have no control.

positive correlation

A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction.

Bottom-up processing

A data-driven state where sensory receptors detect exernal stimulation and send these raw data to the brain for analysis

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience.

anal-expulsive personality (the anal stage)

A disorderly, destructive, cruel, or messy person

limbic system

A doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the border of the brainstem and cerebral hemispheres; associated with emotions such as fear and aggression and drives such as those for food and sex. Includes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus.

flooding (Classical Conditioning Therapy)

A exposure technique used to treat phobias in which the client is presented with the feared stimulus until the associated anxiety disappears.

Negative feedback loop

A feedback loop that causes a system to change in the opposite direction from which it is moving

Nucleus Accumbens

A limbic reward center that releases dopamine and makes GABA in the front of the hypothalamus

psychiatrist

A medical doctor who has specialized in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders. Do not have to study insight, psychoanalytic, behavioral, cognitive, or humanistic theurapeutic approaches

Biopsychosocial model

A model of illness that holds that physical illness is caused by a complex interaction of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.

major depressive disorders (Depressive disorder)

A mood disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or a medical condition, two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. Depressed for about 6 months. 5 or more symptons

Bipolar disorder

A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

need

A motivated state caused by a physiological deficit, such as lack or food or water

Hippocampus

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

hypothalamus

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)

A non-hereditary intellectual disability resulting from prenatal exposure to alcohol. It is enviormental

Ethologist

A person who studies the natural behaviour patterns of animals

Selective Attention

A phenomenon of divided consciousness in which a person is able to focus on one thing while focusing out other stimuli and still able to notice other important information, aka cocktail party effect

Stockholm Syndrome

A phenomenon where people who are kidnapped or held hostage develop empathy for their captors, sometimes even defending their actions

skepticism

A philosophy which suggests that nothing can ever be known for certain.

Physiogical Explanation of Hunger (about the stomach)

A physiological motive. It is caused by stomach contractions scientifically, but people without stomachs still feel hunger.

Wechsler intelligence tests

A set of age-based intelligence tests. The current set has a verbal scale including items on comprehension, vocabulary, information, similarities, arithmetic, and digit span; and a performance scale including items dealing with object assembly, block design, picture completion, picture arrangement, and digit symbols. He based his measurements on deviation IQs

clinical/psychiatric social workers

A social worker with some training in therapy methods who focuses on the environmental conditions that can have an impact on mental disorders, such as poverty, overcrowding, stress, and drug abuse.

factor analysis (Hans Eysenck)

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score.

unconditioned stimulus

A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning

thalamus

A structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex. A sensory switchboard if you will. located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory reciving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A subdivision of the peripheral nervous system. Controls involuntary activity of visceral muscles and internal organs and glands (such as the heart). Its sysmpathetic division is fight or flight while its parasympathetic division calms

behavior modification

A systematic approach to changing behavior through the application of the principles of conditioning.

MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain. Creates more detailed computerized images using a magnetic field and pulses of radio waves that cause emission of signals that depend upon the density of tissue.

Homosexuality

A tendency to direct sexual desire toward another person of the same sex

Hetrosexuality

A tendency to direct sexual desire toward people of the opposite sex

bisexuality

A tendency to direct sexual desire towards people of both sexes

NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI)

A test that measures the Big Five traits: extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, conscientiousness, and neuroticism

signal detection theory

A theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus ("Signal") amid background stimulation ("Noise"). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. Varies between persons

Cognitive restructuring

A therapeutic approach that teaches clients to question the automatic beliefs, assumptions, and predictions that often lead to negative emotions and to replace negative thinking with more realistic and positive beliefs

modeling

A therapeutic technique in which the client learns appropriate behavior through imitation of someone else.

social skills training

A therapy approach that helps people learn or improve social skills and assertiveness through role playing and rehearsing of desirable behaviors.

behavior therapy

A therapy that is based on the application of learning principles to human behavior and that focuses on changing overt behaviors rather than on understanding subjective feelings, unconscious processes, or motivations; also known as behavior modification.

corpus callosum

A thick band of axons that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and acts as a communication link between them.

cardinal trait (Gordon Allport)

A trait that is so pervasive that the person is almost identified with the trait.

Beneficial trait

A trait with high adaptive value that becomes more common in succeeding generations in order to spread the good around

Standardization

A two-part test development procedure that first establishes test norms from the test results of the large representative sample that initially took the test and then ensures that the test is both administered and scored uniformly for all test takers

Achievement tests

A type of ability test designed to assess what a person has already learned

Aptitude tests

A type of ability test designed to predict a person's future performance or to assess the person's capacity to learn

systematic desensitization (Classical Conditioning Therapy)

A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

variable interval

A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after a unpredictable time interval has passed.

variable ratio

A type of partial reinforcement. Rewards are provided after an unpredictable number of responses.

MMPI-2 (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2)

A widely used personality assessment instrument that gives scores on ten important clinical traits.

Visual acuity or resolution

Ability to see

Delirium (Organic/Neurocognitive disorders)

Abnormal mental state characterized by disorientation, inattention, confusion usually related to a metabolic condition

How is severity of intellectual disability determined?

Adaptive functioning, not IQ score

What does seratonin do?

Affects mood (low levels cause aggression), hunger, sleep, and arousal. Undersupply leads to depression.

Exposure Therapy (ET)

An approach to treatment that involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response

catharsis (psychoanalysis)

An emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety

within subjects design

An experiment in which the same subjects are assigned to each group. Also called repeated measures design.

What is the ideal way to treat insomnia?

An ideal sleep aid would mimic the natural chemicals that are abundant during sleep, without side effects. file.

Ponzo Illusion

An illusion of size in which two objects of equal size that are positioned between two converging lines appear to be different in size. Also called the railroad track illusion.

self-efficacy (Bandura)

An individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

stereotype threat

Anxiety and resulting impaired performance that a person may experience when confronted with a negative stereotype about a group to which they belong.

caffeine adverse effects

Anxiety, restlessness, and insomnia in high doses; uncomfortable withdrawal

confounding variables REPEAT

Any difference between the experimental and control conditions, except for the independent variable, that might affect the dependent variable. It mucks up the date and gets in the way of the data being pure/

insight therapy

Any therapy that attempts to discover relationships between unconscious motivations and current abnormal behavior. (ie: if a person developes insight to their problem then they can fix)

Provide two specific examples of how biology can influence classical conditioning.

Any two examples from the module can be used to answer. Possibilities include: Garcia's research showed that rats are more likely to develop a classically conditioned aversion to tastes than to sights or sounds. Humans are biologically predisposed to form associations between the color red and sexuality.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

A researcher paired the sound of a whistle with an air puff to the eye to classically condition Ashley to blink when the whistle alone was sounded. Explain how the researcher could demonstrate the following: • Generalization • Extinction • Spontaneous recovery

Ashley may generalize it to piercing sounds and blink also when a recorder was blown, and then eventually other woodwind instruments. After a while, this response may go extinct from lack of practice, but a 1-more tries after a dormant period could bring about spontaneous recovery.

What behavior does pain promote?

Avoidance or escape behavior to eliminate causes of discomfort

How is sensory information about smell processed?

Axons of olfactory sensory neurons pass directly into the olfactory bulbs of the brain. Sensory information about smell is transmitted to the hypothalamus and structures in the limbic system associated with memory and emotion as well as the primary cortex for olfaction on the underside of the frontal lobes, but not the thalamus.

Aziz has read that handwriting reveals important details about personality. Explain how each component of the scientific attitude can help Aziz investigate the accuracy of the information he has read about handwriting analysis.

Aziz is curious so he will actually do the study. Aziz will be skeptic and make sure he has humility so he does not contaminate his results by seeing only what he wants.

What is the pathway for taste messages?

Brainstem, thalamus, primary gustatory cortex

intimacy

In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships, a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

heroin adverse effects

Depressed physiology, agonizing withdrawal

Alcohol adverse effects

Depression, memory loss, organ damage, impaired reactions

dissociative amnesia

Dissociative disorder characterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature.

Kinesthesis

The system that enables one to sense the position and movement of individual parts of the body. Their sensory receptors are nerve ending in muscles, tendons and joints

Alzheimers

Believed to be linked to genetics, plaques, abnormal clusters of protein fragments and tangles, or twisted strands of another protein are the biggest suspect of the cause

Erickson's theory was the first to go from ____ to ____.

Birth to death

Marijuana vs. Alcohol

Both relax, hurt memory, impair motor coordination, give high, reaction time. Marijuana takes longer (a week vs. alcohol day) to get out of body,

Erikson's Stage Theory of Psychological development

Divides life span into 8 psychosocial stages, each associated with a different drive and a problem or crisis to solve.

Walter Mischel

CAPS. recognized that traits are not necessarily consistent across various situations, but often vary depending upon the circumstances. (Cognitive and Social Cognitive (social learning) theories)

relative clarity (pictorial cue for monocular vision)

Can be seen when closer objects appear sharper than more distant hazy objects

Explain two differences between classical and operant conditioning.

Classical conditioning involves involuntary responses, but operant conditioning involves voluntary responses.In classical conditioning, the learner associates two events (a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus). In operant conditioning, the learner associates a behavior with a consequence.

Monocular Cues

Clues about distance based on the image of one eye. They include motion parallax accommodation, interposition or overlap, size, relative clarity, texture gradient, relative height or elevation, linear perspective, and relative brightness.

Binocular cues

Clues about distance requiring 2 eyes, the include retinal disparity and convergence

Leon Festinger

Cognitive dissonance theory

Red-green color blindness

Comes from defective x chromosome green and most common in males. Can't distinguish colors in the red-orange-green range

What does the APA say on animal experiementation

Comfort, health, and humane treatment of animals is a must and the researcher must try to minimize infection, illness, and pain

Classical Conditioning Therapy

Conditioning process in which an originally neutral stimulus, by repeated pairing with a stimulus that normally elicits a response, comes to elicit a similar or even identical response; aka Pavlovian conditioning. It includes reconditioning, counterconditioning, tecniques of systematic desensitization, flooding and aversive conditioning

Electra complex (the phallic stage)

Conflict during phallic stage in which girls supposedly love their fathers romantically and want to eliminate their mothers as rivals

multiple approach-avoidance conflict

Conflict in which the person must decide between more than two goals, with each goal possessing both positive and negative aspects.

approach-approach conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two attractive alternatives

avoidance-avoidance conflict

Conflict that results from having to choose between two distasteful alternatives

seasonal affective disorder (Depressive disorder)

Controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter months and improved mood during spring. Can be treated using phototherapy, using bright light and high levels of negative ions. Occurs mostly in Northern latitudes

Name the three components of the scientific attitude. Provide an example to show how each component contributes to the investigation of competing ideas in psychology.

Curiosity, or passion to explore, leads us to questions we want to investigate. Any examples of such questions will serve (For example, Does more money make us happier? Is schizophrenia inherited?). Skepticism keeps us from accepting ideas without sound support. The work of The Amazing Randi would be a good example here. Humility keeps us open to the possibility of changing our ideas when they are not supported by the data. For example, "the rat is always right.

What is the APA's medical model book currently called?

DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders)

repression

Defense mechanism by which anxiety-provoking thoughts and feelings are forced to the unconscious.

Barbiturates type

Depressant

What do black-white opponent cells

Determine overall brightness

Wernicke's Area

Discovered by Carl Wernicke, controls language reception. Damage creates inability to comprehend language; usually in the left temporal lobe. It is receptive.

Broca's Area

Discovered by Paul Broca, controls language expression-area of the frontal lobe in left hemisphere that directs muscle movements invloved in speech. Damage leads to trouble speaking. It is expressive.

Optical/visual illusions

Discrepancies between the appearance of a visual stimulus and its physical reality

Dissociative disorders

Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. Examples are dissociative amnesia, dissociative fugue and DID

Marijuana pleasurable effects

Enhanced sensation, relief of pain, distortion of time, relaxation

Konrad Lorenz

Ethologist who worked with baby ducks to research imprinting

methamphetamine pleasurable effects

Euphoria, alertness, energy

What did Fletcher say about amplitude?

Every increase of 10 decibels corresponds to a 10-fold increase of 10 decibels

daily hassles

Everyday minor events that annoy and upset people

Inate

Existing from birth

Margaret Harlow

Experimented with infant baby monkeys. Six months of complete isolation was enough to cause emotional and behavioral damage.

stroop effect

Explains the decreased speed of naming the color of ink used to print words when the color of ink and the word itself are of different colors.

Researchers interested in studying stress gave 150 high school seniors a very difficult math exam. After the test, the researchers measured stress by examining physiological changes with extensive medical testing that included drawing blood samples. What ethical principle governs what students must be told before the research takes place? What should the potential participants be told?What ethical principle governs the appropriate use of the results of the medical testing? What would that principle say about the use of these results?

FIX LATER: Students must have a basic understanding of what is happening, enough for them to give informed consent. The results must only be allowed to be used after the students are debriefed. The students should be told day of and allowed to drop out.

What type of intelligence shrinks as the other grows?

Fluid intelligence shrinks as crystallized intelligence go

Community Psychologists

Focus on mental health in community settings, enchance enviormental settings, creating preventive measures and crisi introvention. Work specially on problems of groups and ehtnic minorities. They work in departments of mental health, corrections and welfare. Also can be consultants

humanistic therapy

Focuses on removing obstacles that block personal growth and potential. They are client-centered and include gestalt therapy.

Conventional

Follow the rules to live up to the expectations of others (3) or to maintain law and order (and their duty) (4) (teenagers and adults age 20s). This is where most people stop.

What do cochlea implants do to fix Nerve (sensorineural) deafness?

For ones caused by hair cell damage, they translate sounds into electrical signals which convey some information to brain about coming sounds

Who did modern ability testing come from?

Francis Galton, who measured psychomotor tasks to gauge intelligence, reasoning that people with excellent physical abilities are better adapted for survival

phrenology

Franz Gall; the detailed study of the shape and size of the cranium as a supposed indication of character and mental abilities. It focused attention on localization of function.

psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

pleasure principle

Freud's theory regarding the id's desire to maximize pleasure and minimize pain in order to achieve immediate gratification.

parapraxes is another name for (psychoanalysis)

Freudian slips

Concept of g

General intelligence, also known as g factor, refers to the existence of a general intelligence that influences performance on mental ability measures. The existence of general intelligence was first described by Charles Spearman in 1904.

Speed tests

Generally include a large number of relatively easy items administered with strict time limits under which most test takers will find it impossible to answer all the questions

Reaction range model

Genetic makeup determines the upper limit for an individual's IQ, which can be attained in an ideal environment, and the lower limit, would result in an impoverished environment.

How does a trip usually go?

Geoemtric forms (lattice, cobweb, spiral), next more meaningful images in a tunnel/funnel or replays of past emotion experiences, also a separation from the body

Place theory

Georg von Bekesy, the position on the basilar membrane at which waves reach their peak depends o the frequency of a tone. (ex: High frequencies produce waves that peak near the close end and are interpreted as high-pitched sound, while low frequency waves travel farther, peaking at the far end, and are interpreted as low-pitched sound.)

Why are standardized tests more widely used in groups than they are used individually?

Group tests allow the test taker to work alone while individual tests require social interaction between the examiner and test taker. This brings in a host of problems like the relationship and biases between the examiner and test taker effecting the results

What happens at the optic chiasm on the underside of the brain?

Half the acons on the optic nerve from each eye criss-cross to send impulses from the left half of each retina to the left side of the brain and from the right half of each retina to the right side f the brain

Wire mothers

Harlow experiment with infant rhesus monkeys, the wire mother gave food, but not tactile comfort. It was not the favorite of the two mothers

cloth mothers

Harlow experiment with infant rhesus monkeys, the wire mother gave tactile comfort, but not always food. It was always the favorite.

Counseling psychologists

Have a PhD, EdD, PsyD or MA in counseling deal with less severe mental health problems in college settings, or in marital and family therapy practices.

Where did Skinner think personality come from?

He believed behavior was personality and the environment and reinforcement shape who we become

BF Skinner

He believed behavior was personality and the environment and reinforcement shape who we become (Behavioral theory)

What were Plato's (student of Socrates) beliefs?

He believed knowledge was inate and people inherit character, certain ideas and intelligence

What did John Locke believe about the mind at birth? Are humans predestined to be good or evil?

He believed the mind was blank at birth, he called this tabula rasa

What did Thurstone think of Spearman's concept of g?

He disagreed and identified seven distinct factors called primary mental abilities

How did Alfred Binet measure judgment?

He thought 6 and 8 year old's answered questions differently and were therefore assigned mental age/level based on the judgement/intelligence norms of the ages that they matched (an 8 year-old-could have the mental age of a 2 year old btw)

leptin

Hormone secreted by fat cells to decrease hunger. It inhibits release of neuropeptide Y into the paraventricular nucleus to inhibit eating behavior.

ghrelin

Hormone secreted by the empty stomach to signal hunger.

After the student council election, a friend tells you he has known for weeks who would be elected president. What does this seem to illustrate?

Hindsight bias

Construct

Ideas that help summarize a group of related phenomena or objects; they are hypothetical abstractions related to behavior and defined by groups of objects or events

How are some ways societies attempt to regulate sexual behavior?

Imposed sanctions against incest and encouraging or discouraging masturbation, premarital intercourse, marital intercourse, extramarital intercourse, and homosexuality

Heinz Dilemma (What Kohlberg read to his young boys to adult males in his experiment)

In Europe, a lady was dying because she was very sick. There was one drug that the doctors said might save her. This medicine was discovered by a man living in the same town. It cost him $200 to make it, but he charged $2,000 for just a little of it. The lady's husband, Heinz, tried to borrow enough money to buy the drug. He went to everyone he knew to borrow the money. But he could borrow only half of what he needed. He told the man who made the drug that his wife was dying, and asked him to sell the medicine cheaper or let him pay later. But the man said, "No, I made the drug and I'm going to make money from it." So Heinz broke into the store and stole the drug. Should Heinz have done this?

Anal-retentive personality (the anal stage)

In Freudian theory, a personality type characterized by perfectionism and excessive needs for self-control as expressed through extreme neatness and punctuality

ideal self

In Roger's theory of personality, the self a person would ideally like to be.

Do correlations help us predict the future?

In a way

Can dreams teach you how to function in the real world?

In a way, they try

sexual identification

In general, most people adopt a sexual identity that "matches" their sexual orientation: most heterosexually-oriented people identify as "heterosexual" or "straight", most homosexually-oriented people identify as "lesbian" or "gay." However, there is a sizable number of people for whom sexual orientation does not coincide with their sexual identity. We can define sexual identity as the label that people adopt to signify to others who they are as a sexual being, particularly regarding sexual orientation.

Culture relevant tests

Incorporate skills and knowledge related to the cultural experiences of test takers may be more successful

Where do initial visual sensation and perception take place?

In the cones and rods of the retina, in the pathways through the brain and in the occipital lobes/visual cortex

Where is visual information first processed?

In the occipital lobes in the back of the cortex

Castration anxiety (the phallic stage)

In the oedipus complex, fear that father will take revenge by castrating son

reciprocal determinism (Bandura)

In the social cognitive perspective, the notion that thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and environment interact to determine behavior in a given situation. A feedback loop- every relationship you have is shaped by the person in front of you.

Where did Plato think the mind was?

In the spherical (perfect form) head

James Gibson

Inborn brain mechanisms allow even babies to create perceptions directly from information supplied by the sense organs

What does glucagon do?

Increases blood sugar levels by stimulating rapid conversion of glycogen into glucose, releasing it into the blood steam

What cultures does the fundamental attribution error tend to effect more?

Individual Westerner cultures attribute behavior to disposition more than those of East Asian cultures, who are more focused on situation

If intelligence is __, then special educational programs for disadvantaged groups are unnecessary. If, on the other hand, intelligence can be affected by ____ and _____, special programs are warranted.

Inherited, better education, an enriched environment

What term has replaced mental retardation?

Intellectual disability or intellectual developmental disorder

Down syndrome

Intellectual disability resulting from genetic defects. It is primarily hereditary.

What does perception result from?

Interaction of many neuron systems, each performing a simple task

methamphetamine adverse effects

Irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures,

What did Hippocrates believe about personality?

It comes from biology

Id (Freud)

It controls unconscious urges and desires, selfish needs and operates on pleasure principle-any means to satisfy need. The id is hidden because of social norms and rules

What did Galen say about personality?

It depends on the relative quantities of the four humors in the body

How does modeling jive with hypocrisy?

It doesn't, when a child is exposed to a hypocrite, they imitate it

How does the brain deal with the image formed in the retina being upside down and incomplete?

It fills in the information and straightens out the image

What is the cause of sleep deprivation increasing ghrelin?

It makes people hungrier and decreases the leptin (a hormone that makes one feel saited)

What must a behavior do to be considered a true instinct?

It must be stereotypical, performed automatically in the same way be all members of a species in response to a specific stimulus.

OCD (not a personality disorder)

It refers to specific obsessions and is an anxiety disorder, not a personality disorder- when the obsession is not fulfilled it leads to anxiety. The compulsion is the thing you need to do to make it better.

How does sleep help us recuperate?

It restores and repairs brain damage caused by free radicals.

How was psychology defined at its beginning? How did this morph?

It started as the description and explanation of states of consciousness. It became solely behavior faced for a while until the 60s when neuroscience emerged

surface traits (Raymond Cattell)

aspects of personality that can easily be seen by other people in the outward actions of a person

Gestalt

Max Wertheimer, Kurt Koffka, and Wolfgang Kohler discovered how the mind organizes sensations into perceptions of meaningful patterns or forms. Perception is greater than the sum of its parts. They thought that forms are perceived not as combinations of features, but as wholes.

Who can prescribe psychoactive drugs?

Medical doctors, psychiatric nurse practitioners, and a limited number of clinical psychologists

Explain how Bandura's Bobo doll experiment illustrates each of the following: • Modeling • Mirror neurons

Modeling can be described as the behavior of the child as he or she imitates the adult. Mirror neurons on the child's brain presumably would fire the same way when watching the adult or when imitating the adult's behavior.

Stanford-Binet Intelligence Tests

Most common standardized measure of intelligence (IQ= 100xMA/CA); 100 is the mean 15 is the standard deviation (85-115); measures fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, and working memory; predictive of academic achievement, economic success, even greater health, and longevity

electroconvulsive shock treatment

Most commonly used to treat people suffering from severe depression especially when the depression has not been alleviated by other types of less invasive treatments

Where are taste receptor cells located?

Mostly in the fungiform papillae of the tongue, but also on the roof of the mouth and opening of the throat

Secondary motives

Motives we learn to desire, that are learned by society's pull

As the sleep cycle repeats throughput the night time in _____ sleep decreases and time in _____ sleep increases

NREM, REM

In which stage of sleep are you likely to experience hypnagogic sensations of falling?

NREM-1

What sleep stage follows stage 3 in normal sleep cycle?

NREM-2

What stage is half the night spent in?

NREM-2

Sleepwalking

NREM-3 sleep disorder, somnabulism, runs in families, they do not remember it, 2-10 minutes

skinner box

Named for its developer, B.F. Skinner, a box that contains a responding mechanism and a device capable of delivering a consequence to an animal in the box whenever it makes the desired response

Naturalistic observation is a research method used by psychologists to investigate human and animal behavior. Identify three weaknesses of naturalistic observation.

Naturalistic observation is a valid research method, but it is not without its flaws. One flaw is that without various groups (control and experimental), it is hard to determine cause and effect. A second flaw of naturalistic observation is that it is hard to make sure that the researcher does not accidentally influence the results, as it is hard for people not to notice when they are being observed. A third disadvantage is that since naturalistic observation lacks clear-cut lines, different researchers/observers can get different results.

What are the main DSM-5 categories of mental disorders?

Neurodevelopmental disorders, schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders, bipolar and related disorders, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive and related disorders, trauma and stressor-related disorders, dissociative disorders, somatic sympton and related disorders, feeding and eating disorders, elimination disorders, sleep-wake disorders, sexual dysfunctions, gender dyspjoria, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, neurocognitive disorders, personality disorders, paraphilic disorders, medication-induced movement disorders and other adverse effects of medication, other conditions that may be the focus of clinical attention

Can voluntary things be autonomic?

No

Can hypnosis enchance recall of forgotten events?

No, instead it can mix fact and fiction and is banned in Australia, USA and Britain from being used in courts.

Does the effect of a drug depend only on the biological effects of the drug?

No, it also depends on the psychology of the user's expecations, which are influenced by social and cultural contexts

Does deep NREM-3 sleep stay the same through each cycle?

No, it gets smaller during after each cycle

Does sleep deprivation decrease cortisol production?

No, it increases it which stimulates the body to be fatter

Are gender differences visible in what we dream, in how we express and detect emotions, and in our risk for alcohol use disorder, depression, and eating disorders? Is this all biological?

No, it is partially cultural, but also very psychological

Is the term ADD still used?

No, the new term is ADHD (1 of 3 types; inattentive, hyperactive-impulsive, combined)

Is the term Aspergers still used?

No, the new term is Autism-Spectrum Disorder

Is there only masculinity and feminity in the eyes of cognitive psychologists?

No, there is also androgyny

Do humans have one-track minds?

No, they have two-track minds

Are there any rods or cones where the optic nerve enters the retina? What is this space called?

No, this is why this space is called a blind spot

Can hypnosis force people to act against their will?

No, though it can make them do things they may not do otherwise

Are all our memories "in there" in the brain?

No, we don't automatically memorize everything around us, we only record some memories and even then it may be hard to retrieve them.

Bobo Doll

Nursery school students observed an adult play aggressively (yelling & hitting) with an inflatable clown (Bobo); when children were later allowed to play with the Bobo, those children who witnesses the Bobo doll performed the same aggressive actions and improvised new ways of playing aggressively. Done by Albert Bandura.

Where do most (75%) of cases of intellectual disability come from?

Nurture from sociocultural deprivation in an impoverished environment

antisocial effects

Observational learning can have adverse effect

Reification

Occurs when a construct is treated as though it were a concrete, tangible object

What determines smell?

Odor molecules reach the moist olfactory epithelium high in the nasal cavity through the nostrils of your nose and the nasal pharynx and dissolve. They then bind to receptor sites olfactory receptors to trigger action potential

crystallized intelligence

One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

What stimulates thirst? Is it mouth dryness?

Only minorly, mostly it is fluid content of the cells and the volume of blood which is measured by osmoreceptors

What category of drugs has the effects of analgesia, a state of waking sleep, and constipation. They have painful withdrawl.

Opiates/narcotics

5 Stages of Freud's Psychosexual Theory: OAPLG (Only Ass Plugs like Gays)

Oral, Anal, Phallic, latentency, genital

What do we call the tendency to exaggerate the correctness or accuracy of our beliefs and predictions prior to testing?

Overconfidence

Stereotypes

Overgeneralized beliefs about the characteristics of members of a particular group, schema that are used to quickly judge others

What are some external cues that effect thirst?

People drinking irl and ads

operant conditioning therapies

People learn to perform behaviors that lead to desired consequences and learn not to perform behaviors that lead to undesired consequences. Includes contingency management and behavior modification

Type A Personalities

People who work at breakneck speeds and push themselves continually due to excessive sympathetic nervous system disorder. Can lead to heart disease, high blood pressure, and ulcers.

Catatonic excitement

People with schizophrenia who wave their arms around in wild motions and make kicking motions with their legs are experiencing this (part of catatonia)

The Flynn Effect

Performance on intelligence tests has improved over the years, worldwide. Attributed to environmental factors like better nutrition, better health care, advances in technology, smaller families, better parenting, and increased access to educational opportunities.

What is the main flaw of the test-retest method?

Performance on the second test may be better because test takers are already familiar with the questions and test procedures

What social psychology experiment demonstrated the effect that the situation has on a person's behavior?

Philip Zimbardo

Which social psychologist had to shut down his experiment after only 6 days because the participants were suffering?

Philip Zimbardo

Ivan Pavlov

Physicist who discovered conditioning

sensorimotor stage

Piaget Theorem Stage 1: (0-1) Infants/Children in this stage know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impression and motor activities. Key terms of this stage are object permanence and stranger anxiety.

Pituitary Gland

The master gland that reports back to the hypothalamus

Levels of Moral Development according to Kohlberg

Pre-Conventional, Conventional, Post-Conventional

Set point

Preset natural body weight determined by the number of fat cells in the body.

Feature-integration theory (Anne Treisman)

Proposes that detection of individual features of stimuli and integration into a whole occur sequentially in two different stages.

regression

Psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated.

personality disorders

Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning.

What is 80% of a premie baby's sleeping stage spent in?

REM; to catch up

What did Albert Ellis create?

Rational Emotive Therapy

Journey of light through the eye

Rays of light entering your eye are bent first by the curved transparent cornea, pass through the liquid aqueous humor and the hole through your muscular iris called the pupil, are further bent by the lens, and pass through your transparent vitreous humor before focusing on the rods and cones in the back of your eye

How does the satisfaction of hunger work at a cell level?

Receptor cells in the stomach detect the food inside and send neural impulses along the vagus nerve to the brain to reduce hunger. Cholecystokinin's secretion by the small intestine also stimulates the hypothalamus to reduce hunger.

Sexual Orientation

Refers to the direction of an individual's sexual interest

Babinski reflex

Reflex in which a newborn fans out the toes when the sole of the foot is touched

grasping/palmar reflex

Reflex that causes a newborn to grasp vigorously any object touching the palm or fingers or placed in the hand

Konrad Lorenz

Regarded as the founder of ethology, the comparitive study of animal behavior (including human) and their natural surroundings. Lorens earned widespread recognitions for his study of imprinting and aggression. He concluded that the mechanism inhibiting aggression works less well in humans than among other species.

physiological function (dream theory)

Regular brain stimulation from REM sleep may help develop and preserve neural pathways. However this does not explain why we have meaningful dreams

Sociobiology

Related to evolutionary psychology, it tries to relate social behaviors to evolutionary biology

Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychologists

Relationship between people and their working enviorments. Want to increase productivity, improve personel or promote job satisfaction. Work with training, analysis or suck. Can be consultants, also work with business, industry and gov.

Size (pictorial cue for monocular vision)

Relative size of familiar objects provides a cue to their distance when the closer of two same-size objects casts a larger image on your retina

"Doctors sometimes have to remove a portion of the brain to control life-threatening seizures. Describe what the results of the removal of a portion of the motor cortex would be and explain how this procedure might be affected by brain plasticity.

Removing part of the motor cortex will result in paralysis in the parts of the body associated with the removed tissue. Because of brain plasticity, the person's brain may be able to change and reorganize new pathways based on experience. This is more likely if the person is a child.

What did Howard Gardner argue to criticize the g or single factor intelligence theory?

Savants, since this shows g does not underlie all intelligence

What is the only disorder of psychosis/genuinely crazy?

Schizophrenia

Norms

Scores established from the test results of the representative sample, which are then used as a standard for assessing the preformances of subsequent test takers; more simply, norms are standards used to compare scores of test takers

Tell me about what insulin does?

Secreted by the pancreas, it stimulates hunger, lowers the blood glucose level, promotes storage of glucose of glycogen (which creates body fat in the liver and muscles).

Why do tired people get sicker easier than well-rested people?

Sleep deprivation decreases immune cells that fight off viral infections and cancer

Piaget Stages in Order with years?

Sensorimotor (0-2), preoperational (2-7), concrete operational (7-12), formal operational (12)

While walking barefoot, you step on a piece of glass. Before you have a chance to consciously process what has happened, you draw your foot away from the glass. Identify and explain the three types of neurons that deal with information regarding this painful stimulus.

Sensory neurons carry information from the point of the injury to the central nervous system. Interneurons are neurons within the brain and spinal cord. Interneurons would help you interpret the pain and enable your brain to send out marching orders. Motor neurons carry the instruction from the central nervous system to activate the muscles in your leg and foot.

What causes a rod to fire in low light?

Small amount of stimulation from each rod to a bipolar cell

What are the three perceptual constancies? Why are they important?

Size constancy, shape consistency, brightness consistency. These enable one to identify objects no matter what your viewing angle is, how far away you are, or how far away you are

______ discovered that the amount of conformity (decreased/increased) if the participants were allowed to submit their answers privately in writing instead of sharing them aloud with the group which showed that the partcipants did in fact know the correct answer.

Soloman Asch, decreased

body dysmorphic disorder

Somatoform disorder in which the patient has excessive concern with a perceived defect or deficiency in their body

Are all vegetative patietns completely out of it? Do they even hear what people say around them?

Some do, we can tell by mapping their brains

How do you hear?

Sound waves result from the mechanical vibration of molecules from a sound source such as your vocal cords or the strings of a musical instrument. The vibrations move in a medium (like air) outward from the source, first compressing molecules and then letting them more apart

Factor analysis

Spearman found this statistical procedure that identifies closely related clusters of factors among groups of items by determining which variables have a high degree of correlation. Because all of the mental tasks had a high degree of correlation, he concluded that one important factor, which he called g, underlies all intelligence. Because the correlation wasn't a perfect 1.0 between all pairs of factors, he also concluded the existence of the less important s, or specialized abilities

Cognitive Psychologists

Study thought processes and focus on language, attention, memory, problem solving and intelligence. They can work as professors, industrial consultants or human factors

William Stern

Suggested using the ratio of mental age to chronological age to determine the child's level of intelligence

What are the five types of taste receptors?

Sweet, salty, sour, bitter and umami (glutamate)

contingency management

Systematic use of reinforcement and punishment intended to develop, maintain, and change behavior

Creativity

The ability to generate ideas and solutions that are original, novel, and useful, not measured by intelligence tests

Depth Perception

The ability to judge the distance of objects via interpretation of visual cues

Pupil

The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters.

inter-rater reliability (reliability)

The degree to which the same assessment given my multiple indiviudals achieves the same results. involves comparing scores given by 2 different examiners of the same participants. If both examiners give the same participants the same score the testing instrument has inter-rater reliability. This is important in determining if subjective data collected through obersvation is consisten regardless of who is recording behavior of participants

test-retest (reliability)

The degree to which the same outcome is achieved on at least two occasions. Comparing the results when the same individuals take the same test 2Xs. One major problem with this is the variableof practice effects.

Criterion related validity

The measure of the extent to which a test's results correlate with other accepted measures of what is being tested

Face validity

The measure of the extent to which the content of the test measures all of the knowledge or skills that are supposed to be included within the domain

Content validity

The measure of the extent to which the content of the test measures all of the knowledge or skills that are supposed to be included within the domain being tested, according to expert judges.

Where is smell processed?

The lower portion of the temporal lobes

Affiliation motive

The need to be with others; is aroused when people feel threatened, anxious, or celebratory.

Ganglion cells

The neuron layer in front of bipolar cells. Their axons converge to form the optic nerve of each eye.

frequency

The number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a second (Hertz or Hz), determine the pitch

What did Adler think would happen to the three children of a family?

The oldest would become responsible and protective, the middle would be ambitious and well adjusted, the youngest would be spoiled

MMPI-2

The original version of this test was developed as a method for deriving psychiatric diagnosis and an empirical criterion keyeing strategy was used to construct the test's clinical scales. It was given to 8 clinical grps that reflected a specific diagnosis on the scale and a control group. Items that discriminated between the clinical and control groups were included in one or more of the test's clinical scales.

timbre

The overall quality of a sound, tone color

super ego (freud)

The partly conscious and partly unconscious. It is composed of the conscience and ego ideal

collective efficacy (Bandura)

The perception that with collaborative effect the group with attain the desired outcome. Mostly found in the Eastern world. Associated with collectivism

Ernest Hilgard

The person associated with the dissociation theory of hypnosis.

Observational Tests

The person being tested lacks a single well defined task to preform, but rather is assessed on typical behavior or performance in a specific context

What was stage three of Freud's psychosexual development theory?

The phallic stage, 3-5. Erogenous zone moves to genital region and masturbation begins. Children get Electra or Oedipus complexes here. They can be resolved through identification with the same sex parent. Castration anxiety and penis envy also occur here.

Bipolar cells

The second layer of neurons in front of the retina where rods and cones synapse

preoperational stage

The second stage in Piaget's theory; the stage (from 2 to 6/7) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic . Key terms associated with this stage are Egocentrism, animism, Artificialism and pretend play.

secondary appraisal (Cognitive Appraisal theory)

The second step in assessing a threat, which involves estimating the resources available to the person for coping with the stressor.

Vestibular sense

The sense of equilibrium or body orientation. It's name comes from the hairs of the semicircular canals, as well as the vestibular sacs response to straight-line accelerations

What determines flavor?

The sensory interaction of taste, temperature, texture, and olfaction

Metabolism

The sum total of all chemical processes that occur in our bodies and are necessary to keep us alive

Why do certain groups score lower than other groups (ie men v. women, whites v. blacks) on standardized tests?

The test format can be biases in respect to different cultures

Performance Tests

The test taker knows what he or she should do in response to questions or tasks on the test and is expected to preform to the best of his/her abilities

Lens

The transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina.

cornea

The transparent tissue in front of the eye. The rays of light that event are bent by it.

paradoxical sleep

The type of sleep encountered during REM when internally, the brain and body are active; while externally, the body appears calm and inactive

echolalia

The uncontrollable and immediate repetition of words spoken by another person

sleep inertia

The unpleasant feeling of grogginess that is sometimes experienced for a few minutes after awakening

Between-group differences

The variation that occurs between any two or more groups, such as between men and women.

Cognitive triad

Theory by Aaron Beck that there are three concepts that cause depression, peoples negative view about themselves, the world, and the future.

cognitive triad

Theory by Beck that there are three concepts that cause depression, peoples negative view about themselves, the world, and the future.

Rogerian Therapy (client-centered therapy)

Therapy where therapist listens, let's client direct session

Even after someone stops using the substance they are addicted to and has been sober for a while, can they still be effected by the drug?

There are of course the lasting effects and cravings that come, even after many years, for some

A teacher wants to know if nightmares are more common than dreams. He asks volunteers from his second-period class to report how many dreams they had last week. He asks volunteers from his third-period class to report the number of nightmares they had last week. Describe two things wrong with the design of this study.

There is no hypothesis stated. In asking for volunteers, the teacher is taking a nonrandom sample that is probably not representative of the population of interest. Neither dreams nor nightmares are operationally defined, so they might be interpreted differently by later researchers. The research is not blind. The teacher could influence the results by the way he asked questions.

Anxiolytics (tranquilizers/anti-anxiety drugs)

These drugs are used for short term treatment of anxiety, PTSD, addiction withdraw, agitation & anorexia. They include benzodiazepines. Unfortunately tolerance can be built up for these.

How is the sex drive similar to hunger and thirst drives, how is it different?

They all involve the hypothalamus, but the sex drive can be aroused by anything at anytime and is not necessary for survival.

insecure attachment (Mary Ainsworth)

They are less likely to explore their surroundings; they may even cling to their mother. When she leaves, they either cry loudly and remain upset or seem indifferent to her departure and return

What do some scientists theorize about chronic diet eaters?

They are restrained eaters who stringently control their eating impulses and feel guilty when they fail. They eat excessively if their control is disrupted, leading to weight gain

osmoreceptors

They are sensitive to dehydration and lead to thirst.

What happens to sensory information after primary sensory processing?

They are sent to the association areas where they are understood more abstractly

Why are schizotypals not schizophrenic?

They are still in touch with reality, even though they act like they aren't

How is classical conditioning shown in the struggles of recovering addicts?

They feel cravings in areas/people/contest they associate with their drug

Why 65 and older white males commit suicide?

They feel useless, all the people who defined your youth are dying, men are defined by what they do (work) so when it is gone (mandatory, bad health, etc.) they feel useless

Students with higher scores on anxiety scales were found to have lower scores on standardized tests. What research method would show this relationship? Why can no cause-effect conclusion be drawn from the results?

This research method is a correlation study. There are three possibilities for causation: Anxiety could cause low test scores, low test scores could cause anxiety, or a third factor could cause both anxiety and low test scores. No conclusions can be drawn about causation because this is not an experiment.

law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfacorable consequences become less likely

mental processes

Thoughts and feelings that are internal, personal and cannot be directly observed

Trichromatic theory

Three different types of photoreceptors are each most sensitive to a different range of wavelengths

emotion

a conscious feeling of pleasantness or unpleasantness accompanied by biological activation and expressive behavior.

Near-sighted

Too much curvature of the cornea and/or lens focuses an image in front of the retina so nearby objects are seen more clearly that distant objects

Sclera

Tough, white, connective tissue that contains the connective white of the eye. It is the protective outer membrane

People with three different types of cones are called __; with two different types, ___; and with only one, __.

Trichromats, dichromats, monochromats

Arthur Jenson

Tried to develop a culture-free measure of intelligence by measuring reaction time

Alfred Adler

Viennese neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: inferiority complex, organ inferiority; Studies: birth order influences personality

Alfred Adler

Viennese neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: inferiority complex, organ inferiority; Studies: birth order influences personality (Individual Psychology)

What can lead to lower blood concentration? What does lower blood concentration lead to?

Vomit, blood donation, diarrhea. It leads to the kidney cells releasing enzymes to cause synthesis of angiotensin to stiulate thirst receptors

Eysenck's theory

We are born with personalities and we are genetically programmed and this cannot be changed

(Constructionist Theory) Hermann von Helmholtz

We learn through experience to convert sensations into accurate perceptions

The closure principle

We tend to fill in gaps in patterns

Yerkes-Dodson Law

We usually perform most activities best when moderately aroused, and efficiency of performance is usually lower when arousal is either low or high

Intelligence

Wechsler operationally defined it as the aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, to think rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment

WEIRD (Cultural Acronym)

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic

Multifactor Emotional Intelligence Scale (MEIS)

What Salovey, Mayer, and David Caruso developed to measure emotional intelligence. The items test the test taker's ability to perceive, understand, and regulate emotions

Analytical thinking (Triarchic theory of intelligence)

What is tested by traditional IQ test and what we are asked to do in school- compare, contrast, analyze and figure out cause and effect relationships

What color light does the sun and most electric lightbulbs give off?

White light

What makes something black, white or colored?

White reflects all wavelengths, black obsorbs all, colored takes in only a specific wavelength

Tell me about the birth of psychology (like labwork and stuff)

Wilhelm Wundt of the University of Lepzig created the first psychology lab when he measured people's awareness and their awareness of their awareness using a sound and telegraph key where some pressed when they heard a sound (1 tenth of a second) and the rest pressed when they were aware of it (2 10ths of a second). He was trying to measure mind atoms

Principle of Psychology

William James took 12 years to write, published by Henry Holt, very influential

Rehabilitation Psychologists

Work with people who lost optimal functioning after some event. Mostly work in rehab or hospital, but also other places (like schools).

Do familial, cultural and religious values influence our food habits, feelings and emotions related to foods?

Yes

Is deception allowed in informed consent?

Yes

Are siblings raised together are more similar than those raised apart intelligence wise? What about people adopted into different environment, does their intelligence raise or lower?

Yes , kids moved into more upper class families get better intelligence?

Did Darwin believe behavior was genetic?

Yes, he thought they were characteristics that could be passed on

Does our brain process information outside of our awareness? Where?

Yes, in the old brain we may be aware of the results of the brain's labor, but not the how-to

Does generalized fear linger?

Yes, like for example an Argenitian man who underwent torture recoils on seeing black shoes, like his tortorers wore

Does the brain's auditory cortex respond to sound stimuli when asleep?

Yes, the EEG confirms it

barbiturates and benzodiazepines are the same thing; true or false?

Yes, they are variations of the same thing

Do results of intelligence tests have predictive ability?

Yes, they correlate highly with academic achievement

Conscious (Freud)

You are aware of it and can have access to it

unconscious (Freud)

You are aware of it and your conscious generally doesn't have access to it. It contains wishes, impulses, memories and feelings. It is where repressed things go and is seen in dreams and freudian slips.

Opiate drugs such as morphine are classified as what? (a) Agonists, because they mimic other neurotransmitters' pain-diminshing effects, (b) Antagonists, because they block neurotransmitter receptors for pain, (c) Excitatory neurotransmitters, because they activate pain-control mechanisms, (d) Parasympathetic nervous system agents, because they calm the body, (e) Sympathetic nervous system agents, because they prepare the body for a challenge

a

The basic idea behind classical conditioning is that the organism a. associates events. b. associates behavior and resulting events. c. voluntarily operates on the environment. d. associates response with a consequence. e. quits responding when reward stops.

a

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely is known as what? a. Law of effect b. Operant conditioning c. Shaping d. Respondent behavior e. Discrimination

a

Which of the following is an example of negative correlation?(a) People who spend more time exercising tend to weigh less. (b) Teenage females tend to have fewer speeding tickets than teenage males. (c) Students with low IQ scores tend to have lower grades. (d) As hours studying for a test decrease, so do grades on that test. (e) Students' shoe sizes are not related to their grades.

a

Which of the following is the best synonym for social learning? a. Observational learning b. Modeling c. Mirror neuron imitation d. Prosocial model e. Imitation

a

token economies

a behavioral technique in which desirable behaviors are reinforced with secondary reinforcers like a token, such as a small chip or fake coin, which can be exchanged for privileges.

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and intercepts information

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

equity

a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it. (ex: In one national survey, "sharing household chores" ranked third, after "faithfulness" and a "happy sexual relationship," on a list of nine things people associated with successful mar- riages. "I like hugs. I like kisses. But what I really love is help with the dishes," summarized the Pew Research Center (2007))

split brain

a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mostly corpus callosum) connecting them.

Intrinsic motivation

a desire to perform an activity for its own sake rather than an external reward

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform an activity to obtain a reward from outside the individual, such as money and other material goods (society stuff)

extrinsic motivation

a desire to preform a behavior to reviece promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (Depressive disorder, aka PMS)

a disorder marked by repeated experiences of significant depression and related symptoms during the week before menstruation

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by signifigant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors

scatterplot

a graphed cluster of dots, each which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation)

couples and family therapy

a married, cohabitating, or dating couple is seen together in therapy to work on problems usually arising within the relationship

split-half (reliability)

a measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and an individual's scores on both halves are compared. Once major problem is the variable of practice effects. A meausre of consistency, which compares the results of the half of a test with the results of the other half of the test to be sure that the assessment device, has internal consistency. This involves comparing scores on one 1/2 of the test to the scores on the other 1/2 of the test OR comparing the scores on odd vs. even questions. Note: Split-half reliability involves giving the test only one time.

correlation

a measure of the extent to which two variables change together, and thus of how well either variable predicts the other

reticular formation

a nerve network that travels through the brainstem and thalamus and plays an important role in controlling arousal (it wakes one up and without it, one will fall into a permanant coma). Also called RAS

action potential

a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon

hypothalamus

a neural structure lying below the thalamus, it directs several maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature) helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward.

limbic system

a neural system located below the cerebral hemispheres associated with emotions and drives

Autism Spectrum Disorder (neurodevelopmental disorder)

a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social interaction and communication across different life settings (e.g., home, school) and by restricted and repetitive behavior, interests or activities, and in which symptoms begin during early childhood

all-or-none response

a neuron's reaction of either firing (with a full strength response) or not firing

reutake

a neurotransmitter's reabsorbtion by sending neuron

psychosis (Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders)

a psychological disorder in which a person loses contact with reality, experiencing irrational ideas and distorted perceptions

self-serving bias

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably

rooting

a reflex in which a newborn turns its head in response to a gentle stimulus on its cheek

inverse correlation

a relationship between two variables where as one increases, the other decreases

trait

a relatively permanant characteristic of our personality that can be used to predict our behavior.

skewed distribution

a representation of scores that lack symmetry around their average value

motor cortex/strip

an (front strip) area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements

passionate love

an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another, usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. (ex: The researchers had an attractive young woman intercept men coming off each bridge, and ask their help in filling out a short questionnaire. She then offered her phone number in case they wanted to hear more about her project. Far more of those who had just crossed the high bridge—which left their hearts pounding—accepted the number and later called the woman.)

Individuation (Jung)

an enhanced sense of individual identity produced by focusing attention on the self, which generally leads people to act carefully and deliberately and in accordance with their sense of propriety and values

informed consent

an ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they want to participate

punishment

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

social-responsibility norm

an expectation that people will help those needing their help. (ex: People who go to church more do more volunteer service)

reciprocity norm

an expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them (ex: Dave Tally, a Tempe, Arizona, homeless man, found $3300 in a backpack that had been lost by an Arizona State University student headed to buy a used car (Lacey, 2010). Instead of using the cash for much-needed bike repairs, food, and shelter, Tally turned the backpack in to the social service agency where he volunteered. To reciprocate Tally's help, the student thanked him with a reward. Hearing about Tally's self-giving deeds, dozens of others also sent him money and job offers.)

critical period

an optimal period early in the life an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development

self concept (Rogers)

an organized consistent set of beliefs and perceptions about ourselves, which develops in response to life exerpeinces

transgender

an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex

What is behavioral therapy good for treating?

anxiety (GAD and panic disorder), OCD, PTSD, alcohol/drug addiction, bed-wetting, sexual dysfunctions and ASD (autism).

What are the four major classifications of psychotropic drugs?

anxiolytics (antianxiety medications), antidepressants, stimulants, and neuroleptics (antipsychotics).

direct observation

assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting (assessment interviews)

Reinforcement

any consequence that strengthens behavior

association areas

areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions rather, they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking and speaking

emotion focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction.

problem focused coping

attempting to alleviate stress directly—by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

ADHD (neurodevelopmental disorder)

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. A psychological disorder marked by the appearance by age 7 of one or more of three key symptoms: extreme inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.

The purpose of random assignment is to (a) allow participants in both the experimental and control groups to be exposed to the independent variable. (b) ensure that every member of the population had an equal chance of being selected to participate in the research. (e) eliminate the placebo effect. d. reduce potential confounding variables. (e) generate operational definitions for the independent and dependent variables

b

operant behavior

behavior you respond with after operant conditioning

The feedback system

brain → pituitary → other glands → hormones → body and brain

What are the Hindbrain/Older Brain Structures?

brainstem (pons and medulla), thalamus, RAS/reticular formation, cerebellum

Which of the following is included in the PNS? (a) brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, (b) cranial nerves, spinal nerves, automatic ganglia (c), spinal cord, spinal nerves, sense organs, (d), medulla, pons, thalamus, (e) amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus

c

relative brightness (pictorial cue for monocular vision)

can be seen when the closer of two identical objects reflects more light to your eyes

Alzheimer's disease (Organic/Neurocognitive disorders)

chronic, progressive, degenerative cognitivedisorder that accounts for more than 60% of all dementias

abnormal

clinical distress/impairment in social, academic, occupational and other areas of functioning

helping psychologies

clinical, community, counseling

lateralization

cognitive function that relies more on one side of the brain than the other

Jean Piaget

cognitive psychology; created a 4-stage theory of cognitive development, said that two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth (assimilation and accommodation)

Basic psychologies

cognitive, developmental, educational, experimental, psychometric, social

Which of the following is an example of hindsight bias? (a) Tom is certain that electric cars will represent 80 percent of vehicles in twenty years and only reads research studies that support his hypothesis. (b) Liza underestimates how much time it will take her to finish writing her college application essays and as a result fails to meet an important deadline. (c) Experts predicting world events with 80 percent confidence turned out to be correct less than 40 per- cent of the time. (d) Marcy cannot recognize a definition on a flashcard. After turning the card over and viewing the term, she tells herself she knew what the answer was all along. (e) Dr. Grace overestimates how effectively her new treatment method works because she fails to seek out any evidence refuting her theory.

d

Which of the following is most important when conducting survey research? (a) Choosing a representative sample (b) Choosing a large sample (c) Choosing a biased sample (d) Choosing a sample that includes every member of the population (e) Choosing a sample whose answers will likely support your hypothesis

d

Which of the following is used only in correlation studies? (a) Double blind (b) Placebo (c) Random assignment (d) Scatterplot (e) Random sample

d

Which of the following represents drug tolerance? (a) Hans has grown to accept the fact that his wife likes to have a beer with her dinner, even though he personally does not approve of the use of alcohol. (b) Jose often wakes up with a headache that lasts until he has his morning cup of coffee. (c) Pierre enjoys the effect of marijuana and is now using the drug several times a week. (d) Jacob had to increase the dosage of his pain medication when the old dosage no longer effectively controlled the pain from his chronic back condition. (e) Chau lost his job and is now homeless as a result of his drug use.

d

Which task is primarily a right cerebral hemisphere function in most people? (a) understanding written language, (b) understanding spoken language, (c) processing visual information from the left eye, (d) recognizing faces, (e) processing sensory information from the right leg

d

in a normal distribution, what percentage of the scores in the distribution falls within one standard deviation on either side of the mean? a. 34% b. 40% c. 50% d. 68% e. 95%

d. 68%

What is drifting awareness?

daydreaming

What are states of consciousness that can occur spontaneously?

daydreaming, drowsiness, dreaming

psychoticism (Hans Eysenck)

degree to which reality is distorted; high: cold, antisocial, hostile, insensitive; low: warm, sensitive, concerned about

What happens when seratonin has reuptake occur? What about the opposite?

depression, if too much goes through the neurons however, mania will occur

What is cognitive therapy good at treating?

depressive disorders, eating disorders, chronic pain, marital discord, anxiety disorders (GAD, panic disorder, aographobia and social phobia)

Franz Gall

different parts of brain connect to different aspects of behavior and phrenology

David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel

discovery that most cells of the visual cortex respond only to particular features, such as the edge of a surface. More complex features trigger other detector cells, which respond only to complex patterns.

ABCs of treatment according to Albert Ellis

discussing clients Actions, Beliefs, & Consequences and how they intermingle

Traits of a good theory

effectively organizes a range of self reports and observations, leads to clear hypotheses, stimulates research for revised theory

validity in a nutshell

does it measure what it is supposed to measure

information processing (dream theory)

dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories. This can be critized because sometimes we dream about things we have not experienced.

barbiturates (tranquilizers)

drugs that depress central nervous system activity, reducing anxiety, but impairing memory and judgement, also known as downers

Bandura's famous Bobo doll experiment is most closely associated with which of the following? a. Latent learning b. Classical conditioning c. Operant conditioning d. Cognitive maps e. Observational learning

e

Neurons that carry information away from the spinal cord to produce responses in various muscles or organs throughout the body are called: (a)afferent neurons, (b) interneurons, (c) neurotransmitters, (d) sensory neurons, (e) efferent neurons

e

Which of the following drugs produces effects similar to a near-death experience? (a) Ecstasy (b) Nicotine (c) Barbiturate (d) Methamphetamine (e) LSD

e

Which of the following questions is best investigated by means of a survey? (a) Is IQ related to grades? (b) Are violent criminals genetically different from nonviolent criminals? (c) Does extra sleep improve memory? (d) What is the best study technique for AP® tests? (e) Are students more likely to be politically liberal or conservative?

e

Which part of the brain triggers the release of adrenaline to boost heart rate when you are afraid? (a) amygdala, (b) thalamus, (c) hypothalamus, (d) hippocampus, (e) medulla

e

What do psychoanalyists attribute depression to?

early loss or parental rejection leading to depression at the experiences of losses later in life

a psychologist investigates the methods teachers use to enhance student learning. With which of the following subfields is the psychologist most likely aligned? a. educational psychology b.experimental psychology c.school psychology d.social psychology e.forensic psychology

educational psychology

What stage to psychoanalysts attribute schizophrenia to?

fixation of the oral stage and weak ego

types of reinforcement REPEAT

fixed (occur at regular point- types are fixed interval or fixed ratio) or variable (random- types are variable interval and variable ratio)

Two types of intelligence

fluid, crystallized

nomothetic method

focuses on variables at the group level, identifying universal trait dimensions or relationships between different aspects of personality. Data

emerging adulthood

for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood.

applied psychologies

forensic, health, I/O, neurpsychology, rehab, school, sport

mirror neurons

frontal lobe neurons that some scientistics believe fire when preforming certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empathy

What part of the brain is involved in control and interpretation of emotions?

frontal lobes

FPOT

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

cc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUrV6oZ3zsk~~~https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mUELAiHbCxc

Carl Rogers

humanistic psychology; Contributions: founded client-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard,

Carl Rogers

humanistic psychology; Contributions: founded client-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, (Humanism)

Abraham Maslow

humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence

Abraham Maslow

humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence. Holistic theory and self actualization (Humanism).

What type of ADHD do boys have more, what kind do girls have more?

hyperactive-impulsive, inattentive

What state of consiousness occurs when one person suggests to another that certain thoughts or behaviors will occur?

hypnosis

divided-consciousness theory

hypnosis has caused a split in awareness; between normal sensations and concious awareness. Selective attention factors into this by blocking attention to certain stimuli.

hypnotic induction

hypnotists seeks to relax the subject and increase the subject's level of concentration, they often list a series of suggestions. A person has to really trust the person and want to change for it to work. They can be made aware or unaware of things.

which of the following brain areas is responsible for regulating thirst?

hypothalamus

A testable prediction that drives research is known as a(n)

hypothesis

theory vs. hypothesis

hypothesis is before experiment, a theory is after

individualism (Bandura)

identifying oneself in terms of personal traits with independent and personal goals. Generally found in Western Society.

How does classical conditioning jive with the immune system?

if a drug with a particular taste infleucnes, the immune system, after a while the taste alone might just do it

aquisition

in classical conditioning, the intial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and a unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.

discrimination

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus, and a stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

where are independent and dependent variables found?

in experimental studies only

operant chamber

in operant condionting research, a chamber (AKA skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, attatched devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking

fixed interval schedule

in operant condionting; a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

variable-interval schedule

in operant condiotning a reinforcement schedule that reinfoces a response only after a unspecified amount of time (random) has elapsed

reinforcement

in operant condiotning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows

variable-ratio schedule

in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

discriminative stimulus

in operant condtioning; a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)

Where did Aristotle think the mind was?

in the heart

Perceptual adaptation

in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field

insanity (legal definition)

inability to determine right from wrong

insomnia

inability to fall or stay asleep; (10% of adults and 25% of older adults). It can be caused by anxiety, depression, worry, physiological reasons (diet) or more.

Atonia as relating to sleep

increase in blood pressure, heart rate and breathing, loss of muscle tone and inability to move voluntary muscles

positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforce is any stimulus that when presented after a reponse, strengthens the response

negative reinforcement

increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (note: it is not punishment)

What were Thurstone's primary mental abilities?

inductive reasoning, word fluency, perceptual speed, verbal comprehension, spatial visualization, numerical ability, and associative memory

Normative social influence

influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disappointment. Following a trend. (ex: Lulu lemon not allowing bigger people to wear their trendy pants because they thought they didn't look as good on them)

Informational Social Influence

influence resulting from one's willingness to accept others' opinions about reality. Going with the trend. (ex: If I know I am going to be exercising and I am super flexible I should not be wearing lulu lemons because they become see through)

What does dopamine do?

influences movement (like voluntary muscle movement), learning, attention and emotion. Too much leads to schizophrenia and too little leads to tremors and less movement of those with Parkinsons.

Top-down processing

information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations

Which of the dream theories states that dreams help us sort out the day's events and consolidate our memories?

information-processing

After working on a task, then sleeping people solve problems ______ than those stay awake

insightfully and can better make connections

conflict

involves being torn in different directions by opposing motives that block you from attaining a goal, leaving you feeling frustrated and stressed

prefontal lobotomy

involves cutting the nerve fibers between the frontal loves and hypothalamus, causing relaxed state. Patients become calm and less anxious, but lose intellectual/cognitive functioning. Stopped around 1955

How might Skinner's operant conditioning principles be applied at home?

parents training kids to do stuff and caving into whining,

What are the three primary symptoms of autism?

lack of responsiveness to other people, impairment in verbal and nonverbal communications, and very limited activities and interests.

What do the moderns think of Freud's Wish fulfillment

lacks scientific support

behavioral cause of abnormal behavior

maladaptive responses learned through reinforcement of the wrong kinds of behavior

___ ____ probably has less to do with hormonal change than with psychological adjustment to overall decline. What does it lead to?

male menopause, it often happens at 40 and is when the midlife crisis occurs

Ottfrid Foerster and Wilder Penfield

mapped the motor cortex by stimulating different cortical areas and observing responses

What are the four brain lobes found in each hemisphere?

parietal, frontal, occipital, temporaral

cohort effect

observed group differences based on the era when people were born and grew up, exposing them to particular experiences that may affect the results of cross-sectional studies

Central Route Persuasion

occurs when interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts (ex: Saying that you should buy a certain vitamin because in a clinically proven study, it proved to work 70% of the time.)

Peripheral Route Persuasion

occurs when people are influenced by incidental cues, such as a speaker's attractiveness (ex: Selling shoes with a sexy lady on a billboard)

experimental psychologists (society)

organization who explained behavior and thinking with experiments, male only at start

What disorders fall under anxiety disorder?

panic disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Odd/Eccentric (cluster A)

paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal

Which branch of the nervous system calms a person?

parasympathetic

authoritative parenting (Baumrind)

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

frontal lobes

portions of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; sequencing, organiation, planning, judgement, decisions, speaking

What are the three pillars of positive psychology?

positive emotions, positive character, and positive groups, communities and cultures

Do people with ADHD only exhibit one of the three subtypes? What are they?

predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, predominantly inattentive, and combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive. One can have more than one and be a combined type

What was one significant factor that reduced the amount of obedience in Milgram's studies?

presence of rebellious peers

hallucinogens

psychedelic (mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

Erickson's theory is a ________ theory

psycho-social theory: How you develop related to other people

Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)

psychoanalytic/psychodynamic. He believed in therapy is at least 3-5 days a week. He believed humans had an inborn nature that shaped personality. Jew (escaped Nazis). Viennese. Died of mouth cancer and lethal injection done by his daughter.

Educational Psychologists

psychological process of learning (relationship between learning, phyrical and scoail evniorments) and develop strategies. Can work in places of education or do research. Also designing tests that measure such things as aptitude and achievement. Can work on training programs for business and in government and schools.

Clinical psychologists

psychologist who treats people serious psychological problems or conducts research into the causes of behavior

How do biological psychologists treat disorders?

psychopharmacotherapy, electroconvulsive therapy, and psychosurgery

What can hypnosis accomplish?

psychosomatic regulation, cognitive dissociation, unusual feats of attention control

Give an example of a measure of variation?

range

REM sleep

rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active, 10 minutes in first cycle about

Tractable effects of REM sleep

rapid/irregular breathing, rapid/saw-toothed brain waves, heart rate rises, eyes darting under lids

EEG electroencephogram/graph

reads brain waves

What are common dream themes

reaptedly failing, being attacked, pursued, rejected or expereincing misfortune

How might Skinner's operant conditioning principles be applied at sports?

reinforcing small success and gradually increasing challange, however supersticious behavior might be reinforced

Functionalism

school of psychology started by William James that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function and how these enable us to adapt, survive and flourish (influenced by Darwin). Father of American psych. Biological psychologists, believed that instincts are inherited tendencies

Where does sensory information of stimuli come from?

sensory receptors in your eyes, ears, nose, tongue, skin, muscles, joints and tendons. The different types of receptors detect different types of physical energy

3 types of neurons?

sensory, motor and interneurons

Junita does not feel like getting out of bed, has lost her appetite, and feels tired for most of the day. Which of the following neurotransmitters likely is in short supply for Junita?

seratonin

What are bad ways to treat tue insomnia? Why?

sleeping pills and alcohol reduce REM sleep and can lead to tolerance buildup and addiction

somnambulism

sleepwalking

Cognitive neuroscience

study of brain activity linked with mental activity and how we perceive, process, and remember information

permissive parenting (Baumrind)

style of parenting marked by submitting to children's desires, making few demands, and using little punishment

reality principle (freud)

tendency of the ego to postpone gratification until it can find an appropriate outlet

etiology (medical model)

the apparent cause and development of an illness

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity. New for severe depressive disorder and is painless. stimulates left frontal lobe

mean/average

the arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores.

object permanence

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not percieved, part of sensorimotor stage

medulla

the base of the brainstem; controlls heartbeat and breathing, along with other basic functions

endocrine system

the body's "slow chemical communication system;" a set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream

What does body temperature rising each day as morning approaches a part of?

the body's natural circadian rhythm

nervous system

the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems

central nervous system (CNS)

the brain and spinal cord

plasticity

the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience

Minority Influence

the case where a minority of group members influences the behavior or beliefs of the majority

How does traditional psychoanalysis work?

the client goes to weekly sessions for 2-3 years doing free association and not seeing the face of the therapist while they do. They may also discuss dreams

construct (validity)

the degree to which an assessment accurately measures a given hypothetical or theoretical idea (construct). Examples include personality such as shyness or extraversion. Intelligence is also considered to be a theoretical idea or construct. Construct validity may also be used when evalutating skills such as dancing or musical ability. They are ideas that are difficult to define operationally

criterion (validity)

the degree to which scores on a particular assessment are positively correlated with scores on another preexisting and well-established assessment tool (the criterion) for a particular skill, trait, or ability. Do the scores on the test being considered correlate with another already established test.

face (validity)

the degree to which the material on the assessment appears on the surface (at face value) to accurately measure what it intends to measure. Face validity may be deterined either by a non-expert or an expert who only gives a quick evaliation of the test. The decision in face validity is either bbeing made by a n exper or member of the target population without serious evaliation (someone merely glaces at ir), or by a non-expert

Locus of control (Julian Rotter)

the degree to which we expect that a reinforcement or outcome of our behavior is contingent on our own behavior or personal characteristics, as opposed to the degree to which we expect that a reinforcement or outcome of our behavior is a function of luck or fate, is under the control of others, or is unpredictable.

range

the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution

tolerance

the dimishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect.

extinction

the dimishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not dollow a condional stimulus (CS); occurs in ooerant conditioning when a response is not longer enforced

withdrawal

the discomfort and distress that follow discontinuing an addictive drug or behavior

Two theories of hypnosis

the dissociation theory of hypnosis, social influence theory

somatic nervous system

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal muscle system

What uses defense mechanisms to protect itself?

the ego

pituitary gland

the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands.

culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, atitudes, values and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the enxt

Culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next. (ex: Jewish culture)

Group polarization

the enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group. (ex: gender differences grow as girls and boys age because as they talk more within their own gender, they amplify their differences with the other gender)

independent variable

the experiemental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied

validity

the extent to which a test or experiement measures or predicts what it is supposed to

stranger anxiety

the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning at about 8 months of age

neurogenesis

the formation of new neurons. THey form in the brain and can migrate, this is why stem cells are so important. It is a tossup if new ones can form

Fundamental Attribution Error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing others' behavior to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition. The fundamental attribution error occurs when we are analyzing someone's behavior. In order for the fundamental attribution error to occur, the person analyzing must underestimate the role of the situation and overestimate the disposition of the person whose behavior is being analyzed. (ex: "CA drivers are stupid" one might say when watching them in rain, when really they could be a new driver or something))

Social Loafing

the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. (ex: University of Massachusetts research team asked blindfolded students "to pull as hard as you can" on a rope and when they thought there were other people helping, they used 85% less strength)

Just-world phenomenon

the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve and deserve what they get (ex: With the belief that good is rewarded and evil is punished it is but a short leap to assume that those who succeed must be good and those who suffer must be bad. Such reasoning enables the rich to see both their own wealth and the poor's misfortune as justly deserved.)

Foot-in-the-door phenomenon

the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request (ex: Checking in with you parent every 30 minutes (3 hours before your curfew) to make them feel safe and then going 30 minutes over curfew (giving excuses the whole way).)

Visual capture

the tendency for vision to dominate the other senses

hindsight bias

the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it (AKA the I-Knew-It-All-Along phenomenon)

ingroup bias

the tendency to favor our own group. (ex: Simi Valley letting the cops who beat Rodney King off)

other-race effect

the tendency to recall faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races. Also called the cross-race effect or the own-race bias.(ex: Jamin Halberstadt and his colleagues (2011) illustrated this learned-association effect by showing New Zealanders blended Chinese-Caucasian faces and white New Zealanders were more likely to categorize ambiguous faces as Chinese, than Chinese were)

generalization

the tendency, one a response has been conditioned, for a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimilus to elicit similar response

Cannon-Bard Theory

the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion. Their theory about the thalamus was proved scientifically wrong.

gender schema theory

the theory that children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly

James-Lange theory

the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli. This was proved scientifically correct.

social exchange theory

the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. (ex: weighing the costs and benefits of donating blood)

scapegoat theory

the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame. (ex: Americans thinking killing Saddam Hussein would get rid of terrorism)

Social-learning Theory (Bandura)

the theory that suggests that people have the ability to change their environments or to create new ones

Schachter-Singer Two-Factor Theory

the theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

Cognitive dissonance theory

the theory that we act to reduce the discomfort (dissonance) we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitions) are inconsistent. For example, when we become aware that our attitudes and our actions class, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes (ex:)

feature-detector theory

the theory that we construct perceptions of stimuli form activity in neurons of the brain that are sensitive to specific features of those stimuli (Hubel and Wiesel)

Attribution Theory

the theory that we explain someone's behavior by crediting either the situation or the person's disposition (ex: Sam is angry because her parakeet just died.)

social learning theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished

menopause

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological change a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

adolescence

the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence

lesion

tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturalluy or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue.

Why do people use stimulents?

to feel alert lose weight, boost mood, boost athletic preformance

What are phobias caused by? When do they start?

trauma (or other occurance)- or even something somebody sees, depending on when the development point of the phobia occurs, it can stay forever or be impermanant. Often before concrete-operational (piaget) stage occurs. Can also come from parent's phobias and conditioning

Do words matter?

yes, they rebrand ideas and add judgement (enchanced interogation vs. torture). Different words have different connotations.

What happens to reward systems when you witness someone you indentify with getting an award?

your own award system activates